A Review on Heavy Metals Removal using Zerovalent Iron Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Mechanism, Applications, and Challenges
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.48048/tis.2025.9702Keywords:
Adsorption, Challenges, Heavy metals, Mechanism, Oxidation, Reduction, Synthesis, Zerovalent iron nanoparticlesAbstract
The application of zerovalent iron nanoparticles in diverse organic transformations has garnered significant attention over the past decade, primarily due to the high natural availability, low toxicity, and cost-effectiveness of iron metal. The core of zerovalent iron nanoparticles, composed of zerovalent iron, acts as a reducing agent for contaminants, while its outer iron oxide shell offers active sites for chemisorption and facilitates electrostatic interactions with heavy metals. Advances in synthetic methodologies for producing Fe nanoparticles and their stabilization using various support materials have played a pivotal role in enhancing their utility in catalysis. This review consolidates understanding of the nanoscale zerovalent iron structure, its synthesis techniques, removal mechanisms, practical applications for heavy metals such as cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), and lead (Pb), as well as the challenges associated with its use. This review explores the catalytic properties of zerovalent iron (nZVI) nanoparticles and their critical role in environmental remediation and catalysis. It highlights the factors influencing their performance, including chemical composition, size, surface properties, and the presence of stabilizing agents. The document emphasizes the importance of advanced characterization techniques such as TEM, SEM, and SAXS for understanding particle morphology and structural properties. Challenges such as agglomeration, rapid oxidation, and environmental concerns are addressed, alongside strategies to enhance their efficiency. This comprehensive discussion underscores the significance of nZVI in academic research and industrial applications, providing insights into both their potential and limitations. Additionally, it provides insights into potential future directions for advancing iron nanoparticle-mediated reduction reactions.
HIGHLIGHTS
- The review comprehensively discusses the application of nanomaterials for the removal of highly toxic hexavalent chromium from aqueous environments.
- The parameters include pH, initial concentration, contact time, nanomaterial dosage, and temperature, which affect Cr (VI) removal.
- Cr (VI) removal using nanomaterials involves interconnected mechanisms such as adsorption, electrostatic attraction under acidic conditions, reductive transformation to Cr (III), and subsequent complexation or surface precipitation of Cr (III) on the nanomaterial surfaces.
- Emphasis is placed on the regeneration potential of nanomaterials to enhance sustainability in practical applications.
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