Redox Signaling as A Double-Edged Regulator: Bridging Molecular Mechanisms, Physiological Balance, Pathological Disruption, and Emerging Precision Therapies in Human Health and Disease
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.48048/tis.2026.11934Keywords:
Human health, Redox signaling, Reactive oxygen species (ROS), Reactive nitrogen species (RNS), Oxidative stress, Xidative stress–related diseasesAbstract
Redox signaling has emerged as a key mechanism linking cellular metabolism with systemic physiology through controlled fluctuations of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS). Once considered merely harmful byproducts, ROS and RNS are now recognized as context-dependent messengers that regulate protein modifications, transcriptional programs, and adaptive stress responses. This review aims to synthesize current knowledge on the molecular mechanisms, physiological roles, pathological disruptions, and therapeutic opportunities of redox signaling. To achieve this, relevant literature was systematically retrieved from major scientific databases using predefined keywords and inclusion criteria to ensure comprehensive and up-to-date coverage. Under physiological conditions, redox pathways orchestrate essential processes including cell proliferation, differentiation, immune defense, metabolic adaptation, angiogenesis, and neurophysiology. When chronically imbalanced, however, these pathways shift toward pathological outcomes, contributing to cardiovascular dysfunction, neurodegeneration, cancer progression, metabolic disorders, and accelerated aging. This dual role—protective in physiological states yet detrimental under dysregulation—emerges as a unifying principle in human biology. Clinically, conventional antioxidant therapies have delivered inconsistent outcomes, while more selective strategies such as Nrf2 activators and mitochondria-targeted antioxidants show greater promise by preserving beneficial signaling while correcting pathological states. In addition, redox biomarkers are gaining relevance as tools for precision diagnostics and patient-tailored interventions. In conclusion, redox signaling functions as both a guardian of homeostasis and a driver of disease. Advancing mechanistic understanding through omics technologies and real-time biosensing is expected to unlock novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies, reinforcing redox signaling as a central axis for precision medicine.
HIGHLIGHTS
- Redox signaling acts as a dual regulator, maintaining physiology but driving pathology when imbalanced.
- It integrates immune, metabolic, cardiovascular, and neural functions as a systemic communication axis.
- Targeted redox modulators offer translational potential beyond conventional antioxidants, opening paths for precision medicine.
GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
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References
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