Green Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Using Fruit Peel Waste Extract of Nypa fruticans Via Microwave-Assisted as Antioxidant and Antibacterial Agents
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.48048/tis.2026.12908Keywords:
Zinc oxide nanoparticles, Nypa fruticans waste, Microwave irradiation, Antioxidant, AntibacterialAbstract
Nanostructured particles exhibit broad applicability in nanotechnology-related fields, with their properties strongly influenced by the synthesis method and material source. This study reports an eco-friendly, microwave-assisted approach for synthesizing zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) using Nypa fruticans fruit peel extract (FPNP). The quantification of the total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid content (TFC) of FPNP was determined using a calorimetric assay. Whereas, the biosynthesis of ZnO NPs-FPNP was characterized with several instrumental methods, including UV-Vis spectrophotometer, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), particle size and zeta potential analyzer (PSA and ZPA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), x-ray diffraction (XRD), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Therefore, the antioxidant and antibacterial activities of ZnO NPs-FPNP were observed to evaluate the biological activity of nanoparticles. Furthermore, the FPNP contains TPC and TFC were 20.53 ± 1.20 mg GAE/g and 15.80 ± 1.46 mg QE/g, respectively. Meanwhile, the ZnO NPs-FPNP was acquired as an amorphous yellowish-white powder, devoid of any discernible odour, and was comprehensively characterised. The visible spectra revealed a significant peak at 370 nm, correlating to a band gap energy of 3.04 eV, thus confirming the synthesis of the nanoparticles. FTIR spectra indicated that the peak at 497 cm−1 corresponds to the stretching vibration of Zn-O, which is the characteristic peak for the formation of ZnO NPs-FPNP. The particle size of ZnO NPs-FPNP, as determined by particle size analysis, is 234 ± 59.5 nm, with a polydispersity index of 0.516. The zeta potential of ZnO NPs-FPNP was measured at ‒25.7 ± 1.50 mV, signifying the stability of the ZnO NPs-FPNP. The SEM image displayed an uneven morphology, with primary particle sizes at the nanometre scale that tend to combine into micrometre clusters. TEM investigation revealed that ZnO NPs-FPNP predominantly exhibited a rod-like morphology, with lengths varying from approximately 50 to 150 nm and diameters between 20 and 40 nm. The ZnO NPs-FPNP were confirmed to comprise three elements: zinc, oxygen, and carbon. The XRD pattern confirmed that the ZnO NPs-FPNP have a wurtzite crystal structure, demonstrating significant stability at temperatures above 400 °C. This study exhibited that the no significant difference in the antioxidant activity to inhibit radical DPPH and ABTS between ascorbic acid and ZnO NPs-FPNP at the highest concentration. Then, the ZnO NPs-FPNP have demonstrated bactericidal effect against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Nonetheless, ZnO NPs-FPNP have potential applications in pharmaceuticals, cosmeceuticals, and agriculture.
HIGHLIGHTS
- Green synthesis using fruticans waste
- Microwave-assisted ZnO NP formation
- Stable rod-shaped wurtzite ZnO NPs
- Antioxidant activity comparable to vitamin C
- Strong bactericidal activity against pathogens
GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
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