Stability of Red Palm Oil Encapsulated with Spirulina Protein Concentrate-Carrageenan Conjugates
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.48048/tis.2026.13096Keywords:
Spirulina protein, Carrageenan, Maillard reaction, Microencapsulation, Red palm oil, Carotenoid degradationAbstract
Red palm oil (RPO) is rich in carotenoids but is highly susceptible to oxidative degradation during processing and storage. This study investigated the use of a spirulina protein concentrate-carrageenan conjugate as a wall material for the spray-drying microencapsulation of RPO. The effect of oil-to-wall material ratio on encapsulation efficiency and storage stability was evaluated. The highest encapsulation efficiency was achieved at an oil-to-wall material ratio of 1:3, where microcapsules prepared with conjugates showed significantly higher encapsulation efficiency (72.13%) than those prepared with a simple mix (51.69%). During 42 days of storage at 30, 40, and 50 °C, conjugate-based microcapsules exhibited better carotenoid retention and antioxidant stability. Carotenoid degradation followed a zero-order kinetic model, with the longest half-life (83 days) observed at 30 °C. In situ intestinal perfusion analysis demonstrated high carotenoid absorption from the microcapsules, with approximately 88% absorbed. Overall, the results indicated that the SPC–CG conjugates improved wall material performance by enhancing encapsulation efficiency, storage stability, and carotenoid bioavailability. This study demonstrated the potential application of spirulina protein concentrate and carrageenan conjugates as effective wall materials for stabilizing lipid-soluble bioactive compounds in functional food systems.
HIGHLIGHTS
- A novel spirulina protein–carrageenan conjugate was developed as an effective wall material via the Maillard reaction.
- The conjugate outperformed physical mixtures in emulsifying stability and microencapsulation efficiency.
- Red palm oil microcapsules formulated at a 1:3 oil-to-wall ratio showed optimal encapsulation and β-carotene retention.
- The conjugate-based microcapsules exhibited enhanced thermal stability and improved carotenoid stability during storage.
- In situ intestinal evaluation demonstrated high carotenoid bioaccessibility from the conjugate system.
GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
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