Fabrication and Exploring the Features of (Organic Polymer-Graphene Oxide) New Nanostructures for Nanoelectronics and Biomedical Applications
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.48048/tis.2026.11365Keywords:
Graphene, Nanooxide, Nanostructures, Thin films, Graphite, Optical propertiesAbstract
This work aims to fabricate of PVA-GO new bionanocomposites films. The effect GO NPs on structural, morphological, optical features of PVA was investigated. The XRD and FTIR patterns demonstrated the presence of suitable peaks and shifts for the prepared composite material. These nanocomposites were then used to prepare artificial leather. The series of PVA/GO hydrogels with a fixed PVA ratio and varying the GO content at 0.1, 0.05, 0.025, and 0.012 wt% were prepared. We used a multiple freeze-thaw method to ensure the formation of a homogeneous porous structure, followed by ultrasonic treatments to disperse and distribute the GO within the polymer matrix. Samples were cured before and after cutting at room temperature, and the self-healing rate was measured through tests and monitoring the time course of shear strength and bond density. The preparation process focused on selecting the appropriate nanomaterial concentration to match the quality of the prepared leather in terms of durability, elasticity, and self-healing or repairing rate. This was done using ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), optical microscopy, and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The results showed that a concentration of 0.05% was the most suitable for preparation. This study represents a careful attempt to determine the optimal break-even point between the amount of GO available to build sufficient dynamic bonds and the ease of movement of the PVA chains; the optimal ratio provided the highest healing rate.
HIGHLIGHTS
- Fabrication of PVA-GO new bionanocomposites films.
- Effect GO NPs on structural, morphological, optical features of PVA.
- The PVA-GO bionanocomposites films included highest absorption at UV spectrum.
- The PVA-GO bionanocomposites may be utilized in a variety of biological and nanoelectronics applications.
GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
Downloads
References
DR Dreyer, S Park, CW Bielawski and RS Ruoff. The chemistry of graphene oxide. Chemical Society Reviews 2010; 39(1), 228-240.
DC Marcano, DV Kosynkin, JM Berlin, A Sinitskii, Z Sun, A Slesarev, LB Alemany, W Lu and JM Tour. Improved synthesis of graphene oxide. ACS Nano 2010; 4(8), 4806-4814.
A Jiříčková, O Jankovský, Z Sofer and D Sedmidubský. Synthesis and applications of graphene oxide. Materials 2022; 15(3), 920.
CI Idumah. Recent trends in MXene polymeric hydrogel bionanoarchitectures and applications. Cleaner Materials 2022; 5, 100103.
J Zhang, Y Qin, OJ Pambos, J Zhang, S Chen, Z Yu and C Abell. Microdroplets confined assembly of opal composites in dynamic borate ester-based networks. Chemical Engineering Journal 2021; 426, 127581.
M Wang, J Bai, K Shao, W Tang, X Zhao, D Lin, S Huang, C Chen, Z Ding and J Ye. Poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogels: The old and new functional materials. International Journal of Polymer Science 2021; 2021, 2225426.
S Pei and HM Cheng. The reduction of graphene oxide. Carbon 2012; 50(9), 3210-3228.
X Hu, R Liang, J Li, Z Liu and G Sun. Highly stretchable self-healing nanocomposite hydrogel reinforced by 5 nm particles. ES Materials and Manufacturing 2018; 2, 16-23.
C Lin, D Sheng, X Liu, S Xu, F Ji, L Dong, Y Zhou and Y Yang. A self-healable nanocomposite based on dual-crosslinked Graphene Oxide/Polyurethane. Polymer 2017; 127, 241-250.
E Zhang, T Wang, L Zhao, W Sun, X Liu and Z Tong. Fast self-healing of graphene oxide-hectorite clay-poly (N, N-dimethylacrylamide) hybrid hydrogels realized by near-infrared irradiation. ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces 2014; 6(24), 22855-22861.
MO Ansari, K Gauthaman, A Essa, SA Bencherif and A Memic. Graphene and graphene-based materials in biomedical applications. Current Medicinal Chemistry 2019; 26(38), 6834-6850.
PK Jha, W Khongnakorn, C Chawenjkigwanich, MS Chowdhury and K Techato. Eco-friendly reduced graphene oxide nanofilter preparation and application for iron removal. Separations 2021; 8(5), 68.
PK Jha, C Chawengkijwanich, K Techato, W Limbut and M Luengchavanon. Callistemon viminalis leaf extract mediated biosynthesis of Ag, rGO-Ag-ZnO nanomaterials for catalytic PEM fuel cell application. Trends in Sciences 2022; 19(11), 493.
PK Jha, T Jaidumrong, D Rokaya and C Ovatlarnporn. Callistemon viminalis leaf extract phytochemicals modified silver-ruthenium bimetallic zinc oxide nanocomposite biosynthesis: Application on nanocoating photocatalytic Escherichia coli disinfection. RSC Advances 2024; 14, 11017.
PK Jha, C Chawengkijwanich, C Pokum, P Soison and K Techato. Antibacterial activities of biosynthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles and silver-zinc oxide nanocomposites using camellia sinensis leaf extract. Trends in Sciences 2023; 20(3), 5649.
A Rhazouani, H Gamrani, ME Achaby, K Aziz, L Gebrati, MS Uddin and F Aziz. Synthesis and toxicity of graphene oxide nanoparticles: A literature review of in vitro and in vivo studies. BioMed Research International 2021; 2021, 5518999.
S Yadav, APS Raman, H Meena, AG Goswami, Bhawna, V Kumar, P Jain, G Kumar, M Sagar, DK Rana, I Bahadur and P Singh. An update on graphene oxide: Applications and toxicity. ACS Omega 2022; 7(40), 35387-35445.
PP Brisebois and M Siaj. Harvesting graphene oxide - years 1859 to 2019: A review of its structure, synthesis, properties and exfoliation. Journal of Materials Chemistry C 2020; 8(5), 1517-1547.
D Chen, H Feng and J Li. Graphene oxide: Preparation, functionalization, and electrochemical applications. Chemical Reviews 2012; 112(11), 6027-6053.
SMH Ali, MMM Alali and LM Ahmed. Hybrid Phosphotungstic acid-Dopamine (PTA-DA) like-flower nanostructure synthesis as a furosemide drug delivery system and kinetic study of drug releasing. Egyptian Journal of Chemistry 2021; 64(10), 5547-5553.
L Zhang, Z Wang, C Xu, Y Li, J Gao, W Wang and Y Liu. High strength graphene oxide/polyvinyl alcohol composite hydrogels. Journal of Materials Chemistry 2011; 21(28), 10399-10406.
X Zhao, Q Zhang, D Chen and P Lu. Enhanced mechanical properties of graphene-based poly(vinyl alcohol) composites. Macromolecules 2010; 43(5), 2357-2363.
T Cheng-an, Z Hao, W Fang, Z Hui, Z Xiaorong and W Jianfang. Mechanical properties of graphene oxide/polyvinyl alcohol composite film. Polymers and Polymer Composites 2017; 25(1), 11-16.
J Cao, X Zhao and L Ye. Super-strong and anti-tearing poly (vinyl alcohol)/graphene oxide nano-composite hydrogels fabricated by formation of multiple crosslinking bonding network structure. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 2022; 112, 366-378.
S Tang, Z Liu and X Xiang. Graphene oxide composite hydrogels for wearable devices. Carbon Letters 2022; 32(6), 1395-1410.
H Zhang, P Ren, F Yang, J Chen, C Wang, Y Zhou and J Fu. Biomimetic epidermal sensors assembled from polydopamine-modified reduced graphene oxide/polyvinyl alcohol hydrogels for the real-time monitoring of human motions. Journal of Materials Chemistry B 2020; 8(46), 10549-10558.
Y Yu, X Zhao and L Ye. A novel biocompatible wearable sensors based on poly (vinyl alcohol)/graphene oxide hydrogel with superior self-adhesion, flexibility and sensitivity. Composite Structures 2023; 309, 116768.
SMH Ali, MMMA Alali and LM Ahmed. Flower-like hierarchical nanostructures synthesis of polyoxometalate-dopamine and loading furosemide on its surface and aging them using microwave technique. AIP Conference Proceedings 2022; 2547, 40010.
A Lerf, H He, M Forster and J Klinowski. Structure of graphite oxide revisited. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B 1998; 102(23), 4477-4482.
H Ahmed, A Hashim and HM Abduljalil. Analysis of Optical, Electronic and Spectroscopic properties of (Biopolymer-SiC) Nanocomposites for Electronics Applications. Egyptian Journal of Chemistry 2019; 62(9), 1659-1672.
A Hashim, MA Habeeb, A Khalaf and A Hadi. Fabrication of (PVA-PAA) Blend-Extracts of Plants Bio-Composites and Studying Their Structural, Electrical and Optical Properties for Humidity Sensors Applications. Sensor Letters 2017; 15, 589-596.
G Eda and M Chhowalla. Chemically derived graphene oxide: Towards large‐area thin‐film electronics and optoelectronics. Advanced Materials 2010; 22(22), 2392-2415.
X Huang, X Qi, F Boey and H Zhang. Graphene-based composites. Chemical Society Reviews 2012; 41(2), 666-686.
ZWK Low, Z Li, C Owh, PL Chee, E Ye, K Dan, SY Chan, DJ Young and XJ Loh. Recent innovations in artificial skin. Biomaterials Science 2020; 8(3), 776-797.
V Kammarchedu, H Asgharian, K Zhou, PS Khamsi and A Ebrahimi. Recent advances in graphene-based electroanalytical devices for healthcare applications. Nanoscale 2024; 16, 12857-12882.
H Chen, F Zhuo, J Zhou, Y Liu, J Zhang, S Dong, X liu, A Elmarakbi, H Duan and Y Fu. Advances in graphene-based flexible and wearable strain sensors. Chemical Engineering Journal 2023; 464, 142576.
J Tavakoli and Y Tang. Hydrogel based sensors for biomedical applications: An updated review. Polymers 2017; 9(8), 364.
Y Gao, X Wang and C Fan. Advances in graphene-based 2D materials for tendon, nerve, bone/cartilage regeneration and biomedicine. iScience 2024; 27(7), 110214.
S Constantinescu, AG Niculescu, A Hudiță, V Grumezescu, D Rădulescu, AC Bîrcă, G Dorcioman, O Gherasim, AM Holban, B Gălățeanu, BS Vasile, AM Grumezescu, A Bolocan and R Rădulescu. Nanostructured coatings based on graphene oxide for the management of periprosthetic infections. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2024; 25, 2389.
OC Compton and ST Nguyen. Graphene oxide, highly reduced graphene oxide, and graphene: Versatile building blocks for carbon‐based materials. Small 2010; 6(6), 711-723.
AMA Henaish and AS Abouhaswa. Effect of WO3 nanoparticle doping on the physical properties of PVC polymer. Bulletin of Materials Science 2020; 43, 149.
N Mahfoudh, K Karoui and AB Rhaiem. Optical studies and dielectric response of [DMA]2MCl4 (M = Zn and Co) and [DMA]2ZnBr4. RSC Advances 2021; 11(40), 24526-24535.
A Alsaad, ARA Dairy, A Ahmad, IA Qattan, SA Fawares and Q Al-Bataineh. Synthesis and Characterization of Polymeric (PMMA-PVA) hybrid thin films doped with TiO2 nanoparticles using dip-coating technique. Crystals 2021; 11(2), 99.
AO Salohub, AA Voznyi, OV Klymov, NV Safryuk, DI Kurbatov and AS Opanasyuk. Determination of fundamental optical constants of Zn2SnO4 films. Semiconductor Physics, Quantum Electronics and Optoelectronics 2017; 20(1), 79-84.
MK Mohammed, MH Abbas, A Hashim, BH Rabee, MA Habeeb and N Hamid. Enhancement of optical parameters for PVA/PEG/Cr2O3 nanocomposites for photonics fields. Journal of Composite and Advanced Materials 2022; 32(4), 205-209.
S Stankovich, DA Dikin, GHB Dommett, KM Kohlhaas, EJ Zimney, EA Stach, RD Piner, ST Nguyen and RS Ruoff. Graphene-based composite materials. Nature 2006; 442(7100), 282-286.
S Park and RS Ruoff. Chemical methods for the production of graphenes. Nature Nanotechnology 2009; 4(4), 217-224.
S Park and RS Ruoff. Erratum: Chemical methods for the production of graphenes. Nature Nanotechnology 2010; 5, 309.
HAJ Hussien and A Hashim. Fabrication and analysis of PVA/TiC/SiC hybrid nanostructures for nanoelectronics and optics applications. Journal of Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers and Materials 2024; 34(6), 2716-2727.
HK Jaafar, A Hashim and BH Rabee. Fabrication and unraveling the morphological, structural, and dielectric features of PMMA-PEO-SiC-BaTiO3 promising quaternary nanocomposites for multifunctional nanoelectronics applications. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics 2024; 35, 128.
A Kareem, A Hashim and HB Hassan. Ameliorating and tailoring the morphological, structural, and dielectric features of Si3N4/CeO2 futuristic nanocomposites doped PEO for nanoelectronic and nanodielectric applications. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics 2024; 35, 461.
HK Jaafar, A Hashim and BH Rabee. Tailoring the influence of hybrid SiC/SrTiO3 nanomaterials doped PMMA/PEO for promising nanodielectric and nanoelectronic applications. Silicon 2024; 16, 1905-1915.
MH Abbas, H Ibrahim, A Hashim and A Hadi. Fabrication and tailoring structural, optical, and dielectric properties of PS/CoFe2O4 nanocomposites films for nanoelectronics and optics applications. Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Materials 2024; 25, 449-457.
Z Sattar and A Hashim. Synthesis of PMMA/PEG/SiO2/SiC multifunctional nanostructures and exploring the microstructure and dielectric features for flexible nanodielectric applications. Silicon 2024; 16(17), 6181-6192.
Z Sattar and A Hashim. Quaternary PMMA-PEG/SnO₂-SiC nanocomposite films for flexible nanodielectric and energy storage applications. Silicon 2025; 17, 1681-1692.
Y Zhu, S Murali, W Cai, X Li, JW Suk, JR Potts and RS Ruoff. Graphene and graphene oxide: Synthesis, properties, and applications. Advanced Materials 2010; 22(35), 3906-3924.
W Choi, I Lahiri, R Seelaboyina and YS Kang. Synthesis of graphene and its applications: A review. Critical Reviews in Solid State and Materials Sciences 2010; 35(1), 52-71.
S Ryu, L Liu, S Berciaud, YJ Yu, H Liu, P Kim, GW Flynn and LE Brus. Atmospheric oxygen binding and hole doping in deformed graphene on a SiO2 substrate. Nano Letters 2010; 10(12), 4944-4951.
S Johari, MM Ramli, MF Ahmad, NH Osman and AH Reshak. Analytical tools for characterizing. In: Hybrid-nanomaterials. Springer, Singapore, 2024, p. 23-38.
J Yang. 2016, Phosphonium ionic liquids: Versatile nanostructuration and interfacial agents for poly (vinylidene fluoride-chlorotrifluoroethylene). Ph. D. Dissertation. Université de Lyon, Lyon, France.
A Hashim, FL Rashid, MH Abbas and BH Rabee. Preparation of nanofluids from inorganic nanostructures doped PEG: Characteristics and energy storage applications. East European Journal of Physics 2023; 1, 185-188.
A Hashim, SM Alshrefi, HH Abed and A Hadi. Synthesis and boosting the structural and optical characteristics of PMMA/SiC/CdS hybrid nanomaterials for future optical and nanoelectronics applications. Journal of Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers and Materials 2024; 34, 703-711.
A Hashim, B Mohammed, A Hadi and H Ibrahim. Synthesis and augment structural and optical characteristics of PVA/SiO2/BaTiO3 nanostructures films for futuristic optical and nanoelectronics applications. Journal of Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers and Materials 2024; 34, 611-621.
A Hashim, A Hadi and MH Abbas. Synthesis and unraveling the morphological and optical features of PVP-Si3N4-Al2O3 nanostructures for optical and renewable energies fields. Silicon 203; 15, 6431-6438.
H Ahmed and A Hashim. Design and tailoring the structural and spectroscopic characteristics of Sb2S3 nanostructures doped PMMA for flexible nanoelectronics and optical fields. Optical and Quantum Electronics 2023; 55(3), 280.
HK Jaafar, A Hashim and BH Rabee. Fabrication and tuning the morphological and optical characteristics of PMMA/PEO/SiC/BaTiO3 newly quaternary nanostructures for optical and quantum electronics fields. Optical and Quantum Electronics 2023; 55(11), 989.
HAJ Hussien, RG Kadhim and A Hashim. Investigating the low cost photodegradation performance against organic pollutants using CeO2/MnO2/ polymer blend nanostructures. Optical and Quantum Electronics 2022; 54, 704.
HAJ Hussien, RG Kadhim and A Hashim. Tuning the optical characteristics of SiO2/MnO2 nanostructures doped organic blend for photodegradation of organic dyes. Optical and Quantum Electronics 2021; 53, 501.
HB Hassan, A Hashim and HM Abduljalil. Tailoring structural, optical characteristics of CuO/In2O3 nanoparticles-doped organic material for photodegradation of dyes pollutants. Polymer Bulletin 2023; 80, 9059-9075.
A Kareem, A Hashim and HB Hassan. Synthesis and boosting the morphological, structural and optical features of PEO/Si3N4/CeO2 promising nanocomposites films for futuristic nanoelectronics applications. Silicon 2024; 16(7), 2827-2838.
A Hashim, A Hadi, H Ibrahim and FL Rashid. Fabrication and boosting the morphological and optical properties of PVP/SiC/Ti nanosystems for tailored renewable energies and nanoelectronics fields. Journal of Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers and Materials 2024; 34, 1678-1688.
HK Jaafar, A Hashim and BH Rabee. Synthesis and boosting the morphological and optical characteristics of SiC/SrTiO3 nanomaterials doped PMMA/PEO for tailored optoelectronics fields. Silicon 2024; 16, 603-614.
AKK Padinjareveetil, VVT Padil and M Černík. Graphene oxide‐based nanocomposite and their biomedical applications. In: S Jana and S Jana (Eds.). Nanoengineering of biomaterials. John Wiley & Sons, New Jersey, 2022, p. 427-456.
FA Jasim, A Hashim, AG Hadi, F Lafta, SR Salman and H Ahmed. Preparation of (pomegranate peel-polystyrene) composites and study their optical properties. Research Journal of Applied Sciences 2013; 8(9), 439-441.
HB Hassan, A Hashim and HM Abduljalil. Synthesis, structural and optical characteristics of PEO/NiO/In2O3 hybrid nanomaterials for photodegradation of pollutants from wastewater. Optical and Quantum Electronics 2023; 55, 556.
A Hashim, H Ibrahim and A Hadi. Fabrication and augmentation of optical and structural characteristics of PVA/SiC/CoFe2O4 hybrid nanocomposites for tailored optical and quantum electronics applications. Optical and Quantum Electronics 2024; 56, 1177.
A Hashim, HH Abed and SM Alshrefi. Ameliorating and tuning the structural, morphological, and optical characteristics of chromium oxide/silicon carbide promising hybrid nanocomposites doped PMMA for futuristic nanoelectronics and photonics applications. Silicon 2024; 16, 5087-5095.
G Ahmed, AF Kadhim, A Hashim and H Ibrahim. Fabrication and exploring the structural and optical features of Si3N4/SiO2 hybrid nanomaterials doped PMMA for promising optoelectronics fields. Optical and Quantum Electronics 2024; 56, 1308.
AF Kadhim, G Ahmed and A Hashim. Fabrication and tuning the structural and optical features of SiO2/Si3N4 nanomaterials doped PS for promising optoelectronics applications. Journal of Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers and Materials 2024; 34, 4267-4276.
FA Jasim, F Lafta, A Hashim, M Ali and AG Hadi. Characterization of palm fronds-polystyrene composites. Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences 2013; 8(5), 140-142.
S Hadi, A Hashim and A Jewad. Optical properties of (PVA-LiF) composites. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 2011; 5(9), 2192-2195.
WO Obaid, A Hashim and BH Rabee. Manufacturing and ameliorating the morphological, structural and optical features of PVA-CS/SiO2-TaC futuristic nanostructures for radiation shielding and photonics applications. Journal of Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers and Materials 2025; 35, 10346-10359.
A Hashim, A Kareem, H Ibrahim, D Uthra, A Hadi, K Thakur and JP Chandra. Fabrication and ameliorating the features of (PMMA-SiC-NiO) multifunctional nanostructures for flexible optoelectronics applications. Journal of Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers and Materials 2025; 35, 8876-8888.
BH Rabee and I Oreibi. Fabrication of new nanocomposites (PMMA-SPO-PS-TiC) and studying their structural and electrical properties for humidity sensors. Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 2018; 7(4), 538-546.
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Walailak University
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
