Antimicrobial Potential and Metabolite Profiling in the Bioprospecting of Endophytic Botryosphaeria rhodina from Mangrove Xylocarpus granatum
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.48048/tis.2026.12188Keywords:
Antimicrobial activity, Botryosphaeria rhodina, Endophytic fungi, Mangrove-derived natural products, Metabolite profiling, Solid-state fermentation, HRMS, GCMS, Antimicrobial activity, Botryosphaeria rhodina, Endophytic fungi, Mangrove-derived natural products, Metabolite profiling, Solid-state fermentation, HRMS, GCMSAbstract
This research examines the antibacterial properties and metabolite diversity of Botryosphaeria rhodina, an endophytic fungus sourced from mangrove environments in Riau, Indonesia. The aim was to assess its antibacterial and antifungal properties and to characterize its metabolite composition for bioprospecting purposes. Solid-state fermentation was performed on a rice substrate, and crude extracts were partitioned into methanol and n-hexane fractions. The antimicrobial effectiveness was evaluated against eight bacterial and three fungus strains utilizing well diffusion and broth microdilution techniques. The methanol extract showed strong antibacterial activity against Listeria monocytogenes (inhibition zone: 28.2 mm; Minimum Inhibition Concentration (MIC): 31.25 ppm) and moderate antifungal effects against Candida albicans, C. glabrata, and C. krusei. The n-hexane extract exhibited minimal action. Metabolite profiling of the methanol extract via liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry identified over sixty compounds, including kojic acid, glycitein, fraxetin, deoxybrevianamide E, and usnic acid, whereas gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of the n-hexane extracts predominantly revealed fatty acids and sterols. Over twenty-five metabolites are uncharacterized, indicating the existence of unique chemical scaffolds. Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis established that polar metabolites were the principal contributors to antibacterial action. These findings underscore B. rhodina as a renewable microbial resource with considerable potential for sustainable drug discovery.
HIGHLIGHTS
- Endophytic B. rhodina from mangroves exhibits strong antibacterial activity
- Methanol extract active against Listeria monocytogenes (MIC: 31.25 ppm)
- LC-HRMS revealed 60+ metabolites including kojic acid, usnic acid, fraxetin
- 25+ uncharacterized compounds suggest novel antimicrobial scaffolds
- Solid-state fermentation supports green chemistry and sustainability goals
GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
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