Bioactive Compound from the Endophytic Fungus Paecilomyces variotii Isolated from the Stems of Physalis angulata L.
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.48048/tis.2025.8983Keywords:
Antibacterial, Antioxidant, Bioactive compound, Paecilomyces variotii, Physalis angulata L.Abstract
Physalis angulata L., also referred to as “ciplukan” locally, is well-known for its use in traditional medicine due to the presence of bioactive compounds. Considered to be promising sources of bioactive chemicals, endophytic fungi living symbiotically within P. angulata tissues warrant investigation. The purpose of this study is to identify and investigate the characteristics of extracts and bioactive compound of endophytic fungus isolated from stem of P. angulata. The morphological identification was the first step in the study. For 4 weeks, the fungi were grown in PDB medium at room temperature in static circumstances. After dividing the liquid medium with ethyl acetate and evaporating it to produce concentrated extracts, it extracts’ antibacterial and antioxidant properties were examined. The disc diffusion method was used to assess antibacterial activity, while the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay was used to investigate the antioxidant potential. From the chosen active extracts, bioactive molecules were separated using column chromatography method, and spectroscopic analysis was used to identify the chemical structures of these compounds. Additionally, molecular identification of the endophytic fungus isolates was carried out. Five endophytic fungi in all were identified, numbered CB1, CB2, CB3, CB4 and CB5. Morphological identification indicated that the fungi belonged to 3 genera: Papulaspora sp. (CB1, CB2, and CB4), Verticillium sp. (CB3), and Paecilomyces sp. (CB5). The antibacterial activity of all the fungal extracts was found to be moderate to weak, with isolate CB5 exhibiting the highest action against Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli, and Bacillus subtilis. Molecular analysis identified the CB5 isolate as Paecilomyces variotii. The pure compound isolated from this fungus was identified as 4,5,6-trihydroxy-2',3',5',6-tetramethyl-[3,4'-bipyranylidene]-2-one, which demonstrated significant antioxidant activity (IC50 23.82 μg/mL) and potent antibacterial effects (MIC < 100 μg/mL). These results demonstrate this endophytic fungus’s potential as a useful source of bioactive chemicals for the treatment of bacterial infections and oxidative diseases associated with stress.
HIGHLIGHTS
- Cultivation of endophytic fungi from angulata stems can shorten the time to obtain compounds that are efficacious for medicine compared to using host plants.
- Paecilomyces variotii is an endophytic fungus from angulata stems with the strongest antibacterial activity compared to other fungi. This is evidenced by the percentage of inhibition of 70 - 85 % in all test bacteria.
- The antioxidant activity of variotii is in the moderate range (IC50 151.26 µg/mL). However, after isolation of pure compounds, strong antioxidant activity was obtained (IC50 23.82 µg/mL).
- The pure compound that was successfully isolated from the variotii fungus is 4,5,6-trihydroxy-2',3',5',6-tetramethyl-[3,4'-bipyranylidene]-2-one.
GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
Downloads
References
M Sharifi-Rad, NVA Kumar, P Zucca, EM Varoni, L Dini, E Panzarini, J Rajkovic, PVT Fokou, E Azzini, I Peluso, AP Mishra, M Nigam, YE Rayess, ME Beyrouthy, L Polito, M Iriti, N Martins, M Martore, AO Docea, WN Setzer, ..., J Sharifi-Rad. Lifestyle, oxidative stress, and antioxidants: Back and forth in the pathophysiology of chronic diseases. Frontiers in Physiology 2020; 11, 694.
V Selvakumar and A Panneerselvam. Bioactive compounds from endophytic fungi. Springer Singapore, Gateway east, Singapore, p. 699-717.
AH Hashem, MS Attia, EK Kandil, MM Fawzi, AS Abdelrahman, MS Khader, MA Khodaira, AE Emam, MA Goma and AM Abdelaziz. Bioactive compounds and biomedical applications of endophytic fungi: A recent review. Microbial Cell Factories 2023; 22, 107.
A Sornakili, S Thankappan, AP Sridharan, P Nithya and S Uthandi. Antagonistic fungal endophytes and their metabolite-mediated interactions against phytopathogens in rice. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology 2020; 112, 101525.
GL Crasta and KA Raveesha. Molecular identification of endophytic fungi associated with Coleus forskohlii (Willd.) Briq. Journal of Applied Biology & Biotechnology 2021; 9(6), 162-172.
L Yu-Hsien, H Ya-Hsin, N Ka-Lok, K Yueh-Hsiung, L Yun-Ping and H Wen-Tsong. Physalin a attenuates inflammation through down-regulating c-Jun NH2 kinase phosphorylation/activator protein 1 activation and up-regulating the antioxidant activity. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 2020; 402, 115115.
TTT Nguyen, NC Paul and HB Lee. Characterization of paecilomyces variotii and talaromyces amestolkiae in Korea based on the morphological characteristics and multigene phylogenetic analyses. Mycobiology 2016; 44(4), 248-259.
WA Elkhateeb, GM Daba, M Elnahas and P Thomas. Anticoagulant capacities of some medicinal mushrooms. ARC Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 2019; 5(4), 1-9.
B Leon-Ttacca, E Arévalo-Gardini and AS Bouchon. Sudden death of theobroma cacao L. caused by verticillium dahliae kleb. In Peru and its in vitro biocontrol. Ciencia y Tecnología Agropecuaria 2019; 20(1), 133-148.
T Watanabe. Pictorial atlas of soil and seed fungi: Morphologies of cultured fungi and key to species, third edition. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 2010.
T Watanabe. Pictorial atlas of soil and seed fungi: Morphologies of cultured fungi and key to species, second edition. Boca Raton, Florida, 2002.
M Ibrahim, E Oyebanji, M Fowora, A Aiyeolemi, C Orabuchi, B Akinnawo and AA Adekunle. Extracts of endophytic fungi from leaves of selected Nigerian ethnomedicinal plants exhibited antioxidant activity. BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies 2021; 21, 98.
P Kumara, K Sunil and AB Kumar. Determination of DPPH free radical scavenging activity by RP-HPLC, rapid sensitive method for the screening of berry fruit juice freeze dried extract. Natural Products Chemistry & Research 2018; 6(5), 1000341.
Elfita, Mardiyanto, Fitrya, JE Larasati, Julinar, H Widjajanti and Muharni. Antibacterial activity of cordyline fruticosa leaf extracts and its endophytic fungi extracts. Biodiversitas 2019; 20(12), 3804-3812.
GDC Ramos, JV Silva-Silva, LA Watanabe, JEDS Siqueira, F Almeida-Souza, KS Calabrese, AMDR Marinho, PSB Marinho and ASD Oliveira. Phomoxanthone a, compound of endophytic fungi paecilomyces sp. and its potential antimicrobial and antiparasitic. Antibiotics 2022; 11(10), 1332.
S Sarsaiya, A Jain, Q Jia, X Fan, F Shu, Z Chen, Q Zhou, J Shi and J Chen. Molecular identification of endophytic fungi and their pathogenicity evaluation against dendrobium nobile and dendrobium officinale. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2020; 21(1), 316.
R Talukdar, S Padhi, AK Rai, M Masi, A Evidente, DK Jha, A Cimmino and K Tayung. Isolation and characterization of an endophytic fungus colletotrichum coccodes producing tyrosol from houttuynia cordata thunb. Using ITS2 RNA secondary structure and molecular docking study. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology 2021; 9, 650247.
ER Oktiansyah, MH Widjajanti and A Setiawan. Antibacterial and antioxidant activity of endophytic fungi isolated from Peronema canescens leaves. Biodiversitas 2022; 23(9), 4783-4792.
F Uzma, CD Mohan, A Hashem, NM Konappa, S Rangappa, PV Kamath, BP Singh, V Mudili, VK Gupta, CN Siddaiah, S Chowdappa, AA Alqarawi and EFA Allah. Endophytic fungi-alternative sources of cytotoxic compounds: A review. Frontiers in Pharmacology 2018; 9, 309.
H Widjajanti, EMT Sari, N Hidayati, PL Hariani and A Setiawan. Diversity and antioxidant activity of endophytic fungi isolated from salam (Syzygium polyanthum). Biodiversitas 2023; 24(5), 3051-3062.
M Dikilitas, N Yucel and S Dervis. Production of antioxidant and oxidant metabolites in tomato plants infected with verticillium dahliae under saline conditions BT - reactive oxygen species and antioxidant systems in plants: Role and regulation under abiotic stress. In: MIR Khan and NA Khan (Eds.). Springer, Singapore, 2017, p. 315-329.
A Moreno-Gavíra, V Huertas, F Diánez, M Santos and B Sánchez-Montesinos. Paecilomyces and its importance in the biological control of agricultural pests and diseases. Plants 2020; 9(12), 1746.
WA Elkhateeb, GM Daba, MO Elnahas and PW Thomas. The rarely isolated fungi: Arthrinium sacchari, beltrania querna, and papulaspora immersa, potentials and expectations. ARC Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 2019; 5(4), 10-15.
C Intaraudom, N Bunbamrung, A Dramae, N Boonyuen, S Komwijit, P Rachtawee and P Pittayakhajonwut. Acremonidins F-H and acremoxanthones F-G, antimicrobial substances from the insect fungus Verticillium sp. BCC33181. Tetrahedron 2016; 72(10), 1415-1421.
SH Salem, SS El-Maraghy, AY Abdel-Mallek, MAA Abdel-Rahman, EHM Hassanein, OA Al-Bedak and F. El-Zahraa A. Abd El-Aziz. The antimicrobial, antibiofilm, and wound healing properties of ethyl acetate crude extract of an endophytic fungus Paecilomyces sp. (AUMC 15510) in earthworm model. Scientific Reports 2022; 12, 19239.
A Singh, DK Singh, RN Kharwar, JF White and SK Gond. Fungal endophytes as efficient sources of plant-derived bioactive compounds and their prospective applications in natural product drug discovery: Insights, avenues, and challenges. Microorganisms 2021; 9(1), 197.
S Mohammadi, J Soltani and K Piri. Soilborne and invertebrate pathogenic paecilomyces species show activity against pathogenic fungi and bacteria. Journal of Crop Protection 2016; 5(3), 377-387.
S Rodrigo, O Santamaría, S Halecker, S Lledó and M Stadler. Antagonism between byssochlamys spectabilis (anamorph Paecilomyces variotii ) and plant pathogens: Involvement of the bioactive compounds produced by the endophyte. Annals of Applied Biology 2017; 171(3), 464-476.
ZB Dai, X Wang and GH Li. Secondary metabolites and their bioactivities produced by paecilomyces. Molecules 2020; 25(21), 5077.
SN Hawar, ZK Taha, AS Hamied, HS Al-Shmgani, GM Sulaiman and SE Elsilk. Antifungal activity of bioactive compounds produced by the endophytic fungus paecilomyces sp. (JN227071.1) against Rhizoctonia solani. International Journal of Biomaterials 2023; 2023, 2411555.
W Chen, H Liu, J Long, H Tao, X Lin, S Liao, B Yang, X Zhou, Y Liu and J Wang. Asperpentenone A, A novel polyketide isolated from the deep-sea derived fungus aspergillus sp. SCSIO 41024. Phytochemistry Letters 2020; 35, 99-102.
MTA Abdel-Wareth, MA Ghareeb, MS Abdel-Aziz and AM El-Hagrassi. Snailicidal, antimicrobial, antioxidant and anticancer activities of beauveria bassiana, metarhizium anisopliae and paecilomyces lilacinus fungal extracts. Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Biology and Fisheries 2019; 23(2), 195-212.
BJ Ke and CL Lee. Using submerged fermentation to fast increase N6-(2-hydroxyethyl)-adenosine, adenosine and polysaccharide productions of Cordyceps cicadae NTTU 868. AMB Express 2019; 9, 198.
Y Zhang, Y Liu, Y Zhou, Z Zheng, W Tang, M Song, J Wang and K Wang. Lentinan inhibited colon cancer growth by inducing endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated autophagic cell death and apoptosis. Carbohydrate Polymers 2021; 267, 118154.
C Qi-Wen, W Zheng-Yun, T Zhen-Xing, Y Zhang, T Chen, X Da-Wei, X Ming-Feng, B Xue-Lian, T Zhou and S Lu-E. Initial purification of antimicrobial fermentation metabolites from Paecilomyces cicadae and its antimicrobial mechanism. LWT 2021; 148, 111785.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Walailak University
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
