Silver Nanoparticles with Modified Synthesis Use Sodium Borohydride Reducing Agent and Okra (Abelmoschus Esculentus L.) Raw Polysaccharide Extract as an Anti-Colon Cancer

Abstract

Nanomedicine using nanoparticles has become a new trend in the treatment of colon cancer. Nanosilver is known to have antibacterial, antifungal, antidiabetic, and anticancer properties. The most common and easy way to make nanosilver is using the reducing agent sodium borohydride, but this inorganic compound element has high toxicity to the body. Polysaccharides have long been known as anticancer agents with low toxicity and few side effects. Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.), a flowering plant from the Malvaceae family found in tropical and subtropical areas, and the crude polysaccharide extract from the pods has the highest polysaccharide content. This research aims to determine the effect of raw okra polysaccharide extract (ORPE) as a reducing agent for making nanosilver on its ability as an anti-colon cancer cell line HCT 116. Experiments were carried out by modifying and optimizing the manufacture of AgNPs by reducing NaBH₄ with ORPE, 16 concentrations each with repetition 3 times. Characteristic tests were carried out using UV-Vis Spectrophotometry, Particle Size Analyzer, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Transmission Electron Microscopy, cell viability testing with MTT assay, and evaluation of potential apoptosis and necrosis using Annexin V-PI flow cytometry. PSA test for average particle size. Two groups 1 (AgNP-NaBH₄) and 2 (AgNP-ORPE) each had repeated measurements 3 times in 16 concentrations. The mean PSA test and zeta potential value for group 1 = 232.5 ± 25.47 nm / –42.23 ± 1.45 mV and 2 = 779.66 ± 112.45 nm / –23.15 ± 3.65 mV. TEM showed that the size of Group 1 was 50.85 nm (ꭓ = 113.14 nm) and Group 2 was 121.43 nm (ꭓ = 248.52 nm). SEM showed that the morphology of both groups was round in shape (group 2 with slight agglomeration). The absorbance spectrum is formed at a wavelength of 389 nm (group 1) and 281.5 nm (group 2). The IC50 value obtained by group 1 = 76.68 mmol/L with 60.3 % apoptotic cells, 3.74 % necrosis and group 2 = 92.58 mmol/L with 81.4 % apoptotic cells and 4.95 % necrosis. ORPE as a nanosilver-reducing agent has been proven to have the potential to induce cell death and cause changes in mitochondrial membrane permeability in the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis.

HIGHLIGHTS

• This is experimental research related to the development of anti-cancer drugs using silver-nanoparticles and Okra extract as anti-cancer agents.
• The use of the Okra plant as an anti-cancer agent has enormous potential because it has few side effects for cancer patients.
• The drug developed shows stable characteristics and provides a significant positive impact in inhibiting the growth of colon cancer cells.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT