Anti-Premature Skin Aging Activities of Peptides from Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens L.) Larvae: In vitro Analysis and Network Pharmacology
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.48048/tis.2026.13375Keywords:
Cytoprotection, Hermetia illucens larvae, Microbial modulation, Network pharmacology, Peptide, Skin aging, Cytoprotection, Hermetia illucens larvae, Microbial modulation, Network pharmacology, Peptide, Skin agingAbstract
Environmental factors and modern lifestyles contribute to premature skin aging, with an increasing number of young adults exhibiting it in subtropical and tropical regions. Bioactive peptides derived from Hermetia illucens L. larvae (black soldier fly larvae, BSFL) have been reported to exhibit antioxidant and antimicrobial activities; however, no study has comprehensively evaluated BSFL-derived peptides within a defined molecular weight range using an integrated in vitro and network pharmacology framework to address multiple mechanisms of premature skin aging. This study aims to extract, fractionate, and characterize peptides from BSFL, specifically targeting bioactivities relevant to premature skin aging in vitro. The peptides were isolated via alkaline solubilization and acid precipitation, followed by ultrafiltration, resulting in a peptide fraction with molecular weights of 3 to 30 kDa (PP). The bioactivities of PP were assessed using total antioxidant capacity, anti-tyrosinase, anti-collagenase, cytoprotection, and microbial modulation assays. Results indicated that the PP exhibited significantly enhanced antioxidant activity, tyrosinase inhibition, NIH/3T3 fibroblast proliferation, and protection of fibroblast from oxidative damage compared to crude protein extract (crude PP). Both PP and crude PP exhibited collagenase inhibition and microbial modulation activities against Corynebacterium glutamicum, a microbial genus model associated with skin aging, and Staphylococcus epidermidis, a beneficial bacterium found on skin. Among 261 tryptic peptides detected in PP by a bottom-up proteomic approach using LC-HRMS, 14 peptides were predicted to be biologically active by network pharmacology analysis. Network pharmacology analysis also predicted that the bioactive tryptic peptides target key proteins involved in skin aging, mainly MMP9, STAT3, and CASP3, which may support anti-collagenase and fibroblast proliferation assays. The results indicate that BSFL-derived peptides exhibit in vitro activities relevant to processes implicated in premature skin aging. These findings support further mechanistic validation in human cellular or tissue models to clarify their biological significance and potential application in skin-related formulations.
HIGHLIGHTS
- Peptides from Hermetia illucens larvae (BSFL) with molecular weights ranging from 3 to 30 kDa (PP) demonstrate potent antioxidant, antityrosinase, and anticollagenase activities, indicating the potency to donate electrons to reactive molecules, and bind to the tyrosinase and collagenase.
- The BSFL-derived PP promotes fibroblast proliferation and protects cells from oxidative stress.
- The BSFL-derived PP selectively modulated a simplified genus-level skin microbiota model, reducing the growth of Corynebacterium glutamicum as a representative of Corynebacterium while preserving Staphylococcus epidermidis.
- LC-HRMS identified 261 tryptic peptides in the BSFL-derived PP, of which 14 peptides were predicted bioactive peptides according to network pharmacology analysis.
- Network pharmacology analysis revealed that predicted bioactive peptides targeting key skin aging-related proteins mainly MMP9, STAT3, CASP3.
GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
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