Integration of Response Surface Methodology and FTIR-Multivariate Profiling for Optimizing Green Extraction of Antioxidants from Indonesian Mangrove Sonneratia alba
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.48048/tis.2026.13027Keywords:
Sonneratia alba, Mangroves, Green extraction, Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), Microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), Antioxidant activity, Response surface methodology (RSM), Stem barkAbstract
The various bioactive secondary metabolites found in mangrove ecosystems, which are ecologically important, have potential medical uses. Additionally, there is currently little information available regarding how to best and most environmentally friendly extract bioactive metabolites from mangrove species. As previous studies on some mangrove species have reported the presence of antioxidants, this study determines the effectiveness of 2 environmentally friendly extraction methods, microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), in releasing antioxidant compounds from Sonneratia alba stem bark that collected from Maumere beach in East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to optimize both green extraction techniques, with power and extraction time selected as the key parameters for MAE and temperature and extraction time for UAE. The obtained extracts were subsequently characterized using attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy. The extracts were evaluated for extraction yield, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant activity (assessed using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl [DPPH] and 2,2′-azino-bis [ABTS] assays). The UAE method produced higher phenolic (321.55 mg GAE/g) and flavonoid (11.48 mg QE/g) contents, an extraction yield of 11.45%, and antioxidant activity (IC₅₀ = 22.41 µg/mL) at 40 °C for 30 min. In contrast, the MAE method yielded lower TPC (292.95 mg GAE/g) and TFC (10.37 mg QE/g) levels, but achieved a higher extraction yield (25.97%) and a shorter extraction time of 1 min at 700 W microwave power, as verified by FTIR spectroscopy, which identified aromatic, carbonyl, and hydroxyl functional groups characteristic of phenolic and alkaloids compounds. The results indicated that the UAE is more suitable for the recovery of bioactive compounds rich in antioxidants, while MAE offers higher extraction yields and shorter extraction times. These findings are beneficial for advancing the optimization of green extraction processes for the recovery of natural antioxidants from S. alba.
HIGHLIGHTS
- The work shows, for the first time, that ultrasound-assisted (UAE) and microwave-assisted (MAE) green extraction methods have been optimized to obtain phytochemicals from Sonneratia alba stem bark, a mangrove species found on the Maumere coast of Indonesia.
- The optimal extraction parameters were determined with the Response Surface Methodology (RSM). UAE at 40 °C for 30 min produced the highest total phenolic (321.55 mg GAE/g) and flavonoid (11.48 mg QE/g) contents, as well as strong antioxidant activity (IC₅₀ = 22.41 µg/mL).
- Microwave-assisted extraction generated a higher extraction yield (25.97%) in 1 min at 700 W, showing its efficiency and solvent economy.
- ATR-FTIR spectral fingerprinting revealed phenolic, flavonoid, and alkaloid functional groups in UAE and MAE extracts, indicating metabolite richness and compositional variations.
- Comparative multivariate and spectral analyses highlight UAE as a more sustainable and bioactivity-preserving approach, providing new insights into eco-friendly mangrove-derived antioxidant recovery for potential pharmaceutical and nutraceutical uses.
GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
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