Effects of Dietary Corn Malt-Sactic Mixed Concentrate with Rice Straw and Corn Husk on Rumen Fermentation, Nutrient Digestibility, Blood Metabolites and Growth Performance in Growing Beef Heifers
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.48048/tis.2023.7060Keywords:
Corn malt-sactic, Rice straw, Corn husk, Growth performance, Beef heifersAbstract
The enhancement of protein content in grains is interesting because starch is the main energy component used in beef cattle feeds. Corn malt-sactic is a modified corn grain with increase protein content and improve digestibility through the process of malt germination and microbial fermentation. Therefore, the effects of feeding malt-sactic from corn grain as a high protein energy source in diet were investigated on rumen fermentation, nutrient digestibility, blood metabolites, and growth performance in beef heifers. Sixteen of 1-year-old Brahman crossbred growing beef heifers with an initial weight of 220 ± 24.5 kg were randomly assigned into 4 different rations according to completely randomized design (CRD). Experimental treatments were corn grain or corn malt-sactic mixed concentrates with roughage sources as follow, T1; corn grain mixed concentrate with corn husk, T2; con grain mixed concentrate with rice straw, T3; malt-sactic mixed concentrate with corn husk, and T4; corn malt-sactic mixed concentrate with rice straw. The results showed that total feed intake and digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, NDF and ADF were significantly higher in the heifers fed corn malt-sactic mixed concentrate diet than corn mixed concentrate diet (p < 0.05). Ruminal pH post-feeding, blood urea nitrogen, and blood glucose were not different among treatments (p > 0.05). Body weight gain and average daily gain were significantly higher (p < 0.05), while feed conversion ratio was lower in corn malt-sactic mixed concentrate diet as compared with corn mixed concentrate diet (p < 0.05). The source of roughage did not affect rumen fermentation, nutrient digestibility, blood metabolites, or growth performance (p > 0.05). Results indicated that using corn malt-sactic as an ingredient in beef heifer diets can improve digestibility and growth performance.
HIGHLIGHTS
- The addition of corn malt-sactic enhances both malt germination and microbial fermentation.
- Incorporating a corn malt-sactic mixed concentrate diet boosts heifers' feed intake and improves digestibility.
- Utilizing a corn malt-sactic mixed concentrate diet leads to improved Average Daily Gain (ADG) and Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) in heifers.
GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
Downloads
Metrics
References
T Bunmee, N Chaiwang, C Kaewkot and S Jaturasitha. Current situation and future prospects for beef production in Thailand: A review. Asian Australas. J. Anim. Sci. 2018; 31, 968-75.
MSM Marcela and F Granados-Chinchilla. Total starch in animal feeds and silages based on the chromatographic determination of glucose. MethodsX 2018; 5, 83-9.
R Pilachai, JT Schonewille, C Thamrongyoswittayakul, S Aiumlamai, C Wachirapakorn, H Everts and WH Hendriks. The effects of high levels of rumen degradable protein on rumen pH and histamine concentrations in dairy cows. J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr. 2012; 96, 206-13.
K Sommart, M Wanapat, DS Parker and P Rowlinson. Casava chip as an energy source for lactating dairy cows fed rice straw. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2021.
T Zuber and M Rodehutscord. Variability in amino acid digestibility and metabolizable energy of corn studied in cecectomized laying hens. Poultry Sci. 2017; 96, 1696-706.
W Srakaew, C Wachirapakorn and C Wongnen. Dietary modified cassava chip and corn seed: Effect on growth performance, rumen production, and blood glucose and insulin in early fattening beef bulls. Walailak J. Sci. Tech. 2021; 18, 9217-29.
R Bourapa, K Kuha, K Sintala, W Srakaew and T Supphakitchanon. Effect of modified grain corn using different processing as energy source in total mixed ratio on rumen fluid degradability and metabolizable energy using in vitro gas production technique. Khon Kaen Agr. J. 2021; 49, 1080-91.
W Srakaew, P Leepradit, S Chaiwong, R Boarapa, K Sintala and K Kuha. Ensiling corn malt on chemical composition and gas production kinetic by using in vitro gas production technique. Khon Kaen Agr. J. 2021; 48, 496-501.
S Chaiwong, M Yakab, N Kanthiya, M Nopparatmaitree, K Sintala, P Kullama, R Boarapa and W Srakaew. Effects of dietary corn malt-sactic on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and microbial population in posterior gut of broilers. Khon Kaen Agr. J. 2023; 51, 547-60.
A Thongnum, P Khongphetsak, W Sarkaew, S Poojit, S Potirahong and C Wachirapakorn. Effects of fiber feed improvement with urea on chemical composition and kinetic ruminal gas production of both rice straw and sugar cane top. J. Agr. Res. Ext. 2018; 35, 126-34.
S Bureenok, M Tamaki, Y Kawamoto and T Nakada. Additive effects of green tea on fermented juice of the epiphytic lactic acid bacteria (FJLB) and the fermentative quality of Rhodes grass silage. Asian Australas. J. Anim. Sci. 2007; 20, 920-4.
LE Harris. Central and Southeast Asia tables of feed composition. International Feedstuffs Institute, Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Utah, 1982.
JV Keulen and BA Young. Evaluation of acid insoluble ash as a natural marker in ruminant digestibility studies. J. Anim. Sci. 1977; 44, 282-7.
RN Klopp, MJ Oconitrillo, A Sackett, TM Hill, RL Schlotterbeck and GJ Lascano. Technical note: A simple rumen collection device for calves: An adaptation of a manual rumen drenching system. J. Dairy Sci. 2018; 101, 6155-8.
JM Bremner and DR Keeney. Steam distillation methods of determination of ammonium, nitrate and nitrite. Anal. Chim. Acta 1965; 32, 218-25.
S Mathew, S Sagathevan, J Thomas and G Mathen. An HPLC method for estimation of volatile fatty acids of ruminal fluid. Indian J. Anim. Sci. 1997; 67, 805-7.
CL Crocker. Rapid determination of urea nitrogen in serum or plasma without deproteinization. Am. J. Med. Tech. 1967; 33, 361-5.
SAS Institute. SAS/STAT User’s guide, version 6, fourth edition, volumes 1 and 2. 4th ed. SAS Institute, North Carolina, 1990.
RG Steel and JH Torrie. Principles and procedures of statistics. A biometrical approach. 2nd ed. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1980.
National Research Council. Nutrient requirements of beef cattle: Seventh revised edition: Update 2000. The National Academies Press, Washington DC, 2000.
JE Nocek and S Tamminga. Site and digestion of starch in the gastrointestinal tract of dairy cows and its effect on milk yield and composition. J. Dairy Sci. 1991; 74, 3598-629.
M Bugoni, CS Takiya, SG Nathalia, AT Nunes, PCV Júnior, RG Chesini, GGD Silva, LVBD Alcantara, LN Rennó and FP Rennó. Dry malt extract from barley partially replacing ground corn in diets of dairy cows: Nutrient digestibility, ruminal fermentation, and milk composition. J Dairy Sci. 2022; 105, 5714-22.
W Yu, RG Gilbert and GP Fox. Malt protein inhibition of β-amylase alters starch molecular structure during barley mashing. Food Hydrocolloids 2020; 100, 105423.
TH Park, F Hamidon, C Rajangan, KP Soh, CY Gan, TS Lim, WNW Abdullah and MT Liong. Application of probiotics for the production of safe and high-quality poultry meat. Food Sci. Anim. Res. 2016; 36, 567-76.
JK Seo, SW Kim, MH Kim, SD Upadhaya, DK Kam and JK Ha. Direct-fed microbials for ruminant animals. Asian Australas. J. Anim. Sci. 2010; 23, 1657-67.
JO Buntyn, TB Schmidt, DJ Nisbet and TR Callaway. The role of direct-fed microbials in conventional livestock production. Annu. Rev. Anim. Biosci. 2016; 4, 335-55.
GJ Lascano, AJ Heinrichs and JM Tricarico. Substitution of starch by soluble fiber and Saccharomyces cerevisiae dose response on nutrient digestion and blood metabolites for precision-fed dairy heifers. J Dairy Sci. 2012; 95, 3298-309.
Xu Haiyan, H Weiqiang, H Qiangchuan, K Lai-Yu and S Zhihong. The effects of probiotics administration on the milk production, milk components and fecal bacteria microbiota of dairy cows. Sci. Bull. 2017; 62, 767-74.
GH Qiao, AS Shan, N Ma, QQ Ma and ZW Sun. Effect of supplemental bacillus cultures on rumen fermentation and milk yield in Chinese Holstein cows. J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr. 2009; 94, 429-36.
SV Filho, LFC Silva, MP Gionbelli, PP Rotta, M Marcondes, M Chizzotti and LF Prados. Nutrient requirements of zebu and crossbred cattle - BR-CORTE. 3rd ed. Suprema Gráfica Ltda, Brazil, 2016.
MA Mcniven, MR Weisbjerg and T Hvelplund. Influence of roasting or sodium hydroxide treatment of barley on digestion in lactating cows. J Dairy Sci. 1995; 78, 1106-15.
GB Huntington. Starch utilization by ruminants: From basics to the bunk. J. Anim. Sci. 1997; 75, 852-67.
S Paengkoum, P Tatsapong, N Taethaisong, T Sorasak, RAP Purba and P Paengkoum. Empirical evaluation and prediction of protein requirements for maintenance and growth of 18-24 months old thai swamp buffaloes. Animals 2021; 11, 1405.
DH Wasserman. Four grams of glucose. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metabol. 2009; 296, E11-E21.
JJ Kaneko. Carbohydrate metabolism and its disorders: Clinical biochemistry of domestic animals. 3rd ed. Academic Press, New York, 1980.
A Lehninger, D Nelson and M Cox. Lehninger principles of biochemistry. 7th ed. Macmillan Higher Education, New York, 2017.
JP Warade. Fasting blood glucose level higher than post-meal in healthy subjects: A study of 738 subjects. World J. Pharmaceut. Res. 2014; 3, 1121-8.
E Norberg, H Volden and OM Harstad. Technical note: Assessment of recovery site of mobile nylon bags for measuring ileal digestibility of starch in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 2007; 90, 418-21.
The Working Committee of Thai Feeding Standard for Ruminant. Nutrient requirementsof beef cattle in indochinese peninsula. 1st ed. The Working Committee of Thai Feeding Standard for Ruminant, Bangkok, Thailand, 2010.
S Poolthajit, W Srakaew, T Haitook and C Wachirapakorn. Effects of betaine-biotin-chromium supplementation and concentrate to roughage ratio on nutrient utilization efficiency in Thai native cattle. Animals 2021; 11, 2747-61.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Walailak University
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
