Antioxidant Effect of Snakehead Fish (Channa Striata) Albumin Extract on Diabetic Rats (Rattus Norvegicus)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.48048/tis.2025.10834Keywords:
Antioxidant, Diabetes, Channa striata, GLUT-4, GSH, HOMA-IR, MDAAbstract
Snakehead fish extract (SHE) has been traditionally used for diabetes therapy due to its antioxidant properties, yet its effects in high-fat diet (HFD) and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic models remain underexplored. This study evaluated the antioxidant and antidiabetic effects of SHE in diabetic rats by measuring malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), GLUT-4 density and HOMA-IR index. Thirty Wistar rats were divided into five groups: Healthy control (C−), diabetic control (C+) and diabetic rats treated with low (LD: 2 mL/day), medium (MD: 3 mL/day) and high (HD: 4 mL/day) doses of SHE for 28 days. SHE was administered orally following HFD-STZ induction. SHE significantly reduced MDA levels in diabetic rats to levels comparable with healthy controls (p-value < 0.05), though GSH levels showed no consistent improvement. GLUT-4 density in striated muscle membranes increased significantly in all SHE-treated groups (p-value < 0.05) and fasting blood glucose levels decreased, though not to normoglycemic levels. The HOMA-IR index was also significantly reduced in MD and HD groups, indicating improved insulin sensitivity. Antioxidant activity was confirmed via the ABTS assay, with 50% radical inhibition at 125 µg/mL. In conclusion, SHE demonstrates dose-dependent antioxidant and antidiabetic effects by lowering MDA levels, enhancing GLUT-4 density, reducing blood glucose and improving insulin resistance. However, this study has limitations, including the use of blood-based biomarkers for MDA and GSH, which may not fully reflect tissue-specific oxidative stress. Additionally, the total protein analysis did not identify the specific albumin content or amino acid composition of SHE, which should be addressed in future studies to better understand its bioactive components and mechanisms.
HIGHLIGHTS
- The study demonstrated that SHE exhibits significant antioxidant activity, capable of reducing ABTS radicals by 50% at a concentration of 125 µg/mL. It also showed potential in lowering oxidative stress markers such as malondialdehyde (MDA) in diabetic rats.
- SHE treatment enhanced GLUT-4 density in the striated muscle membranes of diabetic rats, contributing to better glucose uptake and reduced blood glucose levels.
- The study showed significant improvements in diabetic biomarkers, such as fasting blood glucose and plasma insulin levels. Though the insulin levels of SHE-treated groups were not vastly different from untreated diabetic rats, the reduction in glucose levels and HOMA-IR index suggests a beneficial effect on insulin sensitivity.
GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
Downloads
References
JL Burgess, WA Wyant, BA Abujamra, RS Kirsner and I Jozic. Diabetic wound-healing science. Medicina 2021; 57(10), 10720.
SR Joshua, W Abbas and JH Lee. M-healthcare model: An architecture for a type 2 diabetes mellitus mobile application. Applied Science. 2023; 13(1), 8.
BM Vahwere, R Ssebuufu, A Namatovu, P Kyamanywa, I Ntulume, I Mugwano, T Plus, FK Sikaluya, OF Xaviour, Y Mulumba, S Jorge, G Agaba and GW Nasinyama. Factors associated with severity and anatomical distribution of diabetic foot ulcer in Uganda: A multicenter cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 2023; 23(1), 463.
DW Soeatmadji, R Rosandi, MR Saraswati, RP Sibarani and WO Tarigan. Clinicodemographic profile and outcomes of type 2 diabetes mellitus in the indonesian cohort of discover: A 3-year prospective cohort study. Journal of the ASEAN Federation of Endocrine Societies 2023; 38(1), 68-74.
SH Lee, SY Park and CS Choi. Insulin resistance: From mechanisms to therapeutic strategies. Diabetes & Metabolism Journal 2022; 46(1), 15-37.
JV Gerwen, AS Shun-Shion and DJ Fazakerley. Insulin signalling and GLUT-4 trafficking in insulin resistance. Biochemical Society Transactions 2023; 51(3), 1057-1069.
KE Merz and DC Thurmond. Role of skeletal muscle in insulin resistance and glucose uptake. Comprehensive Physiology 2021; 10(3), 785-809.
A Caturano, M D’Angelo, A Mormone, V Russo, MP Mollica, T Salvatore, R Galiero, L Rinaldi, E Vetrano, R Marfella, M Monda, A Giordano and FC Sasso.Oxidative stress in type 2 diabetes: Impacts from pathogenesis to lifestyle modifications. Current Issues in Molecular Biology 2023; 45(8), 6651-6666.
MA Darenskaya, LI Kolesnikova and SI Kolesnikov. Oxidative stress: Pathogenetic role in diabetes mellitus and its complications and therapeutic approaches to correction. Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine 2021; 171(2), 179-189.
R Cordiano, MD Gioacchino, R Mangifesta, C Panzera, S Gangemi and PL Minciullo. Malondialdehyde as a potential oxidative stress marker for allergy-oriented diseases: An update raffaele. Molecules 2023; 28(16), 5979.
S Sama, G Jain, R Kant, AS Bhadoria, M Naithani and A Kumar. Quantifying insulin resistance (Homa-ir) to predict mortality in multiorgan dysfunction syndrome. Indian Journal of Critical Care Medicine 2021; 25(12), 1364-1369.
HV Minh, HA Tien, CT Sinh, DC Thang, CH Chen, JC Tay, S Siddique, TD Wang, GP Sogunuru, YC Chia and K Kario. Assessment of preferred methods to measure insulin resistance in Asian patients with hypertension. Journal of Clinical Hypertension 2021; 23(3), 529-537.
J Blahova, M Martiniakova, M Babikova, V Kovacova, V Mondockova and R Omelka. Pharmaceutical drugs and natural therapeutic products for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Pharmaceuticals 2021; 14(8), 806.
B Fève and AJ Scheen. When therapeutic drugs lead to diabetes. Diabetologia 2022; 65(5), 751-762.
N. Shahzad, AR. Alzahrani, IAA Ibrahim, I Shahid, IM Alanazi, AH Falemban, MT Imam, N Mohsin, MFN Azlina and P Arulselvan. Therapeutic strategy of biological macromolecules based natural bioactive compounds of diabetes mellitus and future perspectives: A systematic review. Heliyon 2024; 10(2), e24207.
N Setyaningrum, W Lestari, Krismono and A Nuryanto. Genetically continuous populations of striped snakehead (Channa striata) in the Cingcingguling River fragmented by Sempor Reservoir, Central Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity 2022; 23(1), 222-230.
R Gustiano, K Kurniawan and II Kusmini. Bioresources and diversity of snakehead, Channa striata (Bloch 1793): A proposed model for optimal and sustainable utilization of freshwater fish. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 2021; 762(1), 012012.
N Abdulgani, I Trisnawati, D Hidayati, N Aisyatussoffi and A Arifiyanto. Snakehead (Channa striata) extracts treatment towards hyperglycemic mice (Mus musculus) blood glucose levels and pancreatic histology structure. Journal of Applied Environmental and Biological Sciences 2014; 4(5), 1-6.
TAE Permatasari, Ernirita, I Kurniaty and G Widakdo. Nutritional and microbiological characteristics of snakehead fish flour (Channa striata) and its modification as weight enhancing supplements for children with tuberculosis. Food Science and Technology 2021; 9(3), 45-57.
A Mustafa, MA Widodo and Y Kristianto. Albumin and zinc content of snakehead fish (Channa striata). IEESE International Journal of Science and Technology 2012; 1(2), 1-8.
N Abdulgani, W Darmanto, D Winarni, D Hidayati and MZ Muttaqin. Mda and gsh levels in the blood plasma of stz-induced diabetic rats after snakehead fish (Channa striata) extract treatment. Annals of Biology 2020; 36(2), 203-208.
G Asantewaa and IS Harris. Glutathione and its precursors in cancer. Current Opinion in Biotechnology 2021; 68, 292-299.
AR Romadhoni, E Afrianto, RI Pratama and R Grandiosa. Extraction of snakehead fish [Ophiocephalus Striatus (Bloch, 1793)] into fish protein concentrate as albumin source using various solvent. Aquatic Procedia 2016; 7, 4-11.
Sunarno. Potential of glutathione antioxidant in the hippocampus repair: Preliminary study on bioactive material antiaging of snakehead fish (Channa striata) in animal models of aging. International Journal of Science and Engineering 2015; 8(1), 22-25.
P Utami, S Lestari and SD Lestari. Pengaruh metode pemasakan terhadap komposisi kimia dan asam amino Ikan Seluang (Rasbora argyrotaenia). Jurnal FishtecH - Jurnal Teknologi Hasil Perikanan 2016; 5(1), 73-84.
R. Ramadhan, AN Kristanti, R Amirta, IW Kusuma, P Phuwapraisirisan, MT Haqiqi and S Saparwadi. Screening for potential antidiabetes and antioxidant activities of selected plants from East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity 2019; 20(7), 1820-1826.
M Zhang, XY Lv, J Li, ZG Xu and L Chen. The characterization of high-fat diet and multiple low-dose streptozotocin induced type 2 diabetes rat model. Experimental Diabetes Research 2008; 2008, 704045.
PC Chao, Y Li, CH Chang, JP Shieh, JT Cheng and KC Cheng. Investigation of insulin resistance in the popularly used four rat models of type-2 diabetes. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy 2017; 101, 155-161.
Z Ye, J Ma, Y Liu, B Xu, X Dai, M Fu, T Tian, X Sui, F Mo, S Gao, D Zhao and D Zhang. Jiangtang Sanhao formula ameliorates skeletal muscle insulin resistance via regulating GLUT-4 translocation in diabetic mice. Frontiers in Pharmacology 2022; 13, 950535.
S Cecchini and F Fazio. Assessment of total antioxidant capacity in serum of heathy and stressed hens. Animals 2020; 10(11), 2019.
D Dewita, SW Sidauruk and D Desmelati. Amino acid and mineral profiles of fresh Snakehead ( Channa striata) meat to potential as an immune system. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 2022; 1118(1), 012034.
EZ Fallahasghari, KG Filtenborg, AC Mendes and IS Chronakis. Antioxidant efficacy of amino acids on vitamin A palmitate encapsulated in OSA-starch electrosprayed core-shell microcapsules. Food Bioscience 2024; 61, 104673.
N Abdulgani, D Hidayati, R Adinovitasary, V Oliviatie and AD Sekartaji. MDA levels in the pancreas, testes, liver, and plasma of diabetic rats: The effect of Snakehead (Channa striata) extract. Nusantara Bioscience 2020; 12(1), 50-54.
NR Galla, B Karakala, S Akula and PR Pamidighantam. Physico-chemical, amino acid composition, functional and antioxidant properties of roe protein concentrates obtained from Channa striatus and Lates calcarifer. Food Chemistry 2012; 132(3), 1171-1176.
N Wu, T Liu, M Tian, C Liu, S Ma, H Cao, H Bian, L Wang, Y Feng and J Qi. Albumin, an interesting and functionally diverse protein, varies from ‘native’ to ‘effective’ (Review). Molecular Medicine Reports 2024; 29(2), 24.
B Xu, Q Dong, C Yu, H Chen, Y Zhao, B Zhang, P Yu and M Chen. Advances in research on the activity evaluation, mechanism and structure-activity relationships of natural antioxidant peptides. Antioxidants 2024; 13(4), 479.
KC Huang, PY Chuang, TY Yang, YH Tsai, YY Li and SF Chang. Diabetic rats induced using a high-fat diet and low-dose Streptozotocin treatment exhibit gut microbiota dysbiosis and osteoporotic bone pathologies. Nutrients 2024; 16(8), 1220.
W Bowonsomsarit, W Anegkarnol, N Chuaypen, M Kaewwongse, P Tosukhowong, P Prapunwattana and T Dissayabutra. Four-week induction of type 2 diabetes mellitus in rats by streptozotocin and high-fat diet. Chulalongkorn Medical Journal 2021; 65(4), 449-457.
L Zhang, YJ Huang, JP Sun, TY Zhang, TL Liu, B Ke, XF Shi, H Li, GP Zhang, ZY Ye, J Hu and J Qin. Protective effects of calorie restriction on insulin resistance and islet function in STZ-induced type 2 diabetes rats. Nutrition & Metabolism 2021, 18(1), 48.
J Zhang, S Wang, Z Zeng, Y Qin, Q Shen and P Li. Anti-diabetic effects of bifidobacterium animalis 01 through improving hepatic insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetic rat model. Journal of Functional Foods 2020; 67, 103843.
NAR Almalki, FA Al-Abbasi, E Moglad, M Afzal, SD Al-Qahtani, SI Alzarea, F Imam, N Sayyed and I Kazmi. Protective activity of hirsutidin in high-fat intake and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats: In silico and in vivo study. Heliyon 2024; 10(19), e38625.
BT Zhu. Pathogenic mechanism of autoimmune diabetes mellitus in humans: Potential role of streptozotocin-induced selective autoimmunity against human islet β-cells. Cells 2022; 11(3), 492.
M Wszola, M Klak, A Kowoska, G Tymicki, A Berman, A Adamiok-Ostrowka, J Olkowska-Truchanowicz, I Uhrynowska-Tyszkiewicz and A Kaminski. Streptozotocin-induced diabetes in a mouse model (Balb/c) is not an effective model for research on transplantation procedures in the treatment of type 1 diabetes. Biomedicines 2021; 9(12), 1790.
A Kumar, K Sundaram, J Mu, GW Dryden, MK Sriwastva, C Le, L Zhang, X Qiu, F Xu, J Yan, X Zhang, JW Park, ML Merchant, HCL Bohler, B Wang, S Zhang, C Qin, Z Xu, X Han, CJ McClain, Y Teng and HG Zhang. High-fat diet-induced upregulation of exosomal phosphatidylcholine contributes to insulin resistance Nature Communications 2021; 12(1), 213.
B Mukherjee, CM Hossain, L Mondal, P Paul and MK Ghosh. Obesity and insulin resistance: An abridged molecular correlation. Lipid Insights 2013; 6, 1-11.
G Wang, L Chen, S Qin, T Zhang, J yao, Y Yi and L Deng. Mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1: From a nutrient sensor to a key regulator of metabolism and health. Advances in Nutrition 2022; 13(5), 1882-1900.
C Tocharus and M Sutheerawattananonda. Hypoglycemic ability of sericin-derived oligopeptides (SDOs) from bombyx mori yellow silk cocoons and their physiological effects on Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Foods 2024; 13(14), 2184.
LJ Yan. The Nicotinamide/Streptozotocin rodent model of type 2 diabetes: Renal pathophysiology and redox imbalance features. Biomolecules 2022; 12(9), 1225.
M Hasani, E Abbasi-Oshaghi, F Khomari, B Kiani, F Mirzaei, I Alipourfard, I Khodadadi, H Tayebinia, M Babaei, S Alizadeh-Fanalou and E Bahreini. Enhanced insulin secretion through upregulation of transcription factors by hydroalcoholic extract of securigera securidaca seeds in diabetic animal model. Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism 2024; 7, e515.
JS Bhatti, A Sehrawat, J Mishara, IS Sidhu, U Navik, N Khullard, S Kumar, GK Bhatti and PH Reddy. Oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes and related complications: Current therapeutics strategies and future perspectives. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 2022; 184, 114-134.
American Diabetes Association Proffessional Practice Committe. Classification and diagnosis of diabetes : Standards of medical care in diabetes — 2022. Diabetes Care 2022; 45(S1), S17-S38.
HM Abdlwhab, A Al-saffar, OA Mahdi and RB Alameri. The impact of insulin resistance and glycaemic control on insulin-like growth factor-1 in patients with type 2 diabetes : A cross- sectional study. Clinical Diabetes and Endocrinology 2024; 10(1), 36.
B Geloneze, ACJ Vasques, CFC Stabe, JC pareja, LEFPDL Rosado, ECD Queiroz, MA Tambascia and BRAMS Investigators. HOMA1-IR and HOMA2-IR indexes in identifying insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome: Brazilian metabolic syndrome study (BRAMS). Arquivos Brasileiros de Endocrinologia e Metabologia 2009; 53(2), 281-287.
CDCD Silva, MP Zambon, ACJ Vasques, DF Camilo, MARDGM Antonio and B Geloneze. The threshold value for identifying insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) in an admixed adolescent population: A hyperglycemic clamp validated study. Archives of Endocrinology and Metabolism 2023; 67(1), 119-125.
S Sinha and M Haque. Insulin resistance is cheerfully hitched with hypertension. Life 2022; 12(4), 564.
DJD Hartogh, F Vlavcheski, A Giacca and E Tsiani. Attenuation of free fatty acid (FFA)-induced skeletal muscle cell insulin resistance by resveratrol is linked to activation of AMPK and inhibition of mTOR and p70 S6K. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020; 21(14), 4900.
Y Guo, Z Huang, D Sang, Q Gao and Q Li. The role of nutrition in the prevention and intervention of type 2 diabetes. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology 2020; 8, 575442.
RY Elkanawati, SA Sumiwi and J Levita. Impact of lipids on insulin resistance: Insights from human and animal studies. Drug Design, Development and Therapy 2024; 18, 3337-3360.
RW Sibony, O Segev, S Dor and I Raz. Overview of oxidative stress and inflammation in diabetes. Journal of Diabetes 2024; 16(10), e70014.
Q Yao, X Zou, S Liu, H Wu, Q Shen and J Kang. Oxidative stress as a contributor to insulin resistance in the skeletal muscles of mice with polycystic ovary syndrome. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2022; 23(19). 11384.
S Dinić, JA Jovanovic, A Uskokovic, M mihailovic, N Grdovic, A Tolic, J Rajic, M Dordevic and M Vidakovic. Oxidative stress-mediated beta cell death and dysfunction as a target for diabetes management. Frontiers in Endocrinology 2022; 13, 1006376.
R Saucedo, C Ortega-Camarillo, A Ferreira-Hermosillo, MF Díaz-Velázquez, C Meixueiro-Calderón and J. Valencia-Ortega. Role of oxidative stress and inflammation in gestational diabetes mellitus. Antioxidants 2023; 12(10), 1812.
S Mallik, B Paria, SM Firdous, HS Ghazzawy, NK Alqahtani, Y He, X Li and MM Gouda. The positive implication of natural antioxidants on oxidative stress-mediated diabetes mellitus complications. Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology 2024; 22(4), 100424.
MZ Khan, S Liu, Y Ma, M Ma, Q Ullah, IM Khan, J Wang, J Xiao, T Chen, A Khan and Z Cao. Overview of the effect of rumen-protected limiting amino acids (methionine and lysine) and choline on the immunity, antioxidative and inflammatory status of periparturient ruminants. Frontiers in Immunology 2023; 13, 1042895.
MC Egbujor, OT Olaniyan, CN Emeruwa, S Saha, L Saso and P Tucci. An insight into role of amino acids as antioxidants via NRF2 activation. Amino Acids 2024; 56(1), 23.
L Ding, J Chen, F He, Q Chen, Y Li and W Chen. Effects of dietary arginine supplementation on growth performance, antioxidant capacity, intestinal digestive enzyme activity, muscle transcriptome and gut health of Siniperca chuatsi. Frontiers in Marine Science 2023; 10, 1305192.
NS Meida, B Purwanto, B Wasita, S Indrakila, S Soetrisno, E Poncorini, R Cilmiaty, WR Pratiwi, Y Setyandriana and S Almahira. Effect of propolis extract on oxidative stress biomarker in diabetic Wistar Rat. Tropical Journal of Natural Product Research 2022; 6(8), 1193-1196.
SH Girón, JM Sanz, MA Ortega, C Garcia-Montero, O Fraile-Martinez, AM Gomez-Lahoz, DL Boaru, DD Leon-Oliva, LG Guijarro, M Atienza-Perez, D Diaz, E Lopez-Dolado and M Alvarez-Mon. Prognostic value of Malondialdehyde (MDA) in the temporal progression of chronic spinal cord injury. Journal of Personalized Medicine 2023; 13(4), 626.
RA El-Farrash, EA Ismail, AS Nada and KY Elesnawy. Oxidative stress in infants of diabetic mothers: Role of ischemia modified albumin in relation to lipid peroxidation, antioxidant status and essential trace elements. Pediatrics & Neonatology 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedneo.2024.06.016.
HT Endale, W Tesfaye and TA Mengstie. ROS induced lipid peroxidation and their role in ferroptosis. Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology 2023; 11, 1226044.
KN Sekunda, A Ariosta, C Limantoro and AA Setiawan. Difference in profiles of oxidative stress marker (MDA) in STEMI and NSTEMI. Jurnal Kedokteran Diponegoro, Diponegoro Medical Journal 2021; 10(2), 145-150.
EJ Ramos-González, OK Bitzer-Quintero, G Ortiz, JJ Hernández-Cruz and LJ Ramírez-Jirano. Relationship between inflammation and oxidative stress and its effect on multiple sclerosis. Neurología 2024; 39(3), 292-301.
T Abdulrasheed-Adeleke, B Lawal, EI Agwupuye, Y Kuo, AM Eni, OF Ekoh, HY Lukman, AS Onikanni, F Olawale, S Saidu, YO Ibrahim, MAS Al Ghamdi, SS Aggad, AA Alsayegh, NH Aljarba, G El-Saber-Batiha, ATH Wu and HS Huang. Apigetrin-enriched Pulmeria alba extract prevents assault of STZ on pancreatic β-cells and neuronal oxidative stress with concomitant attenuation of tissue damage and suppression of inflammation in the brain of diabetic rats. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy 2023; 162, 114582.
R Yuniartha, N Arfian, WAW Setyaningsih, SMS Kencana and DCR Sari. Accelerated senescence and apoptosis in the rat liver during the progression of diabetic complications. Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences 2022; 29(6), 46-59.
SA El-Newary, SM Afifi, MS Aly, RF Ahmed, AENGE Gendy, AM Abd-ElGawd, MA Farag, AM Elgamal and AI Elshamy. Chemical profile of Launaea nudicaulis ethanolic extract and its antidiabetic effect in streptozotocin-induced rats. Molecules 2021; 26(4), 1000.
T Aluwong, JO Ayo, A Kpukple and OO Oladipo. Amelioration of hyperglycaemia, oxidative stress and dyslipidaemia in alloxan-induced diabetic wistar rats treated with probiotic and vitamin C. Nutrients 2016; 8(5), 151.
SC Shabalala, R Johnson, AK Basson, K Ziqubu, N Hlengwa, SXH Mthembu, SE Mabhida, SE Mazibuko-Mbeje, S Hanser, H Cirilli, L Tiano and PV Dludla. Detrimental effects of lipid peroxidation in type 2 diabetes: Exploring the neutralizing influence of antioxidants. Antioxidants 2022; 11(10), 2071.
M Rohilla, Rizhabh, S Bansal, A Garg, S Dhiman, S Dhankhar, M Saini, S Chauhan, N Alsubaie, GES Batiha, NKA Albezrah and TG Singh. Discussing pathologic mechanisms of Diabetic retinopathy & therapeutic potentials of curcumin and β-glucogallin in the management of Diabetic retinopathy. Biomed. Pharmacother 2023; 169, 115811.
P González, P Lozano, G Ros and F Solano. Hyperglycemia and oxidative stress: An integral, updated and critical overview of their metabolic interconnections. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2023; 24(11), 9352.
O Mueangson, A Mahittikorn, NG Anabire, W Mala and M Kotepui. Increased blood concentrations of Malondialdehyde in plasmodium infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Antioxidants 2023; 12(8), 1502.
J Ali, MA Aziz, MMO Rashid, MA Basher and MS Islam. Propagation of age-related diseases due to the changes of lipid peroxide and antioxidant levels in elderly people: A narrative review. Health Science Reports 2022; 5(3), e650.
D Martini, S Rossi, B Biasini, I Zavaroni, G Bedogni, M Musci, C Pruneti, G Passeri, M Ventura, S Di Nuzzo, D Galli, P Mirandola, M Vitale, AD Cas, RC Bonaddona and DD Rio. Claimed effects, outcome variables and methods of measurement for health claims proposed under European Community Regulation 1924/2006 in the framework of protection against oxidative damage and cardiovascular health. Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases 2017; 27(6), 473-503.
LL Pruteanu, DS Bailey, AC Grădinaru and L Jäntschi. The biochemistry and effectiveness of antioxidants in food, fruits and marine algae. Antioxidants 2023; 12(4), 860.
S Mukherjee, H Chopra, R Goyal, S Jin, Z Dong, T Das and T Bhattacharya. Therapeutic effect of targeted antioxidant natural products. Discover Nano 2024; 19, 144.
M Ren, T Yin, J You, R Liu, Q Huang and S Xiong. Comparative study of the nutritional composition and antioxidant ability of soups made from wild and farmed Snakehead Fish (Channa Argus). Foods 2022; 11(20), 3294.
MAK Haniffa, PAJ Sheela, K Kavitha and AMM Jais. Salutary value of haruan, the striped snakehead Channa striatus - A review. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 2014; 4(1), S8-S15.
SG Tumilaar, A Hardianto, H Dohi and D Kurnia. A comprehensive review of free radicals, oxidative stress and antioxidants: Overview, clinical applications, global perspectives, future directions and mechanisms of antioxidant activity of flavonoid compounds. Journal of Chemistry 2024; 2024, 5594386.
HA Hassan, HS Ahmed and DF Hassan. Free radicals and oxidative stress: Mechanisms and therapeutic targets: Review article. Human Antibodies 2024; 32(4), 151-167.
J Chen, Y Liu, Z Zhao and J Qiu. Oxidative stress in the skin: Impact and related protection. International Journal of Cosmetic Science 2021; 43(5), 495-509.
X Liu, Y Xu, F Liu, Y Pan, L Miao, Q Zhu and S Tan. The feasibility of antioxidants avoiding oxidative damages from reactive oxygen species in cryopreservation. Frontiers in Chemistry 2021; 9, 648684.
AB Jena, RR Samal, NK Bhol and AK Duttaroy. Cellular Red-Ox system in health and disease: The latest update. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy 2023; 162, 114606.
AV Ivanov, MY Maksimova, KA Nikiforova, FR Ochtova, ET Suanova, VV Alexandrin, MP Kruglova, MA Piradov and AA Kubatiev. Plasma glutathione as a risk marker for the severity and functional outcome of acute atherothrombotic and cardioembolic stroke. The Egyptian Journal of Neurology, Psychiatry and Neurosurgery 2022; 58, 15.
JV Lana, A Rios, R Takeyama, N Santos, L Pires, GS Santos, IJ Rodrigues, M Jeyaraman, J Purita and JF Lana. Nebulized glutathione as a key antioxidant for the treatment of oxidative stress in neurodegenerative conditions. Nutrients 2024; 16(15), 2476.
B Al-Trad, H Alkhateeb, W Alsmadi and M Al-Zoubi. Eugenol ameliorates insulin resistance, oxidative stress and inflammation in high fat-diet/streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat. Life Sciences 2018; 216, 183-188.
X Tang, W Chen, H Liu, N Liu, D Chen, D Tian and J Wang. Research progress on SLC7A11 in the regulation of cystine/cysteine metabolism in tumors (Review). Oncology Letters 2022; 23(2), 47.
A Dobreva, ET Camacho and M Miranda. Mathematical model for glutathione dynamics in the retina. Scientific Reports 2023; 13(1), 10996.
M Tan, Y Yin, X Ma, J Zhang, W Pan, M Tan, Y Zhao, T Yang, T Jiang and H Li. Glutathione system enhancement for cardiac protection: pharmacological options against oxidative stress and ferroptosis. Cell Death & Disease 2023; 14(2), 131
HS Black. Oxidative stress and ros link diabetes and cancer. Journal of Molecular Pathology 2024; 5(1), 96-119.
D Matuz-Mares, H Riveros-Rosas, H Vázquez-Meza MM Vilchis-Landeros and H Vázquez-Meza. Glutathione participation in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Antioxidants 2021; 10(8), 1220.
O Zitka, S Skalickova, J Gumulec, M Masarik, V Adam, J Hubalek, L trnkova, J Kruseova, T Eckschlager and R Kizek. Redox status expressed as GSH:GSSG ratio as a marker for oxidative stress in paediatric tumour patients. Oncology Letters 2012; 4(6), 1247-1253.
Y Zhi, C Mei, Z Liu, Y Liu and H Wang. Glutathione reductase modulates endogenous oxidative stress and affects growth and virulence in Avibacterium paragallinarum. Veterinary Research 2025; 56(1), 1.
H Vázquez-Meza, MM Vilchis-Landeros, M Vázquez-Carrada, D Uribe-Ramírez and D Matuz-Mares. Cellular compartmentalization, glutathione transport and its relevance in some pathologies. Antioxidants 2023; 12(4), 834.
M Liang, Z Wang, H Li, L Cai, J Pan, H He, Q Wu, Y Tang, J Ma and L Yang. L-Arginine induces antioxidant response to prevent oxidative stress via stimulation of glutathione synthesis and activation of Nrf2 pathway. Food and Chemical Toxicology 2018; 115, 315-328.
J Giacometti, D Muhvić, T Grubić-Kezele, M Nikolić, T Šoić-Vranić and S Bajek. Olive leaf polyphenols (Olps) stimulate GLUT-4 expression and translocation in the skeletal muscle of diabetic rats. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2020; 21(23), 8981.
ML Peng, Y Fu, CW Wu, Y Zhang, H Ren and SS Zhou. Signaling pathways related to oxidative stress in diabetic cardiomyopathy. Frontiers in Endocrinology 2022; 13, 907757.
VH Sutandar, MI Saleh and Z Maritska. GLUT-4 as a protein target for type 2-diabetes mellitus therapy with natural compounds. Sriwijaya Journal of Medicine 2023; 6(1), 9-16.
APH Guevara, SJ McGowan, M Kazantzis, TR Stallons, T Sano, NL Mulder, A Jurdzinski, THV Dijk, BJL Eggen, JW Jonkev, LJ Niedernhofer and JK Kruit. Increased insulin sensitivity and diminished pancreatic beta-cell function in DNA repair deficient Ercc1d/− mice. Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental 2021;117, 154711.
BLS Pieri, MS Rodrigues, HR Farias, GB Silveira, VSGC Ribeiro, PCL Silveira and CTD Souza. Role of Oxidative stress on insulin resistance in diet-induced obesity mice. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2023; 24(15), 12088.
K Watanabe, H Kinoshita, T Okamoto, K Sugiura, S Kawashima and T Kimura. Antioxidant properties of albumin and diseases related to obstetrics and gynecology. Antioxidants 2025; 14(1), 55.
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Walailak University
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
