Potential of Syzygium cumini L. Seed as Cosmetic Bioactive Compounds: Matrix Metalloproteinases Inhibition, Antioxidant Activities, Cytotoxicity, and Safety Assessment
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.48048/tis.2025.10833Keywords:
Syzygium cumini L., Antioxidant activity, Matrix metalloproteinase inhibition, CytotoxicityAbstract
This study systematically evaluated the extraction efficiency, phytochemical content, antioxidant activity, matrix metalloproteinase inhibition, cytotoxicity, stability, and safety of Syzygium cumini L. seed extracts using various solvents. Extraction yields were highest with 50 %v/v ethanol (19.19% ± 0.44%), while the 70 %v/v ethanol extract exhibited the greatest total phenolic (488.51 ± 3.60 mg GAE/g) and flavonoid (88.45 ± 1.61 mg QE/g) contents. Antioxidant assays revealed that the water extract (SC100W) had the strongest DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities. In contrast, the 70 %v/v ethanol extract (SC70ET) demonstrated superior ferric reducing antioxidant power, correlating with higher phenolic content. Matrix metalloproteinase inhibition assays identified the 50 %v/v ethanol extract (SC50ET) as the most effective, showing the lowest IC₅₀ for strong collagenase, elastase, and tyrosinase inhibition. All Syzygium cumini L. seed extracts showed over 90% cell viability within a concentration range of 1 - 250 µg/mL, demonstrating that it is safe for skincare application. The active ingredients and efficacy have not significantly decreased, even when stored at high temperatures under accelerated conditions. Microbiological and heavy metal analyses confirmed the extract’s safety for use as an active ingredient in cosmetic products. Collectively, these results highlight the influence of extraction solvent on bioactivity and identify optimal conditions for maximizing cosmeceutical properties of Syzygium cumini L. seed extracts.
HIGHLIGHTS
- Extraction yield was highest with 50 %v/v ethanol (19.19%) and 30 %v/v ethanol (18.40%), while water yielded the lowest, confirming that the solvent significantly affects yield.
- Antioxidant activity varied by assay; 70 %v/v ethanol extract showed the highest phenolic/flavonoid content and FRAP reducing power, but water extract had superior DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity.
- Matrix metalloproteinase inhibition was optimal with 50 %v/v ethanol extract, which showed the strongest collagenase, competitive tyrosinase, and elastase inhibition among the tested solvents.
- Syzygium cumini L. seed extract showed cell viability of over 90% with a concentration range of 1-250 micrograms/milliliter.
- The optimal extraction condition overall was 50% v/v ethanol, balancing high yield, potent matrix metalloproteinase inhibition, and strong antioxidant activity, making it the most promising for bioactive applications.
GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
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