Preparation and Thickness Optimization of Graphenic-Based Carbon Material as a Microwave Absorber
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.48048/tis.2022.1714Keywords:
Genetic algorithm, NRW method, Graphenic, Old coconut shell, Thickness optimizationAbstract
The purpose of this study is to optimize the thickness of a layered graphenic-based carbon compound, which is a non-magnetic material derived from biomass (old coconut shell). After the sample was exfoliated using HCl solution, the morphological structure showed that the material used in this study is a reduced graphene oxide (rGO), similar to carbon but with a thickness of less than 10 nm and lateral size in submicron (100 nm). The sample with a 2 mm thickness was then characterized using a vector network analyzer (VNA) to measure its reflection loss (RL). The measurement result is evaluated by converting the S-parameter values (S11 and S21) from the VNA using the Nicolsson Ross Weir (NRW) method to obtain input variables such as relative complex permeability and relative complex permittivity. Following this, the single-layer thickness of the sample was optimized using a genetic algorithm (GA), which can predict the appropriate thickness so that the optimum RL can be obtained. The optimum thickness of the sample was found to be 3.48 mm, which resulted in a much higher RL. The RL was re-measured for verification using a sample with the corresponding optimized thickness, revealing that this optimization is feasibly operational for a radar absorbing material (RAM) design.
HIGHLIGHTS
- Carbon compounds containing graphenic phase derived from coconut shell are functional materials having various unique properties such as superior electrical conductivity, large surface area, and excellent structural flexibility, and microwave absorbtion
- The single-layer microwave absorber employing carbon compounds has been prepared
- The layer thickness optimized using a genetic algorithm (GA) can estimate the appropriate design with the maximum reflection loss (RL)
Downloads
References
JP Gogoi, NS Bhattacharyya and S Bhattacharyya. Single layer microwave absorber based on expanded graphite-novolac phenolic resin composite for X-band applications. Compos. B Eng. 2014; 58, 518-23.
EY Jung, JW Lee, TK Lee and WK Lee. SIW-based array antennas with sequential feeding for X-band satellite communication. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 2012; 60, 3632-9.
A Damini, M McDonald and GE Haslam. X-band wideband experimental airborne radar for SAR, GMTI and maritime surveillance. IEE Proc. Radar Sonar Navig. 2013; 150, 305-12.
SM Hanna. Applications of X-band technology in medical accelerators. 1999 particle accelerator conference. In: Proceedings of the 1999 Particle Accelerator Conference, New York, USA. 1999, p. 2516-8.
E Michielssen, JM Sajer, S Ranjithan and R Mittra. Design of lightweight, broad-band microwave absorbers using genetic algorithms. IEEE Trans. Microw. Theor. Tech. 1993; 41, 1024-31.
A Oikonomou, T Giannakopoulou and G Litsardakis. Design, fabrication and characterization of hexagonal ferrite multi-layer microwave absorber. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 2007; 316, e827-e830.
Y Yin, M Zeng, J Liu, W Tang, H Dong, R Xia and R Yu. Enhanced high-frequency absorption of anisotropic Fe3O4/graphene nanocomposites. Sci. Rep. 2016; 6, 25075.
Mashuri. 2012, Partikel nano Ni0,5Zn0,5Fe 2O4 Berbahan Baku Fe3O4 Dari Pasir Besi Sebagai Bahan Penyerap Gelombang Mikro Pada Frekuensi Tinggi. Ph. D. Dissertation. Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, Indonesia.
I Kong, SH Ahmad, MH Abdullah, D Hui, AN Yusoff and D Puryanti. Magnetic and microwave absorbing properties of magnetite-thermoplastic natural rubber nanocomposites. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 2010; 322, 3401-3409.
KC Tripathi, SM Abbas, PS Alegaonkar and RB Sharma. Microwave absorption properties of Ni-Zn ferrite nano-particle based nano composite. Int. J. Adv. Res. Sci. Eng. Technol. 2015; 2, 463-8.
X Zeng, B Yang, H Yang, L Zhu and R Yu. Solvothermal synthesis and good microwave absorbing properties for magnetic porous-Fe3O4/graphene nanocomposites. AIP Adv. 2017; 7, 056605.
AY Nugraheni, M Nasrullah, FA Prasetya, F Astuti and Darminto. Study on phase, molecular bonding, and bandgap of reduced graphene oxide prepared by heating coconut shell. Mater. Sci. Forum 2015; 827, 285-9.
Kurniasari, A Maulana, AY Nugraheni, DN Jayanti, S Mustofa, MA Baqiya and Darminto. Defect and magnetic properties of reduced graphene oxide prepared from old coconut shell. IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng. 2017; 196, 012021.
RA Stonier. Stealth aircraft & technology from World War II to the gulf. Part I: History and background. SAMPE J. 1991; 27, 9-17.
B Chambers and A Tennant. Optimised design of Jaumann radar absorbing materials using a genetic algorithm. IEE Proc. Radar Sonar Navig. 1996; 143, 23-30.
JP Gogoi and NS Bhattacharyya. Expanded graphite-phenolic resin composites based double layer microwave absorber for X-band applications. J. Appl. Phys. 2014; 116, 204101.
JP Gogoi. 2012, Expanded graphite-novolac phenolic resin based electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding material over the X-band: Synthesis, characterization, analysis and design optimization. Ph. D. Dissertation. Tezpur University, Assam, India.
AF Kurniawan, MS Anwar, K Nadiyyah, Mashuri, Triwikantoro and Darminto. Mechanical exfoliation of reduced graphene oxide from old coconut shell as radar absorber in X-band. Mater. Sci. Forum 2019; 966, 25-9.
E Handoko, S Iwan, S Budi, BS Anggoro, AM Mangasi, M Randa, J Zulkarnain, C Kurniawan, N Sofyan and M Alaydrus. Magnetic and microwave absorbing properties of BaFe12-2x Cox Znx O19 (x = 0.0; 0.2; 0.4; 0.6) nanocrystalline. Mater. Res. Express 2018; 5, 064003.
W Islamiyah, L Nashirudin, MA Baqiya, Y Cahyono and Darminto. Sulfuric acid intercalated-mechanical exfoliation of reduced graphene oxide from old coconut shell. Advancing innovation in materials science, technology and applications for sustainable future. In: Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Materials and Metallurgical Engineering and Technology, Surabaya, Indonesia. 2017, p. 020054.
A Esteban-Arranz, D Compte-Tordesillas, V Muñoz-Andrés, M Pérez-Cadenas and A Guerrero-Ruiz. Effect of surface, structural and textural properties of graphenic materials over cooperative and synergetic adsorptions of two chloroaromatic compounds from aqueous solution. Catal. Today 2018; 301, 104-11.
S Park and RS Ruoff. Chemical methods for the production of graphenes. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2009; 4, 217-24.
MJ Allen, VC Tung and RB Kaner. Honeycomb carbon: A review of graphene. Chem. Rev. 2010; 110, 132-45.
S Stankovich, DA Dikin, RD Piner, KA Kohlhaas, A Kleinhammes, Y Jia, Y Wu, ST Nguyen and RS Ruoff. Synthesis of graphene-based nanosheets via chemical reduction of exfoliated graphite oxide. Carbon 2007; 45, 1558-65.
JI Paredes, S Villar-Rodil, A Martínez-Alonso and JMD Tascón. Graphene oxide dispersions in organic solvents. Langmuir 2008; 24, 10560-4.
Darminto, Y Koike, R Asih, Kurniasari, MA Baqiya, S Mustofa, Suasmoro, T Kawamata, M Kato and I Watanabe. Enhanced magnetism by temperature induced defects in reduced graphene oxide prepared from coconut shells. IEEE Trans. Magn. 2018; 54, 1600105.
B Zhao, W Zhao, G Shao, B Fan and R Zhang. Morphology-control synthesis of a core-shell structured NiCu alloy with tunable electromagnetic-wave absorption capabilities. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2015; 7, 12951-60.
B Zhao, G Shao, B Fan, W Zhao and R Zhang. Facile synthesis and enhanced microwave absorption properties of novel hierarchical heterostructures based on a Ni microsphere-CuO nano-rice core-shell composite. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2015; 17, 6044-52.
C Wang, X Han, P Xu, X Zhang, Y Du, S Hu, J Wang and X Wang. The electromagnetic property of chemically reduced graphene oxide and its application as microwave absorbing material. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2011; 98, 072906.
RC Che, LM Peng, XF Duan, Q Chen and XL Liang. Microwave absorption enhancement and complex permittivity and permeability of Fe encapsulated within carbon nanotubes. Adv. Mater. 2004; 16, 401-5.
B Santhosi, K Ramji and NBRM Rao. Optimization of double layered graphene-based microwave absorber in X-band using pareto genetic algorithm. Mater. Res. Express 2019; 6, 105610.
Y Akinay and AO Kizilcay. Computation and modeling of microwave absorbing CuO/graphene nanocomposites. Polym. Compos. 2020; 41, 227-32.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
