Unveiling the Potential of Graphene Oxide as a Multifunctional Platform for Active Food Packaging: Properties, Applications, and Prospects
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.48048/tis.2026.11905Keywords:
Graphene oxide, Active packaging, Nanocomposites, Barrier properties, Food securityAbstract
The demand for active food packaging is rapidly increasing as the food industry seeks more effective strategies to extend shelf life, preserve quality, and ensure safety beyond the limits of conventional materials. Traditional packaging often suffers from high gas permeability and limited antioxidant or antimicrobial activity, driving the exploration of nanotechnology-based solutions. Among emerging candidates, graphene oxide (GO) has attracted significant attention due to its distinctive structure of atom-thin sheets decorated with oxygen-containing groups and its exceptionally large surface area. These characteristics enable GO to reinforce polymer matrices, improving mechanical strength, thermal stability, and barrier properties, while also providing multifunctional bioactivity. Experimental evidence shows that GO exhibits antimicrobial effects through microbial membrane disruption, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and nutrient exchange interference, while its antioxidant capacity allows radical scavenging and lipid oxidation inhibition. Applications have been demonstrated across polymer nanocomposites, surface coatings, and smart sensors, where GO not only strengthens packaging materials but also functions as a freshness indicator for perishable foods such as meat, dairy, fruits, and fish. Despite these advantages, unresolved challenges include toxicity concerns, particle migration risks, and the absence of harmonized international regulations. Future research must therefore emphasize comprehensive toxicological assessment, green and scalable synthesis approaches, and integration with biodegradable polymers. Addressing these gaps could establish GO as a safe, sustainable, and innovative platform for next-generation active and intelligent food packaging.
HIGHLIGHTS
- Graphene oxide (GO) enhances the mechanical and barrier properties of food packaging materials through strong polymer interactions.
- GO exhibits antimicrobial and antioxidant activities, contributing to extended shelf life and improved food safety.
- Applications of GO include polymer nanocomposites, active coatings, and smart sensors for freshness detection.
- Toxicological concerns, particle migration, and regulatory limitations remain critical challenges for commercialization.
- Future prospects focus on green synthesis methods, integration with renewable biomaterials, and development of sustainable smart packaging systems.
GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
Downloads
References
CA Fuenmayor and F Licciardello. The challenges of food preservation materials and technologies for a more sustainable world. Food Packaging and Shelf Life 2024; 43, 101273.
D Gu, K Andreev and ME Dupre. Major trends in population growth around the World. China CDC Weekly 2021; 3(28), 604-613.
B Yi and H Xu. Research and development status of prepared foods in China: A Review. Applied Sciences 2023; 13(14), 7998.
ML Clodoveo, M Muraglia, V Fino, F Curci, G Fracchiolla and FFR Corbo. Overview on innovative packaging methods aimed to increase the shelf-life of cook-chill foods. Foods 2021; 10(9), 2086.
F Versino, F Ortega, Y Monroy, S Rivero, OV Lopez and MA Garcia. Sustainable and bio-based food packaging: A review on past and current design innovations. Foods 2023; 12(5), 1057.
M Dokl, A Copot, D Krajnc, Y Van Fan, A Vujanovic, KB Aviso, RR Tan, Z Kravanja and L Cucek. Global projections of plastic use, end-of-life fate and potential changes in consumption, reduction, recycling and replacement with bioplastics to 2050. Sustainable Production and Consumption 2024; 51, 498-518.
D Dainelli, N Gontard, D Spyropoulos, E Zondervan-van den Beuken and P Tobback. Active and intelligent food packaging: legal aspects and safety concerns. Trends in Food Science & Technology 2008; 19(1), 103-112.
MA Andrade, CH Barbosa, R Ribeiro-Santos, S Tome, AL Fernando, AS Silva and F Vilarinho. Emerging trends in active packaging for food: a six-year review. Foods 2025; 14(15), 2713.
R Farrell, YJ Cortese, DM Devine, N Gately, M Rueda, L Rodriguez and R Pezzoli. The function and properties of common food packaging materials and their suitability for reusable packaging: The transition from a linear to circular economy. Current Research in Green and Sustainable Chemistry 2024; 9, 100429.
KK Gaikwad, S Singh and YS Lee. Oxygen scavenging films in food packaging. Environmental Chemistry Letters 2018; 16, 523-538.
RK Gupta, S Pipliya, S Karunanithi, GM Eswaran U, S Kumar, S Mandliya, PP Srivastav, T Suthar, AM Shaikh, E Harsanyi and B Kovacs. Migration of chemical compounds from packaging materials into packaged foods: interaction, mechanism, assessment, and regulations. Foods 2024; 13(19), 3125.
APA de Carvalho and CAC Junior. Green strategies for active food packagings: A systematic review on active properties of graphene-based nanomaterials and biodegradable polymers. Trends in Food Science & Technology 2020; 103, 130-143.
A Muthu, DHH Nguyen, C Neji, G Toros, A Ferroudj, R Atieh, J Prokisch, H El-Ramady and A Beni. Nanomaterials for smart and sustainable food packaging: Nano-Sensing mechanisms, and regulatory perspectives. Foods 2025; 14(15), 2657.
C Santillo, Y Wang, GG Buonocore, G Gentile, L Verdolotti, S Kaciulis, H Xia and M Lavorgna. Hybrid graphenene oxide/cellulose nanofillers to enhance mechanical and barrier properties of chitosan-based composites. Frontiers in Chemistry 2022; 10, 926364.
KLF Cardoso, PMS Souza, RMV Alves and GJM Fechine. Poly(butylene adipate-co- terephthalate)/Graphene Oxide Nanocomposite Films for Food Packaging Applications. ACS Applied Polymer Materials 2025; 7(8), 5229-5239
P Kumar, P Huo, R Zhang and B Liu. Antibacterial properties of graphene-based nanomaterials. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2019; 9(5), 737.
D Li and R Xue. Nanostructured materials for smart food packaging: Integrating preservation and antimicrobial properties. Alexandria Engineering Journal 2025; 124, 446-461.
B Anegbe, IH Ifijen, M Maliki, IE Uwidia and AI Aigbodion. Graphene oxide synthesis and applications in emerging contaminant removal: A comprehensive review. Environmental Sciences Europe 2024; 36, 15.
V Rossa, LEM Ferreira, S da Costa Vasconcelos, ETT Shimabukuro, VG da Costa Madriaga, AP Carvalho, SBC Pergher, F de Carvalho da Silva, VF Ferreira, CAC Junior and T de Melo Lima. Nanocomposites based on the graphene family for food packaging: Historical perspective, preparation methods, and properties. RSC Advances 2022; 12(22), 14084-14111.
N Mushahary, A Sarkar, F Basumatary, S Brahma, B Das and S Basumatary. Recent developments on graphene oxide and its composite materials: From fundamentals to applications in biodiesel synthesis, adsorption, photocatalysis, supercapacitors, sensors and antimicrobial activity. Results in Surfaces and Interfaces 2024; 15, 100225.
A Rhazouani, H Gamrani, M El Achaby, K Aziz, L Gebrati, MS Uddin and F Aziz. Synthesis and toxicity of graphene oxide nanoparticles: a literature review of in vitro and in vivo studies. BioMed Research International 2021; 2021, 5518999.
S Gurunathan, MA Iqbal, M Qasim, CH Park, H Yoo, JH Hwang, SJ Uhm, H Song, C Park, JT Do, Y Choi, JH Kim and K Hong. Evaluation of graphene oxide induced cellular toxicity and transcriptome analysis in human embryonic kidney cells. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2019; 9(7), 969.
H Ren. Graphene and its derivatives for electrochemical sensing. Sensors (Basel) 2025; 25(7), 1993.
X Huang, W Zhao, F Khalilov and N Xu. Graphene oxide: Preparation and medical research. Materials (Basel) 2025; 18(12), 2855.
J Vejpravova. Mixed sp2-sp3 nanocarbon materials: A status quo review. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2021; 11(10), 2469.
P Montes-Navajas, NG Asenjo, R Santamaria, R Menendez, A Corma and H Garcia. Surface area measurement of graphene oxide in aqueous solutions. Langmuir 2013; 29(44), 13443-13448.
SSA Kumar, MN Badawi, KM Batoo, IAW Ma, K Ramesh, S Ramesh and MA Shah. Fabrication and characterization of graphene oxide-based polymer nanocomposite coatings, improved stability and hydrophobicity. Scientific Reports 2023; 13, 8946.
A Avornyo and CV Chrysikopoulos. Applications of graphene oxide (GO) in oily wastewater treatment: Recent developments, challenges, and opportunities. Journal of Environmental Management 2024; 353, 120178.
AN Ghulam, OAL Dos Santos, L Hazeem, BP Backx, M Bououdina and S Bellucci. Graphene Oxide (GO) Materials-Applications and Toxicity on Living Organisms and Environment. Journal of Functional Biomaterials 2022; 13(2), 77.
N Kumar and VC Srivastava. Simple synthesis of large graphene oxide sheets via electrochemical method coupled with oxidation process. ACS Omega 2018; 3(8), 10233-10242.
HL Poh, F Sanek, A Ambrosi, G Zhao, Z Sofer and M Pumera. Graphenes prepared by Staudenmaier, Hofmann and Hummers methods with consequent thermal exfoliation exhibit very different electrochemical properties. Nanoscale 2012; 4(11), 3515-3522.
X Chen, Z Qu, Z Liu and G Ren. Mechanism of oxidization of graphite to graphene oxide by the hummers method. ACS Omega 2022; 7(27), 23503-23510.
N Mendez-Lozano, F Perez-Reynoso and C Gonzalez-Gutierrez. Eco-Friendly approach for graphene oxide synthesis by modified hummers method. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15(20), 7228.
MA Vieira, TLG Costa, GR Goncalves, DF Cipriano, MA Schettino Jr, EL da Silva, A Cuna and JCC Freitas. Phosphorus/Sulfur-Enriched reduced graphene oxide papers obtained from recycled graphite: Solid-State NMR characterization and electrochemical performance for energy storage. C 2023; 9(2), 60.
JAA Hutapea, YGO Manik, STCL Ndruru, J Huang, R Goei, AIY Tok and R Siburian. Comprehensive review of graphene synthesis techniques: Advancements, challenges, and future directions. Micro 2025; 5(3), 40.
S Pei, Q Wei, K Huang, HM Cheng and W Ren. Green synthesis of graphene oxide by seconds timescale water electrolytic oxidation. Nature Communications 2018; 9, 145.
AM Sindi. Applications of graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide in advanced dental materials and therapies. Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences 2024; 19(2), 403-421.
T Forati, M Atai, AM Rashidi, M Imani and A Behnamghader. Physical and mechanical properties of graphene oxide/polyethersulfone nanocomposites. Polymers Advanced Technologies 2013; 25(3), 322-328.
F Batool, S Muhammad, R Muazzam, M Waqas, Z Ullah, S Roy, Y Zhang, K Wang and B Guo. Advancements in graphene-based composites: A review of the emerging applications in healthcare. Smart Materials in Medicine 2025; 6(1), 120-138.
AT Smith, AM LaChance, S Zeng, B Liu and L Sun. Synthesis, properties, and applications of graphene oxide/reduced graphene oxide and their nanocomposites. Nano Materials Science 2019; 1(1), 31-47.
M Sabet and H Soleiman. Graphene impact on thermal characteristics of LDPE. Polymer Science, Series A 2019; 61, 922-930.
V Georgakilas, JN Tiwari, KC Kemp, JA Perman, AB Bourlinos, KS Kim and R Zboril. Noncovalent functionalization of graphene and graphene oxide for energy materials, biosensing, catalytic, and biomedical applications. Chemical Reviews 2016; 116(9), 5464-5519.
FH Lyn, CP Tan, RM Zawawi and ZAN Hanani. Physicochemical properties of chitosan/ graphene oxide composite films and their effects on storage stability of palm-oil based margarine. Food Hydrocolloids 2021; 117, 106707.
JY Chong, B Wang, C Mattevi and K Li. Dynamic microstructure of graphene oxide membranes and the permeation flux. Journal of Membrane Science 2018; 549, 385-392.
NMN Huynh, ZA Boeva, JH Smatt, M Pesonen and T Lindfors. Reduced graphene oxide as a water, carbon dioxide and oxygen barrier in plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) films. RSC Advances 2018; 8(32), 17645-17655.
Z Domiszewski, S Mierzejewska, I Michalska-Pożoga, K Rybka and T Rydzkowski. Effect of graphene and graphene oxide addition to polyethylene film on lipid quality of african catfish (Clarias gariepinus) fillets during refrigerated storage. Coatings 2024; 14(12), 1506.
PMP Lopes, D Moldovan, R Fechete, L Mare, L Barbu-Tudoran, N Sechel and V Popescu. Characterization of a graphene oxide-reinforced whey hydrogel as an eco-friendly absorbent for food packaging. Gels 2023; 9(4), 298.
O Akhavan, E Ghaderi, E Hashemi and E Akbari. Dose-dependent effects of nanoscale graphene oxide on reproduction capability of mammals. Carbon 2015; 95, 309-317.
YT Li, KC Mei, R Liam-Or, JT Wang, FN Faruqu, S Zhu, YL Wang, Y Lu and KT Al-Jamal. Graphene oxide nanosheets toxicity in mice is dependent on protein corona composition and host immunity. ACS Nano 2024; 18(33), 22572-22585.
K Rana, H Kaur, N Singh, T Sithole and SS Siwal. Graphene-based materials: Unravelling its impact in wastewater treatment for sustainable environments. Next Materials 2024; 3, 100107.
Y Jiang, S Song, M Mi, L Yu, L Xu, P Jiang and Y Wang. Improved electrical and thermal conductivities of graphene–carbon nanotube composite film as an advanced thermal interface material. Energies 2023; 16(3), 1378.
L Xu, J Teng, L Li, HD Huang, JZ Xu, Y Li, PG Ren, GJ Zhong and ZM Li. Hydrophobic graphene oxide as a promising barrier of water vapor for regenerated cellulose nanocomposite films. ACS Omega 2019; 4(1), 509-517.
R Binaymotlagh, L Chronopoulou and C Palocci. An overview of biopolymer-based graphene nanocomposites for biotechnological applications. Materials 2025; 18(13), 2978.
DG Trikkaliotis, AK Christoforidis, AC Mitropoulos and GZ Kyzas. Graphene oxide synthesis, properties and characterization techniques: a comprehensive review. ChemEngineering 2021; 5(3), 64.
Y Hu, L Ma, Q Shi, J Li, Y Lv and C Song. Research progress on Graphene Oxide (GO)/Chitosan (CS) multifunctional nanocomposites for drug delivery. Inorganics 2025; 13(4), 98.
V Dharini, SP Selvam, J Jayaramudu and RS Emmanuel. Functional properties of clay nanofillers used in the biopolymer-based composite films for active food packaging applications – Review. Applied Clay Science 2022; 226, 106555.
T Bruna, F Maldonado-Bravo, P Jara and N Caro. Silver nanoparticles and their antibacterial applications. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2021; 22(13), 7202.
F Haque, A Blanchard, B Laipply and X Dong. Visible-Light-Activated TiO2-Based photocatalysts for the inactivation of pathogenic bacteria. Catalysts 2024; 14(12), 855.
K AbouAitah, F Sabbagh and BS Kim. Graphene oxide nanostructures as nanoplatforms for delivering natural therapeutic agents: Applications in cancer treatment, bacterial infections, and bone regeneration medicine. Nanomaterials 2023; 13(19), 2666.
AOE Abdelhalim, AA Meshcheriakov, DN Maistrenko, OE Molchanov, SV Ageev, DA Ivanova, NR Iamalova, MD Luttsev, LV Vasina, VV Sharoyko and KN Semenov. Graphene oxide enriched with oxygen-containing groups: On the way to an increase of antioxidant activity and biocompatibility. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2022; 210, 112232.
T Shahnaz, G Hayder, MA Shah, MZ Ramli, N Ismail, KH Chua, NM Zahari, NH Mardi, FE Selamat, N Kabilmiharbi and HA Aziz. Graphene-based nanoarchitecture as a potent cushioning/filler in polymer composites and their applications. Journal of Materials Research and Technology 2024; 28, 2671-2698.
JP Ramoso, M Rasekh and W Balachandran. Graphene-Based biosensors: Enabling the next generation of diagnostic technologies—a review. Biosensors 2025; 15(9), 586.
H Mohammed, A Kumar, E Bekyarova, Y Al-Hadeethi, X Zhang, M Chen, MS Ansari, A Cochis and L Rimondini. Antimicrobial mechanisms and effectiveness of graphene and graphene- functionalized biomaterials. a scope review. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology 2020; 8, 465.
A Radhi, D Mohamad, FSA Rahman, AM Abdullah and H Hasan. Mechanism and factors influence of graphene-based nanomaterials antimicrobial activities and application in dentistry. Journal of Materials Research and Technology 2021; 11, 1290-1307.
M Cacaci, C Martini, C Guarino, R Torelli, F Bugli and M Sanguinetti. Graphene oxide coatings as tools to prevent microbial biofilm formation on medical device. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 2020; 1282, 21-35.
IMJ Ng and S Shamsi. Graphene Oxide (GO): A promising nanomaterial against infectious diseases caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2022; 23(16), 9096.
T Zhang and P-L Tremblay. Graphene: An antibacterial agent or a promoter of bacterial proliferation? iScience 2020; 23(12), 101787.
HS Hsieh and RG Zepp. Reactivity of graphene oxide with reactive oxygen species (hydroxyl radical, singlet oxygen, and superoxide anion). Environmental Science: Nano 2019; 6(12), 3734-3744.
CA Juan, JM Perez de la Lastra, FJ Plou and E Perez-Lebena. The chemistry of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) revisited: outlining their role in biological macromolecules (DNA, Lipids and Proteins) and induced pathologies. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2021; 22(9), 4642.
A Garcia-Sanchez, AG Miranda-Diaz and EG Cardona-Munoz. The Role of oxidative stress in physiopathology and pharmacological treatment with Pro- and antioxidant properties in chronic diseases. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2020; 2020, 2082145.
QC Tan, XS Jiang, L Chen, JF Huang, QX Zhou, J Wang, Y Zhao, B Zhang, YN Sun, M Wei, X Zhao, Z Yang, W Lei, YF Tang and ZX Wu. Bioactive graphene oxide-functionalized self- expandable hydrophilic and osteogenic nanocomposite for orthopaedic applications. Materials Today Bio 2023; 18, 100500.
C Jin, H Zheng and J Chen. Advances in the application of graphene and its derivatives in drug delivery systems. Pharmaceuticals 2025; 18(9), 1245.
R Singh, H Rawat, A Kumar, Y Gandhi, V Kumar, SK Mishra and CV Narasimhaji. Graphene and its hybrid nanocomposite: A Metamorphoses elevation in the field of tissue engineering. Heliyon 2024; 10(13), 33542.
ZI Evseev, LA Tarasova, FD Vasilieva, MN Egorova, PS Dmitriev, YA Akhremenko and SA Smagulova. Comparison of antimicrobial properties of graphene oxide-based materials, carbon dots, and their combinations deposited on cotton fabrics. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2024; 25(10), 5328.
C Lavorato and E Fontananova. An overview on exploitation of graphene-based membranes: From water treatment to medical industry, including recent fighting against COVID-19. Microorganisms 2023; 11(2), 310.
FKF dos Santos, AAMP Junior, ALN Filho, CJN Fonseca, DKM Isidorio, F de A Araujo, PHA Oliveira and VF da V Junior. Graphene and natural products: A review of antioxidant properties in graphene oxide reduction. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2024; 25(10), 5182.
L Geng, K Liu and H Zhang. Lipid oxidation in foods and its implications on proteins. Frontiers in Nutrition 2023; 10, 1192199.
S Gurunathan, JW Han, AA Dayem, V Eppakayala and JH Kim. Oxidative stress-mediated antibacterial activity of graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. International Journal of Nanomedicine 2012; 7, 5901-5914.
S Yadav, APS Raman, H Meena, AG Goswami, Bhawna, V Kumar, P Jain, G Kumar, M Sagar, DK Rana, I Bahadur and P Singh. An update on graphene oxide: Applications and toxicity. ACS Omega 2022; 7(40), 35387-35445.
I Tufano, R Vecchione and PA Netti. Methods to scale down graphene oxide size and size implication in anti-cancer applications. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology 2020; 8, 613280.
M Hoseini-Ghahfarokhi, S Mirkiani, N Mozaffari, MAA Sadatlu, A Ghasemi, S Abbaspour, M Akbarian, F Farjadian and M Karimi. Applications of Graphene and Graphene Oxide in Smart Drug/Gene Delivery: Is the World Still Flat? International Journal of Nanomedicine 2020; 15, 9469-9496.
FH Lyn, TC Peng, MZ Ruzniza and ZAN Hanani. Effect of oxidation degrees of graphene oxide (GO) on the structure and physical properties of chitosan/GO composite films. Food Packaging and Shelf Life 2019; 21, 100373.
K-Q Lu, Y-H Li, Z-R Tang and Y-J Xu. Roles of graphene oxide in heterogeneous photocatalysis. ACS Materials Au 2021; 1(1), 37-54.
Z Li, MR Khan, N Ahmad, W Zhang and G Goksen. Preparation of polysaccharide-based films synergistically reinforced by tea polyphenols and graphene oxide. Food Chemistry: X 2025; 27, 102414.
SJ Lee, SJ Yoon and I-Y Jeon. Graphene/Polymer nanocomposites: Preparation, mechanical properties, and application. Polymers 2022; 14(21), 4733.
Z Cao, V Quintano and R Joshi. Covalent functionalization of graphene oxide. Carbon Reports 2023; 2(4), 199-205.
TH Kim, H Kim, KI Choi, J Yoo, YS Seo, JS Lee and J Koo. Graphene oxide monolayer as a compatibilizer at the polymer-polymer interface for stabilizing polymer bilayer films against dewetting. Langmuir 2016; 32(48), 12741-12748.
P Sarelo, M Wisniewska-Wrona, M Sikora, B Mielan, Y Gerasymchuk, A Wędzynska, V Boiko, D Hreniak, M Szymonowicz, B Sobieszczanska and M Wawrzynska. Development and evaluation of graphene oxide-enhanced chitosan sponges as a potential antimicrobial wound dressing for infected wound management. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2025; 26(15), 7403.
J Ashfaq, IA Channa, AG Memon, IA Chandio, AD Chandio, MA Shar, MS Alsalhi and S Devanesan. Enhancement of thermal and gas barrier properties of graphene-based nanocomposite films. ACS Omega 2023; 8(44), 41054-41063.
N Farooq, Z Rehman, A Hareem, R Masood, R Ashfaq, I Fatimah, S Hussain, SA Ansari and N Parveen. Graphene oxide and based materials: Synthesis, properties, and applications - a comprehensive review. MatSci Express 2024; 1(4), 185-231.
S Dacrory, U DʼAmora, A Longo, MS Hasanin, A Soriente, I Fasolino, S Kamel, MT Al-Shemy, L Ambrosio and S Scialla. Chitosan/cellulose nanocrystals/graphene oxide scaffolds as a potential pH-responsive wound dressing: Tuning physico-chemical, pro-regenerative and antimicrobial properties. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 2024; 278(1), 134643.
D Niyobuhungiro and L Hong. Graphene polymer composites: Review on fabrication method, properties and future perspectives. Advances in Science and Technology Research Journal 2021; 15(1), 37-49.
A Kausar, I Ahmad, MH Eisa and M Maaza. Graphene Nanocomposites in Space Sector— Fundamentals and Advancements. C 2023; 9(1), 29.
KV Maheshkumar, K Krishnamurthy, P Sathishkumar, S Sahoo, E Uddin, SK Pal and R Rajasekar. Research updates on graphene oxide-based polymeric nanocomposites. Polymer Composites 2014; 35(12), 2297-2310.
MG Goncalves, VO Costa, AHG Martinez, BM Regnier, GCB Gomes, AJG Zarbin and ES Orth. Functionalization of graphene oxide via epoxide groups: A comprehensive review of synthetic routes and challenges. Frontiers in Carbon 2024; 3, 1393077.
Y Wang, F Yang, T Wu and G Huang. Systematic overview of the preparation, interface characteristics, strengthening mechanisms, and challenges of graphene-reinforced Al matrix composites. Journal of Materials Research and Technology 2024; 33, 7709-7739.
AS El-Sheikh, NS Abdelaziz, KS Amin, H Elhaes and MA Ibrahim. Application of chitosan/graphene and chitosan/graphene oxide composites for removal of Cu and Pb. Scientific Reports 2025; 15, 28905.
Geeta, Shivani, N Devi, Shayoraj, N Bansal, S Sharma, SK Dubey and S Kumar. Novel chitosan- based smart bio-nanocomposite films incorporating TiO2 nanoparticles for white bread preservation. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 2024; 267(2), 131367.
Z Sun, K Hu, T Wang, X Chen, N Meng, X Peng, L Ma, D Tian, S Xiong, C Zhou and Y Yang. Enhanced physiochemical, antibacterial, and hemostatic performance of collagen-quaternized chitosan-graphene oxide sponges for promoting infectious wound healing. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 2024; 266(2), 131277.
Y Li, J Sun, J Wang, C Qin and L Dai. Preparation of well-dispersed reduced graphene oxide and its mechanical reinforcement in polyvinyl alcohol fibre. Polymer International 2016; 65(9), 1054-1062.
F Shi, J Sun, J Wang, M Liu, Z Yan, B Zhu, Y Li and X Cao. MXene versus graphene oxide: Investigation on the effects of 2D nanosheets in mixed matrix membranes for CO₂ separation. Journal of Membrane Science 2021; 620, 118850.
S Priyadarsini, S Mohanty, S Mukherjee, S Basu and M Mishra. Graphene and graphene oxide as nanomaterials for medicine and biology application. Journal of Nanostructure in Chemistry 2018; 8, 123-137.
T Aulichova, S Skalickova, K Tomas, P Chilala and P Horky. Research on the impact of graphene oxide in feed on growth and health parameters in calves. Frontiers in Toxicology 2025; 7, 1560078.
C Li, Z Lu, M Wang, S Chen, L Han and W Han. A possible mechanism of graphene oxide to enhance thermostability of D-Psicose 3-Epimerase revealed by molecular dynamics simulations. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(19), 10813.
P Majumdera and R Gangopadhyay. Evolution of graphene oxide (GO)-based nanohybrid materials with diverse compositions: an overview. RSC Advances 2022; 12(9), 5686-5719.
A Barra, JDC Santos, MRF Silva, C Nunes, E Ruiz-Hitzky, I Gonçalves, S Yildirim, P Ferreira and PAAP Marques. Graphene derivatives in biopolymer-based composites for food packaging applications. Nanomaterials 2020; 10(10), 2077.
M Sabzevari, DE Cree and LD Wilson. Graphene oxide-chitosan composite material for treatment of a model dye effluent. ACS Omega 2018; 3(10), 13045-13054.
Q Manzoor, MA Farrukh, MT Qamar, A Sajid, SA Aldossari, A Manikandan and M Iqbal. Polymer-assisted synthesis of ternary magnetic graphene oxide nanocomposite for the adsorptive removal of Cr(VI) and Pb(II) ions. Heliyon 2024; 10(15), 35204.
MB Wakchaure and PL Menezes. Graphene oxide aerogels: From synthesis pathways to mechanical performance and applications. Processes 2025; 13(8), 2375.
HR Pant, P Pokharel, MK Joshi, S Adhikari, HJ Kim, CH Park and CS Kim. Processing and characterization of electrospun graphene oxide/polyurethane composite nanofibers for stent coating. Chemical Engineering Journal 2015; 270, 336-342.
FH Lyn and ZAN Hanani. Graphene-based polymer nanocomposites in food packaging and factors affecting the behaviour of graphene-based materials: A review. Journal of Nanoparticle Research 2022; 24, 179.
MB Wakchaure and PL Menezes. Advances in the tribological performance of graphene oxide and its composites. Materials 2025; 18(15), 3587.
D Xu, G Liang, Y Qi, R Gong, X Zhang, Y Zhang, B Liu, L Kong, X Dong and Y Li. Enhancing the mechanical properties of waterborne polyurethane paint by graphene oxide for wood products. Polymers 2022; 14(24), 5456.
Y Zhang, Q Zhang, D Hou and J Zhang. Tuning interfacial structure and mechanical properties of graphene oxide sheets/polymer nanocomposites by controlling functional groups of polymer. Applied Surface Science 2020; 504, 144152.
M Aqlil, AM Nzenguet, Y Essamlali, A Snik, M Larzek and M Zahouily. Graphene Oxide Filled Lignin/Starch Polymer Bionanocomposite: Structural, Physical, and Mechanical Studies. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2017; 65(48), 10571-10581.
N Yan, G Buonocore, M Lavorgna, S Kaciulis, SK Balijepalli, Y Zhan, H Xia and L Ambrosio. The role of reduced graphene oxide on chemical, mechanical and barrier properties of natural rubber composites. Composites Science and Technology 2014; 102, 74-81.
S Chen, H Wang, Z Jian, G Fei, W Qian, G Luo, Z Wang and H Xia. Novel Poly(vinyl alcohol)/chitosan/modified graphene oxide biocomposite for wound dressing application. Macromolecular Bioscience 2020; 20(3), 1900385.
R Gholami, AR Khoogar and MH Allaei. Optimizing mechanical performance: Epoxy-graphene oxide nanocomposites for enhanced strength in lattice structure. Heliyon 2025; 11(2), 41576.
GG Politano. Optimizing graphene oxide film quality: the role of solvent and deposition technique. C 2024; 10(4), 90.
R Matroniani, FT Mabilia, JS Santos and SH Wang. Enhancing packaging materials: A microstructural investigation of graphene dispersion on polymer surfaces. Materials Research 2025; 28, 20240388.
S Mohammed. Graphene oxide: A mini-review on the versatility and challenges as a membrane material for solvent-based separation. Chemical Engineering Journal Advances 2022; 12, 100392.
G Wang, B Wang, J Park, J Yang, X Shen and J Yao. Synthesis of enhanced hydrophilic and hydrophobic graphene oxide nanosheets by a solvothermal method. Carbon 2009; 47(1), 68-72.
BM Yoo, HJ Shin, HW Yoon and HB Park. Graphene and graphene oxide and their uses in barrier polymers. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 2014; 131(1), 39628.
N Yadav, A Dubey, S Shukla, CP Saini, G Gupta, R Priyadarshini and B Lochab. Graphene oxide-coated surface: inhibition of bacterial biofilm formation due to specific surface-interface interactions. ACS Omega 2017; 2(7), 3070-3082.
SY Chae, R Park and SW Hong. Surface-mediated high antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of astaxanthin-loaded ultrathin graphene oxide film that inhibits the overproduction of intracellular reactive oxygen species. Biomaterials Research 2022; 26(1), 30.
A Croitoru, O Oprea, A Nicoara, R Trusca, M Radu, I Neacsu, D Ficai, A Ficai and E Andronescu. Multifunctional platforms based on graphene oxide and natural products. Medicina (Kaunas) 2019; 55(6), 230.
B Adak, S Baidya and Y Teramoto. Biopolymers and their nanocomposites coated paper-based high barrier and sustainable food packaging materials. Carbohydrate Polymers 2025; 367, 123966.
T Mkhari, JO Adeyemi and OA Fawole. Recent advances in the fabrication of intelligent packaging for food preservation: a review. Processes 2025; 13(2), 539.
G Ramezani, E Assadpour, W Zhang and SM Jafari. Carbon nanomaterial-based sensors for smart packaging of food products. Industrial Crops and Products 2025; 232, 121315.
E Adotey, A Kurbanova, A Ospanova, A Ardakkyzy, Z Toktarbay, N Kydyrbay, M Zhazitov, N Nuraje and O Toktarbaiuly. Development of Superhydrophobic Reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO) for Potential Applications in Advanced Materials. Nanomaterials 2025; 15(5), 363.
N Hashim, S Abdullah and K Yusoh. Graphene nanomaterials in the food industries: Quality control in promising food safety to consumers. Graphene and 2D Materials 2022; 7, 1-29.
APG Carvalho, ECBA Alegria, A Fantoni, AM Ferraria, AMB do Rego and APC Ribeiro. Effect of graphene vs. reduced graphene oxide in gold nanoparticles for optical biosensors—a comparative study. Biosensors 2022; 12(3), 163.
J Gao, A Chakraborthy, S He, S Yang, N Afsarimanesh, A Nag and S Deng. Graphene-Based sensors for the detection of microorganisms in food: A Review. Biosensors 2023; 13(6), 579.
M Tertis, P-L Sirbu, M Suciu, D Bogdan, O Pana, C Cristea and I Simon. An Innovative Sensor Based on Chitosan and Graphene Oxide for Selective and Highly-Sensitive Detection of Serotonin. ChemElectroChem 2022; 9(6), 202101328.
W Chen, Z Wang, S Gu, J Wang, Y Wang and Z Wei. Hydrophobic amino-functionalized graphene oxide nanocomposite for aldehydes detection in fish fillets. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 2020; 306, 127579.
M Nami, M Taheri, J Siddiqui, IA Deen, M Packirisamy and MJ Deen. Recent progress in intelligent packaging for seafood and meat quality monitoring. Advanced Materials Technologies 2024; 9(12), 2301347.
CJ Hsieh, YC Chen, PY Hsieh, SR Liu, SP Wu, YZ Hsieh and HY Hsu. Graphene Oxide Based Nanocarrier Combined with a pH-Sensitive Tracer: A Vehicle for Concurrent pH Sensing and pH- Responsive Oligonucleotide Delivery. ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces 2015; 7(21), 11467- 11475.
A Chakraborthy, S Nuthalapati, A Nag, N Afsarimanesh, MEE Alahi and ME Altinsoy. A critical review of the use of graphene-based gas sensors. Chemosensors 2022; 10(9), 355.
AK Sundramoorthy and S Gunasekaran. Applications of graphene in quality assurance and safety of food. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry 2014; 60, 36-53.
YA Arfat, J Ahmed, M Ejaz and M Mullah. Polylactide/graphene oxide nanosheets/clove essential oil composite films for potential food packaging applications. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 2018; 107, 194-203.
S Joshi, H Bobade, R Sharma and S Sharma. Graphene derivatives: Properties and potential food applications. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 2023; 123, 1-18.
Z Song, S Yao, C Wu, J Yang, J Shi, W Cao, G Pan, C Hu, Y Wang and L Chen. Photothermal carbon nanoparticles-cellulose nanocrystal nanocomposite films and their application in enhancing fruit preservation. LWT 2025; 217, 117354.
AN Adilah, CG Hean and ZAN Hanani. Incorporation of graphene oxide to enhance fish gelatin as bio-packaging material. Food Packaging and Shelf Life 2021; 28, 100679.
F Eskandari, A Abbaszadegan, A Gholami and Y Ghahramani. The antimicrobial efficacy of graphene oxide, double antibiotic paste, and their combination against Enterococcus faecalis in the root canal treatment. BMC Oral Health 2023; 23(1), 20.
AK Worku and DW Ayele. Recent advances of graphene-based materials for emerging technologies. Results in Chemistry 2023; 5, 100971.
H Jiang, N Zhang, L Xie, G Li, L Chen and Z Liao. A comprehensive review of the rehydration of instant powders: Mechanisms, influencing factors, and improvement strategies. Foods 2025; 14(16), 2883.
C Li, Y Lu, J Yan, W Yu, R Zhao, S Du and K Niu. Effect of long-term ageing on graphene oxide: Structure and thermal decomposition. Royal Society Open Science 2021; 8(12), 202309.
Y Chen, Y Qi, X Yan, H Ma, J Chen, B Liu and Q Xue. Green fabrication of porous chitosan/graphene oxide composite xerogels for drug delivery. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 2014; 131(6), 40006.
IS Arvanitoyannis and KV Kotsanopoulos. Migration phenomenon in food packaging. food– package interactions, mechanisms, types of migrants, testing and relative legislation—a review. Food and Bioprocess Technology 2014; 7, 21-36.
K Alam, YY Jo, CK Park and H Cho. Synthesis of graphene oxide using atmospheric plasma for prospective biological applications. International Journal of Nanomedicine 2020; 15, 5813-5824.
J Zhan, Z Lei and Y Zhang. Non-covalent interactions of graphene surface: Mechanisms and applications. Chem 2022; 8(4), 947-979.
P Saravanan, R Selyanchyn, H Tanaka, S Fujikawa, SM Lyth and J Sugimura. Ultra-low friction between polymers and graphene oxide multilayers in nitrogen atmosphere, mediated by stable transfer film formation. Carbon 2017; 122, 395-403.
F Ni, Y Chen, Z Wang, X Zhang, F Gao, Z Shao and H Wang. Graphene derivative based hydrogels in biomedical applications. Journal of Tissue Engineering 2024; 15, 20417314241282131.
A Rhazouani, H Gamrani, S Ed-Day, K Lafhal, S Boulbaroud, L Gebrati, N Fdil and F Aziz. Sub- acute toxicity of graphene oxide (GO) nanoparticles in male mice after intraperitoneal injection: Behavioral study and histopathological evaluation. Food and Chemical Toxicology 2023; 171, 113553.
X Ma, H Sui, X Sun, MM Ali, AA Debrah and Z Du. A risk classification strategy for migrants of food contact material combined with three (Q)SAR tools in silico. Journal of Hazardous Materials 2021; 419, 126422.
S Jafarzadeh, M Nooshkam, Z Qazanfarzadeh, N Oladzadabbasabadi, P Strachowski, N Rabiee, K Shirvanimoghaddam, M Abdollahi and M Naebe. Unlocking the potential of 2D nanomaterials for sustainable intelligent packaging. Chemical Engineering Journal 2024; 490, 151711.
S Liu, A Xu, Y Gao, Y Xie, Z Liu, M Sun, H Mao and X Wang. Graphene oxide exacerbates dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis via ROS/AMPK/p53 signaling to mediate apoptosis. Journal of Nanobiotechnology 2021; 19(1), 85.
H Bavorova, T Svadlakova, Z Fiala, R Pisal and J Mokry. The dose- and time-dependent cytotoxic effect of graphene nanoplatelets: In vitro and in vivo study. Nanomaterials 2022; 12(12), 1978.
M Abolhassani, CS Griggs, LA Gurtowski, JA Mattei-Sosa, M Nevins, VF Medina, TA Morgan and LF Greenlee. Scalable chitosan-graphene oxide membranes: The effect of go size on properties and cross-flow filtration performance. ACS Omega 2017; 2(12), 8751-8759.
W Feng and Z Wang. Biomedical applications of chitosan-graphene oxide nanocomposites. iScience 2022; 25(1), 103629.
A Rhazouani, H El Ghachi, H Gamrani, K Lafhal, K Aziz, L Gebrati, N Fdil, TA Kurniawan and F Aziz. Graphene Oxide (GO) sub chronic toxicity in liver, kidney and spleen: macroscopic observation and histo-biochemical examination. BioNanoScience 2024; 14, 2559-2570.
YH Kim, MS Jo, JK Kim, JH Shin, JE Baek, HS Park, HJ An, JS Lee, BW Kim, HP Kim, KH Ahn, K Jeon, SM Oh, JH Lee, T Workman, EM Faustman and IJ Yu. Short-term inhalation study of graphene oxide nanoplates. Nanotoxicology 2018; 12(3), 224-238.
O Cebadero-Dominguez, B Ferrandez-Gomez, S Sanchez-Ballester, J Moreno, A Jos and AM Camean. In vitro toxicity evaluation of graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide on Caco-2 cells. Toxicology Reports 2022; 9, 1130-1138.
W Qamar, S Gulia, M Athar, R Ahmad, MT Imam, P Chandra, BP Singh, R Haque, MI Hassan and S Rahman. An insight into impact of nanomaterials toxicity on human health. PeerJ 2024; 12, 17807.
European Food Safety Authority. Guidance on technical requirements for regulated food and feed product applications to establish the presence of small particles including nanoparticles. EFSA Journal 2021; 19(8), 6769.
European Parliament and the Council of the European Union. Regulation (EU) 2015/2283 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 November 2015 on novel foods, amending Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011 and repealing Regulation (EC) No 258/97 and Commission Regulation (EC) No 1852/2001. Official Journal of the European Union 2015; 327, 1-22.
U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Guidance for Industry: Preparation of Premarket Submissions for Food Contact Substances (FCSs): Chemistry Recommendations. Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN). 2022. Available at: https://www.fda.gov/food
U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Food Contact Notification (FCN) Program: Submission Requirements and Evaluation of Nanomaterials in Food Contact Applications. Office of Food Additive Safety (OFAS). 2023. Available at: https://www.fda.gov/food/food-contact-substances-food-ingredients
Food and Agriculture Organization; World Health Organization; Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). Safety evaluation of certain contaminants in food: prepared by the ninety-first meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). World Health Organization 2023; 82, 362.
Z Ayreen, U Khatoon, A Kirti, A Sinha, A Gupta, SS Lenka, A Yadav, R Mohanty, SS Naser, R Mishra, RS Chouhan, SK Samal, NK Kaushik, D Singh, M Suar and SK Verma. Perilous paradigm of graphene oxide and its derivatives in biomedical applications: Insight to immunocompatibility. Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy 2024; 176, 116842.
ME Achaby, Y Essamlali, NE Miri, A Snik, K Abdelouahdi, A Fihri, M Zahouily and A Solhy. Graphene oxide reinforced chitosan/polyvinylpyrrolidone polymer bio-nanocomposites. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 2014; 131(22), 41042.
A Priyadharshini and JR Xavier. Innovative reduced graphene oxide/polycysteine/coper titanate composite coating for corrosion-resistant and antibacterial tinplate in food packaging. Results in Engineering 2025; 27, 106859.
C Pechyen, B Tangnorawich, S Toommee, R Marks and Y Parcharoen. Green synthesis of metal nanoparticles, characterization, and biosensing applications. Sensors International 2024; 5, 100287.
MS Islam, GMF Elahee, Y Fang, XB Yu, RC Advincula and CY Cao. Polylactic acid (PLA)-based multifunctional and biodegradable nanocomposites and their applications. Composites Part B: Engineering 2025; 306, 112842.
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Walailak University
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
