Unveiling Postbiotics: Advancing Definitions, Mechanisms and Their Impact on Health and Other Functional Applications
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.48048/tis.2025.9528Keywords:
Bioactivity, Mechanisms, Microbiome, Postbiotics, Probiotic metabolitesAbstract
The field of microbiome science has seen rapid advancements, with probiotics, prebiotics, and postbiotics emerging as critical means for modulating gut health and systemic well-being. Among these, postbiotics represent a novel paradigm, defined as preparations of inanimate microorganisms and/or their bioactive components that confer health benefits to the host. Postbiotics offer distinct advantages over probiotics, including enhanced safety, stability, and ease of integration into functional foods, pharmaceuticals, and therapeutics. Despite their potential, the field of postbiotics is still nascent, with significant gaps in understanding their mechanisms of action, clinical efficacy, and regulatory frameworks. This review aims to provide a comprehensive synthesis of the current state of postbiotic research, focusing on their definitions, health benefits, and challenges in adoption. First, we address the historical evolution and terminological ambiguities surrounding postbiotics, highlighting the inconsistencies that complicate scientific communication and commercialization. Second, we explore their bioactive properties, mechanisms of action, and potential applications in areas such as gut health, immune modulation, metabolic regulation, and disease prevention. Third, we critically evaluate the limitations in commercializing postbiotic-based products and propose directions for future research, emphasizing the need for standardized production protocols and robust clinical trials. By integrating insights into recent advancements and identifying research gaps, this review seeks to clarify the conceptual and practical challenges associated with postbiotics and emphasize standardization as a crucial step in addressing postbiotic-related regulatory and research challenges. Through their unique combination of bioactivity, safety, and versatility, postbiotics have the potential to transform both microbiome science and public health. This work aims to inform researchers, clinicians, and industry stakeholders while laying the groundwork for the development of innovative postbiotic-based interventions.
HIGHLIGHTS
This review explores the emerging field of postbiotics defined as bioactive compounds from inanimate microorganisms and their potential health benefits. Postbiotics stand out for their enhanced stability and safety compared to probiotics, offering applications in gut health, immune modulation, metabolic regulation, and disease prevention. The review addresses terminological ambiguities, mechanisms of action, and regulatory challenges while proposing directions for future research. It highlights the potential of postbiotics in areas like clinical therapies, functional foods, and sustainable production systems. By integrating recent advancements, the paper aims to guide stakeholders in harnessing the transformative potential of postbiotics in science and public health.
GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
Downloads
References
B Liang and D Xing. The current and future perspectives of postbiotics. Probiotics and Antimicrobial proteins 2023; 15(6), 1626-43.
FJ Isaac-Bamgboye, CL Mgbechidinma, H Onyeaka, IT Isaac-Bamgboye and DC Chukwugozie. exploring the potential of postbiotics for food safety and human health improvement. Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism 2024; 2024(1), 1868161.
S Salminen, MC Collado, A Endo, C Hill, S Lebeer, EM Quigley, ME Sanders, R Shamir, JR Swann and H Szajewska. The international scientific association of probiotics and prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of postbiotics. Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology 2021; 18(9), 649-67.
CAM Wegh, SY Geerlings, J Knol, G Roeselers and C Belzer. Postbiotics and their potential applications in early life nutrition and beyond. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2019; 20(19).
RA Siciliano, A Reale, MF Mazzeo, S Morandi, T Silvetti and M Brasca. Paraprobiotics: A new perspective for functional foods and nutraceuticals. Nutrients 2021; 13(4).
BA Shenderov. Metabiotics: Novel idea or natural development of probiotic conception. Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease 2013; 24.
Z Zakostelska, M Kverka, K Klimesova, P Rossmann, J Mrazek, J Kopecny, M Hornova, D Srutkova, T Hudcovic, J Ridl and H Tlaskalova-Hogenova. Lysate of probiotic Lactobacillus casei dn-114 001 ameliorates colitis by strengthening the gut barrier function and changing the gut microenvironment. PLoS One 2011; 6(11), e27961.
JE Aguilar-Toalá, S Arioli, PV Behare, C Belzer, R Berni Canani, J-M Chatel, E D’Auria, MQ de Freitas, E Elinav, EA Esmerino, HS García, AG da Cruz, AF González-Córdova, S Guglielmetti, J de Toledo Guimarães, A Hernández-Mendoza, P Langella, AM Liceaga, M Magnani, R Martín, MT Mohamad Lal, D Mora, M Moradi, L Morelli, F Mosca, F Nazzaro, TC Pimentel, C Ran, CS Ranadheera, M Rescigno, A Salas, AS Sant’Ana, K Sivieri, H Sokol, V Taverniti, B Vallejo‐Cordoba, J Zelenka and Z Zhou. Postbiotics — when simplification fails to clarify. Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology 2021; 18, 825 - 6.
G Vinderola, ME Sanders, M Cunningham and C Hill. Frequently asked questions about the ISAPP postbiotic definition. Frontiers in Microbiology 2023; 14, 1324565.
Y Zhong, S Wang, H Di, Z Deng, J Liu and H Wang. Gut health benefit and application of postbiotics in animal production. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 2022; 13(1), 38.
N Rezaie, S Aghamohammad, E Haj Agha Gholizadeh Khiavi, S Khatami, A Sohrabi and M Rohani. The comparative anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory efficacy of postbiotics and probiotics through Nrf-2 and NF-kB pathways in DSS-induced colitis model. Scientific Reports 2024; 14(1), 11560.
S Gurunathan, P Thangaraj and J-H Kim. Postbiotics: Functional food materials and therapeutic agents for cancer, diabetes, and inflammatory diseases. Foods 2024; 13(1), 89.
LM Ney, M Wipplinger, M Grossmann, N Engert, VD Wegner and AS Mosig. Short chain fatty acids: key regulators of the local and systemic immune response in inflammatory diseases and infections. Open Biology 2023; 13(3), 230014.
P Thorakkattu, AC Khanashyam, K Shah, KS Babu, AS Mundanat, A Deliephan, GS Deokar, C Santivarangkna and NP Nirmal. Postbiotics: Current trends in food and pharmaceutical industry. Foods 2022; 11(19).
A Mosca, YAAT Abreu, KA Gwee, G Ianiro, J Tack, TVH Nguyen and C Hill. The clinical evidence for postbiotics as microbial therapeutics. Gut Microbes 2022; 14(1), 2117508.
JF Cavallari, MD Fullerton, BM Duggan, KP Foley, E Denou, BK Smith, EM Desjardins, BD Henriksbo, KJ Kim, BR Tuinema, JC Stearns, D Prescott, P Rosenstiel, BK Coombes, GR Steinberg and JD Schertzer. Muramyl Dipeptide-based postbiotics mitigate obesity-induced insulin resistance via IRF4. Cell metabolism 2017; 25(5), 1063-74.e3.
A Rahimi, SA Qaisar, T Janeh, H Karimpour, M Darbandi and J Moludi. Clinical trial of the effects of postbiotic supplementation on inflammation, oxidative stress, and clinical outcomes in patients with CVA. Scientific Reports 2024; 14(1), 24021.
BF Paul Beulah and T Rajasekar (2024) Preparation of postbiotics from Bacillus. In: Dharumadurai D, editor. Postbiotics. New York, NY: Springer US; p. 75-9.
L Ma, H Tu and T Chen. Postbiotics in human health: A narrative review. Nutrients 2023; 15(2).
L Bhatia, PK Sarangi, AK Singh, RK Srivastava and AK Chandel. Pre-, pro-, and postbiotics development from vegetable, fruit, and lignocellulosic biomass: A perspective. Food Bioscience 2024; 61, 104589.
ID Kwoji, OA Aiyegoro, M Okpeku and MA Adeleke. 'Multi-omics' data integration: applications in probiotics studies. NPJ Science of Food 2023; 7(1), 25.
B Mishra, AK Mishra, YK Mohanta, R Yadavalli, DC Agrawal, HP Reddy, R Gorrepati, CN Reddy, SK Mandal, MZ Shamim and J Panda. Postbiotics: the new horizons of microbial functional bioactive compounds in food preservation and security. Food Production, Processing and Nutrition 2024; 6(1), 28.
P Suthar, S Kumar, V Kumar, V Sharma and A Dhiman. Postbiotics: an exposition on next generation functional food compounds-opportunities and challenges. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 2023, 1-20.
C Hill, F Guarner, G Reid, GR Gibson, DJ Merenstein, B Pot, L Morelli, RB Canani, HJ Flint and S Salminen. The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics consensus statement on the scope and appropriate use of the term probiotic. Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology 2014; 11(8), 506-14.
S Yadav, A Dwivedi, A Tripathi and AK Tripathi. Therapeutic potential of short-chain fatty acid production by gut microbiota in neurodegenerative disorders. Nutrition Research 2022; 106, 72-84.
B Zhou, G Jin, X Pang, Q Mo, J Bao, T Liu, J Wu, R Xie, X Liu and J Liu. Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG colonization in early life regulates gut-brain axis and relieves anxiety-like behavior in adulthood. Pharmacological research 2022; 177, 106090.
GR Gibson, R Hutkins, ME Sanders, SL Prescott, RA Reimer, SJ Salminen, K Scott, C Stanton, KS Swanson, PD Cani, K Verbeke and G Reid. Expert consensus document: The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of prebiotics. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 14(8), 491-502.
HA Habteweld and T Asfaw. Novel dietary approach with probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics to mitigate antimicrobial resistance and subsequent out marketplace of antimicrobial agents: a review. Infection and Drug Resistance 2023, 3191-211.
A Kumari, R KG, A Sudhakaran. V, AS Warrier and NK Singh. Unveiling the health benefits of prebiotics: a comprehensive review. Indian Journal of Microbiology 2024; 64(2), 376-88.
N Prajapati, J Patel, S Singh, VK Yadav, C Joshi, A Patani, D Prajapati, DK Sahoo and A Patel. Postbiotic production: harnessing the power of microbial metabolites for health applications. Frontiers in Microbiology 2023; 14, 1306192.
BH Nataraj, SA Ali, PV Behare and H Yadav. Postbiotics-parabiotics: the new horizons in microbial biotherapy and functional foods. Microbial Cell Factories 2020; 19(1), 168.
J Ji, W Jin, SJ Liu, Z Jiao and X Li. Probiotics, prebiotics, and postbiotics in health and disease. MedComm 2023; 4(6), e420.
MdCG Peluzio, JA Martinez and FI Milagro. Postbiotics: Metabolites and mechanisms involved in microbiota-host interactions. Trends in Food Science & Technology 2021; 108, 11-26.
Y Huang, YF Wang, J Miao, RF Zheng and JY Li. Short-chain fatty acids: Important components of the gut-brain axis against AD. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy 2024; 175, 116601.
KA Abdelhalim. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) from gastrointestinal disorders, metabolism, epigenetics, central nervous system to cancer - A mini-review. Chem Biol Interact 2024; 388, 110851.
T Li and JY Chiang. Bile acid signaling in metabolic disease and drug therapy. Pharmacology Reviews 2014; 66(4), 948-83.
Y Liu, MAK Azad, X Kong, Q Zhu and Z Yu. Dietary bile acids supplementation modulates immune response, antioxidant capacity, glucose, and lipid metabolism in normal and intrauterine growth retardation piglets. Frontiers in Nutrition 2022; 9.
K Zahedi, S Barone and M Soleimani. Polyamines and their metabolism: From the maintenance of physiological homeostasis to the mediation of disease. Medical Sciences (Basel) 2022; 10(3).
A Darbandi, A Asadi, M Mahdizade Ari, E Ohadi, M Talebi, M Halaj Zadeh, A Darb Emamie, R Ghanavati and M Kakanj. Bacteriocins: Properties and potential use as antimicrobials. Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis 2022; 36(1), e24093.
S Mithul Aravind, S Wichienchot, R Tsao, S Ramakrishnan and S Chakkaravarthi. Role of dietary polyphenols on gut microbiota, their metabolites and health benefits. Food Research International 2021; 142, 110189.
YM Choi, YQ Lee, HS Song and DY Lee. Genome scale metabolic models and analysis for evaluating probiotic potentials. Biochem Soc Trans 2020; 48(4), 1309-21.
N Rafique, SY Jan, AH Dar, KK Dash, A Sarkar, R Shams, VK Pandey, SA Khan, QA Amin and SZ Hussain. Promising bioactivities of postbiotics: A comprehensive review. Journal of Agriculture and Food Research 2023; 14, 100708.
C Liu, N Ma, Y Feng, M Zhou, H Li, X Zhang and X Ma. From probiotics to postbiotics: Concepts and applications. Animal Research and One Health 2023; 1(1), 92-114.
Y Li, J Qin, Y Cheng, Y Ai, Z Han, M Li, Y Qi, Q Zhao and Z Li. Polysaccharide from Patinopecten yessoensis skirt boosts immune response via modulation of gut microbiota and short-chain fatty acids metabolism in mice. Foods 2021; 10(10), 2478.
B Kienesberger, B Obermüller, G Singer, C Arneitz, P Gasparella, I Klymiuk, A Horvath, V Stadlbauer, C Magnes and E Zügner. Insights into the composition of a co-culture of 10 probiotic strains (Omni Biotic® AAD10) and effects of its postbiotic culture supernatant. Nutrients 2022; 14(6), 1194.
L Buedenbender, AR Carroll and Dİ Kurtböke. Detecting co-cultivation induced chemical diversity via 2D NMR fingerprints. Microbiology Australia 2019; 40(4), 186-189.
WY Lin, YW Kuo, CW Chen, YC Hsu, YF Huang, CH Hsu, JH Lin, CH Lin, CC Lin and TH Yi. The Function of mixed postbiotic PE0401 in improving intestinal health via elevating anti-inflammation, anti-oxidation, epithelial tight junction gene expression and promoting beneficial bacteria growth. Journal of Pure & Applied Microbiology 2022; 16(3), 7666.
AF Moss, PV Chrystal, TM Crowley and GM Pesti. Raw material nutrient variability has substantial impact on the potential profitability of chicken meat production. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 2021; 30(1), 100129.
A da Silva Vale, GV de Melo Pereira, AC de Oliveira, DP de Carvalho Neto, LW Herrmann, SG Karp, VT Soccol and CR Soccol. Production, formulation, and application of postbiotics in the treatment of skin conditions. Fermentation 2023; 9(3), 264.
AH Rad, A Abbasi, HS Kafil and K Ganbarov. Potential pharmaceutical and food applications of postbiotics: A review. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2020; 21(15), 1576-87.
N Khani, R Abedi Soleimani, G Noorkhajavi, A Abedi Soleimani, A Abbasi and A Homayouni Rad. Postbiotics as potential promising tools for SARS-CoV-2 disease adjuvant therapy. Journal of Applied Microbiology 2022; 132(6), 4097-111.
A Patani, D Balram, VK Yadav, KY Lian, A Patel and DK Sahoo. Harnessing the power of nutritional antioxidants against adrenal hormone imbalance-associated oxidative stress. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14, 1271521.
S Altveş, HK Yildiz and HC Vural. Interaction of the microbiota with the human body in health and diseases. Biosci Microbiota Food Health 2020; 39(2), 23-32.
S Aggarwal, V Sabharwal, P Kaushik, A Joshi, A Aayushi and M Suri. Postbiotics: From emerging concept to application. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems 2022; 6, 887642.
M Dinić, J Lukić, J Djokić, M Milenković, I Strahinić, N Golić and J Begović. Lactobacillus fermentum postbiotic-induced autophagy as potential approach for treatment of acetaminophen hepatotoxicity. Frontiers in Microbiology 2017; 8, 594.
G Vinderola, ME Sanders and S Salminen. The concept of postbiotics. Foods 2022; 11(8), 1077.
E Dunand, P Burns, A Binetti, C Bergamini, GH Peralta, L Forzani, J Reinheimer and G Vinderola. Postbiotics produced at laboratory and industrial level as potential functional food ingredients with the capacity to protect mice against Salmonella infection. Journal of Applied Microbiology 2019; 127(1), 219-29.
CN de Almada, CN Almada, RC Martinez and AS Sant'Ana. Paraprobiotics: Evidences on their ability to modify biological responses, inactivation methods and perspectives on their application in foods. Trends in Food Science & Technology 2016; 58, 96-114.
G Cebrián, S Condón and P Mañas. Physiology of the Inactivation of Vegetative Bacteria by Thermal Treatments: Mode of Action, Influence of Environmental Factors and Inactivation Kinetics. Foods 2017; 6(12).
S Ramkrishna, C Chellamboli and D Anupama. A revolution by probiotic and paraprobiotic in food industry: review. Research Review International Journal of Multidisciplinary 2019; 4(9), 72-81.
M Karbowiak, M Gałek, A Szydłowska and D Zielińska. The Influence of the Degree of Thermal Inactivation of Probiotic Lactic Acid Bacteria and Their Postbiotics on Aggregation and Adhesion Inhibition of Selected Pathogens. Pathogens 2022; 11(11), 1260.
N Jing, F Liu, R Wang, Y Zhang, J Yang, Y Hou, H Zhang, Y Xie, H Liu, S Ge and J Jin. Both live and heat-killed Bifidobacterium animalis J-12 alleviated oral ulcers in LVG golden Syrian hamsters by gavage by directly intervening in the intestinal flora structure. Food Function 2023; 14(4), 2045-58.
CW Lin, YT Chen, HH Ho, YW Kuo, WY Lin, JF Chen, JH Lin, CR Liu, CH Lin, YT Yeh, CW Chen, YF Huang, CH Hsu, PS Hsieh and SF Yang. Impact of the food grade heat-killed probiotic and postbiotic oral lozenges in oral hygiene. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14(5), 2221-38.
S Kim, HH Lee, W Choi, CH Kang, GH Kim and H Cho. Anti-Tumor Effect of Heat-Killed Bifidobacterium bifidum on Human Gastric Cancer through Akt-p53-Dependent Mitochondrial Apoptosis in Xenograft Models. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2022; 23(17).
Z Sun, Z Zhao, B Fang, W Hung, H Gao, W Zhao, H Lan, M Liu, L Zhao and M Zhang. Effect of thermal inactivation on antioxidant, anti-inflammatory activities and chemical profile of postbiotics. Foods 2023; 12(19).
H Maehata, S Arai, N Iwabuchi and F Abe. Immuno-modulation by heat-killed Lacticaseibacillus paracasei MCC1849 and its application to food products. International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology 2021; 35, 20587384211008291.
S Akter, JH Park and HK Jung. Potential health-promoting benefits of paraprobiotics, inactivated probiotic cells. Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 2020; 30(4), 477-81.
Y Zhong, T Wang, R Luo, J Liu, R Jin and X Peng. Recent advances and potentiality of postbiotics in the food industry: Composition, inactivation methods, current applications in metabolic syndrome, and future trends. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022, 1-25.
P Martorell, B Alvarez, S Llopis, V Navarro, P Ortiz, N Gonzalez, F Balaguer, A Rojas, E Chenoll, D Ramón and M Tortajada. Heat-treated Bifidobacterium longum CECT-7347: A whole-cell postbiotic with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and gut-barrier protection properties. Antioxidants 2021; 10(4), 536.
Y Kim, HJ Kim and K Ji. The proliferation inhibitory effect of postbiotics prepared from probiotics with antioxidant activity against HT-29 Cells. Applied Sciences 2022; 12(24), 12519.
TC Pimentel, AG Cruz, E Pereira, WK Almeida da Costa, R da Silva Rocha, G Targino de Souza Pedrosa, CdS Rocha, JM Alves, VO Alvarenga, AS Sant’Ana and M Magnani. Postbiotics: An overview of concepts, inactivation technologies, health effects, and driver trends. Trends in Food Science & Technology 2023; 138, 199-214.
A Gueniche, O Perin, A Bouslimani, L Landemaine, N Misra, S Cupferman, L Aguilar, C Clavaud, T Chopra and A Khodr. Advances in microbiome-derived solutions and methodologies are founding a new era in skin health and care. Pathogens 2022; 11(2), 121.
J Żółkiewicz, A Marzec, M Ruszczyński and W Feleszko. Postbiotics—a step beyond pre-and probiotics. Nutrients 2020; 12(8), 2189.
V Pivniouk, JA Gimenes-Junior, P Ezeh, A Michael, O Pivniouk, S Hahn, SR VanLinden, SP Malone, A Abidov, D Anderson, J Gozdz, A DeVries, FD Martinez, C Pasquali and D Vercelli. Airway administration of OM-85, a bacterial lysate, blocks experimental asthma by targeting dendritic cells and the epithelium/IL-33/ILC2 axis. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2022; 149(3), 943-56.
M Charikiopoulou, PT Nikolaidis, B Knechtle, T Rosemann, A Rapti and G Trakada. Subjective and objective outcomes in patients with copd after pulmonary rehabilitation - The impact of comorbidities. Front Physiol 2019; 10, 286.
N Suárez, F Ferrara, A Rial, V Dee and JA Chabalgoity. Bacterial lysates as immunotherapies for respiratory infections: methods of preparation. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8, 545.
H Fesseha, T Yilma and E Mekonnen. Postbiotics and their role in healthy life. Journal of Life Science and Biomedicine 2022; 13, 64-76.
V Triantafillou, AD Workman, NN Patel, IW Maina, CCL Tong, EC Kuan, DW Kennedy, JN Palmer, ND Adappa, S Waizel-Haiat and NA Cohen. Broncho-Vaxom® (OM-85 BV) soluble components stimulate sinonasal innate immunity. International Forum of Allergy and Rhinology 2019; 9(4), 370-7.
J Yin, B Xu, X Zeng and K Shen. Broncho-Vaxom in pediatric recurrent respiratory tract infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis. International immunopharmacology 2018; 54, 198-209.
GM de Boer, J Żółkiewicz, KP Strzelec, M Ruszczyński, RW Hendriks, GJ Braunstahl, W Feleszko and GA Tramper-Stranders. Bacterial lysate therapy for the prevention of wheezing episodes and asthma exacerbations: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Respir Rev 2020; 29(158).
S Yao, R Qin, X Song, L He, X Lin and J Li. Bacterial lysate add-on therapy in adult and childhood asthma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Thoracic Diseases 2023; 15(6), 3143-57.
CE Rodriguez-Martinez, MP Sossa-Briceño and ME Soto-Martinez. The use of bacterial lysate for the prevention of wheezing episodes in preschool children: a cost-utility analysis. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice 2023; 11(1), 220-7.
K Janeczek, A Kaczyńska, A Emeryk and C Cingi. Perspectives for the use of bacterial lysates for the treatment of allergic rhinitis: A systematic review. Journal of Asthma and Allergy 2022; 15, 839-50.
T Yamazaki, H Suzuki, S Yamada, K Ohshio, M Sugamata, T Yamada and Y Morita. Lactobacillus paracasei KW3110 suppresses inflammatory stress-induced premature cellular senescence of human retinal pigment epithelium cells and reduces ocular disorders in healthy humans. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2020; 21(14).
S Padmanabhan, AJ Monera-Girona, E Pajares-Martínez, E Bastida-Martínez, I del Rey Navalón, R Pérez-Castaño, ML Galbis-Martínez, M Fontes and M Elías-Arnanz. Plasmalogens and photooxidative stress signaling in myxobacteria, and how it unmasked CarF/TMEM189 as the Δ1′-desaturase PEDS1 for human plasmalogen biosynthesis. Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology 2022; 10.
H Zhang, Y Xu, C Zhao, Y Xue, D Tan, S Wang, M Jia, H Wu, A Ma and G Chen. Milk lipids characterization in relation to different heat treatments using lipidomics. Food Research International 2022; 157, 111345.
ZA Almsherqi. Potential role of plasmalogens in the modulation of biomembrane morphology. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9, 673917.
A Gallego-García, AJ Monera-Girona, E Pajares-Martínez, E Bastida-Martínez, R Pérez-Castaño, AA Iniesta, M Fontes, S Padmanabhan and M Elías-Arnanz. A bacterial light response reveals an orphan desaturase for human plasmalogen synthesis. Science 2019; 366(6461), 128-32.
M Soheili, A Alinaghipour and M Salami. Good bacteria, oxidative stress and neurological disorders: Possible therapeutical considerations. Life sciences 2022; 301, 120605.
EO Olufunmilayo, MB Gerke-Duncan and RMD Holsinger. Oxidative Stress and Antioxidants in Neurodegenerative Disorders. Antioxidants 2023; 12(2), 517.
M Tremblay, ZA Almsherqi and Y Deng. Plasmalogens and platelet-activating factor roles in chronic inflammatory diseases. Biofactors 2022; 48(6), 1203-16.
JC Bozelli, Jr., S Azher and RM Epand. Plasmalogens and chronic inflammatory diseases. Front Physiol 2021; 12, 730829.
R Li, W Xiong, B Li, Y Li, B Fang, X Wang and F Ren. Plasmalogen improves memory function by regulating neurogenesis in a mouse model of alzheimer’s diseases. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2023; 24(15), 12234.
D Zhu, M Zhou, K Wang, X Hu, L Gong, H Luo, X Zhou and J Hu. The downregulation of miR-129-5p relieves the inflammatory response in acute respiratory distress syndrome by regulating PPARγ-mediated autophagy. Annals of Translational Medicine 2022; 10(6), 345.
X Wen, B Zhang, B Wu, H Xiao, Z Li, R Li, X Xu and T Li. Signaling pathways in obesity: mechanisms and therapeutic interventions. Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy 2022; 7(1), 298.
C Di Carluccio, P Soriano-Maldonado, F Berni, CJC de Haas, AR Temming, A Hendriks, S Ali, A Molinaro, A Silipo, NM van Sorge, MJ van Raaij, JDC Codee and R Marchetti. Antibody recognition of different Staphylococcus aureus wall teichoic acid glycoforms. ACS Cent Sci 2022; 8(10), 1383-92.
N Kojima, S Kojima, S Hosokawa, Y Oda, D Zenke, Y Toura, E Onohara, SI Yokota, M Nagaoka and Y Kuroda. Wall teichoic acid-dependent phagocytosis of intact cell walls of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum elicits IL-12 secretion from macrophages. Frontiers in Microbiology 2022; 13, 986396.
J Sun, ST Rutherford, TJ Silhavy and KC Huang. Physical properties of the bacterial outer membrane. Nature Reviews Microbiology 2022; 20(4), 236-48.
G-J Jeong, F Khan, N Tabassum, K-J Cho and Y-M Kim. Controlling biofilm and virulence properties of Gram-positive bacteria by targeting wall teichoic acid and lipoteichoic acid. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 2023; 62(4), 106941.
D van der Es, WF Hogendorf, HS Overkleeft, GA van der Marel and JD Codée. Teichoic acids: synthesis and applications. Chemical Society Reviews 2017; 46(5), 1464-82.
AR Cruz, MAd Boer, J Strasser, SA Zwarthoff, FJ Beurskens, CJC de Haas, PC Aerts, G Wang, RN de Jong, F Bagnoli, JAG van Strijp, KPM van Kessel, J Schuurman, J Preiner, AJR Heck and SHM Rooijakkers. Staphylococcal protein A inhibits complement activation by interfering with IgG hexamer formation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2021; 118(7), e2016772118.
JH Lee, NH Kim, V Winstel, K Kurokawa, J Larsen, JH An, A Khan, MY Seong, MJ Lee, PS Andersen, A Peschel and BL Lee. Surface glycopolymers are crucial for in vitro anti-wall teichoic acid igg-mediated complement activation and opsonophagocytosis of Staphylococcus aureus. Infection And Immunity 2015; 83(11), 4247-55.
BN Nguyen, A Chávez-Arroyo, MI Cheng, M Krasilnikov, A Louie and DA Portnoy. TLR2 and endosomal TLR-mediated secretion of IL-10 and immune suppression in response to phagosome-confined Listeria monocytogenes. PLoS Pathogens 2020; 16(7), e1008622.
N Senchylo, O Gorbach, L Dubovtseva, O Skachkova, P Yakovlev, T Skaterna, L Drobot and L Garmanchuk. Teichoic acid differentially modulates TLR4 expression in sensitive and resistant to cisplatin. Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv Series: Biology 2019; 79, 90-4.
A Jurado, L Fernández, A Rodríguez and P García. Understanding the mechanisms that drive phage resistance in staphylococci to prevent phage therapy failure. Viruses 2022; 14(5), 1061.
X Chee Wezen, A Chandran, RS Eapen, E Waters, L Bricio-Moreno, T Tosi, S Dolan, C Millership, A Kadioglu, A Gründling, LS Itzhaki, M Welch and T Rahman. Structure-based discovery of lipoteichoic acid synthase inhibitors. Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling 2022; 62(10), 2586-99.
RG Xiong, DD Zhou, SX Wu, SY Huang, A Saimaiti, ZJ Yang, A Shang, CN Zhao, RY Gan and HB Li. Health benefits and side effects of short-chain fatty acids. Foods 2022; 11(18).
K Kaźmierczak-Siedlecka, L Marano, E Merola, F Roviello and K Połom. Sodium butyrate in both prevention and supportive treatment of colorectal cancer. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12, 1023806.
C González-Bosch, PA Zunszain and GE Mann. Control of redox homeostasis by short-chain fatty acids: implications for the prevention and treatment of breast cancer. Pathogens 2023; 12(3).
M Akhtar, Y Chen, Z Ma, X Zhang, D Shi, JA Khan and H Liu. Gut microbiota-derived short chain fatty acids are potential mediators in gut inflammation. Animal Nutrition 2022; 8, 350-60.
R Corrêa-Oliveira, JL Fachi, A Vieira, FT Sato and MA Vinolo. Regulation of immune cell function by short-chain fatty acids. Clin Transl Immunology 2016; 5(4), e73.
J de Abreu Ribeiro Pereira, M de Fátima Píccolo Barcelos, E Valério Villas Boas, R Hilsdorf Píccoli, J de Sales Guilarducci, R Corrêa Pereira, JR Pauli, E Batista Ferreira, M Cardoso de Angelis-Pereira and D Esper Cintra. Combined effects of yacon flour and probiotic yogurt on the metabolic parameters and inflammatory and insulin signaling proteins in high-fat-diet-induced obese mice. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 2022; 102(15), 7293-300.
XF Liu, JH Shao, YT Liao, LN Wang, Y Jia, PJ Dong, ZZ Liu, DD He, C Li and X Zhang. Regulation of short-chain fatty acids in the immune system. Frontiers in Immunology 2023; 14, 1186892.
S Raveendran, B Parameswaran, SB Ummalyma, A Abraham, AK Mathew, A Madhavan, S Rebello and A Pandey. Applications of microbial enzymes in food industry. Food Technol Biotechnol 2018; 56(1), 16-30.
P Song, X Zhang, S Wang, W Xu, F Wang, R Fu and F Wei. Microbial proteases and their applications. Frontiers in Microbiology 2023; 14.
A Fouda, KS Alshallash, HM Atta, MS El Gamal, MM Bakry, AS Alawam and SS Salem. Synthesis, optimization, and characterization of cellulase enzyme obtained from thermotolerant Bacillus subtilis F3: an insight into cotton fabric polishing activity. Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 2024; 34(1), 207-23.
I Danilova and M Sharipova. The practical potential of bacilli and their enzymes for industrial production. Frontiers in Microbiology 2020; 11, 1782.
KY Butt, A Altaf, MA Malana, MI Ghori and A Jamil. Optimal production of proteases from Bacillus subtilis using submerged fermentation. Pakistan Journal of Life and Social Sciences 2018; 16(1), 15-9.
LC Paulino do Nascimento, DC Lacerda, DJS Ferreira, EL de Souza and JL de Brito Alves. Limosilactobacillus fermentum, current evidence on the antioxidant properties and opportunities to be exploited as a probiotic microorganism. Probiotics and Antimicrobial proteins 2022; 14(5), 960-79.
M Rudiansyah, S Abdalkareem Jasim, B S. Azizov, V Samusenkov, W Kamal Abdelbasset, G Yasin, HJ Mohammad, MA Jawad, T Mahmudiono and SR Hosseini‐Fard. The emerging microbiome‐based approaches to IBD therapy: From SCFAs to urolithin A. Journal of Digestive Diseases 2022; 23(8-9), 412-34.
Y Liu, H Zhang, A Xie, J Sun, H Yang, J Li, Y Li, F Chen, Y Mei and Y Liang. Lactobacillus rhamnosus and L. plantarum combination treatment ameliorated colitis symptoms in a mouse model by altering intestinal microbial composition and suppressing inflammatory response. Molecular Nutrition and Food Research 2023; 67(11), e2200340.
J Ma, P Li, L An, T Zhang and G Li. Chemoprotective effect of theanine in 1, 2‐dimethylhydrazine‐induced colorectal cancer in rats via suppression of inflammatory parameters. Journal of Food Biochemistry 2022; 46(2), e14073.
FH Waghu and S Idicula-Thomas. Collection of antimicrobial peptides database and its derivatives: Applications and beyond. Protein Sciences 2020; 29(1), 36-42.
RAH Bhat, VC Khangembam, V Pant, RS Tandel, PK Pandey and D Thakuria. Antibacterial activity of a short de novo designed peptide against fish bacterial pathogens. Amino Acids 2024; 56(1), 28.
B Mishra, L Felix, A Basu, SS Kollala, YS Chhonker, N Ganesan, DJ Murry and E Mylonakis. Design and evaluation of short bovine lactoferrin-derived antimicrobial peptides against multidrug-resistant Enterococcus faecium. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11(8).
B Cavallazzi Sebold, J Li, G Ni, Q Fu, H Li, X Liu and T Wang. Going beyond host defence peptides: horizons of chemically engineered peptides for multidrug-resistant bacteria. BioDrugs 2023; 37(5), 607-23.
MV Humpola, R Spinelli, M Erben, V Perdomo, GG Tonarelli, F Albericio and AS Siano. D- and N-Methyl amino acids for modulating the therapeutic properties of antimicrobial peptides and lipopeptides. Antibiotics 2023; 12(5), 821.
N Khorshidian, E Khanniri, M Mohammadi, AM Mortazavian and M Yousefi. Antibacterial activity of pediocin and pediocin-producing bacteria against listeria monocytogenes in meat products. Frontiers in Microbiology 2021; 12.
M Fenech (2020) Chapter 4 - The role of nutrition in DNA replication, DNA damage prevention and DNA repair. In: Caterina RDE, Martinez JA, Kohlmeier M, editors. Principles of Nutrigenetics and Nutrigenomics: Academic Press; p. 27-32.
P Mladěnka, K Macáková, L Kujovská Krčmová, L Javorská, K Mrštná, A Carazo, M Protti, F Remião and L Nováková. Vitamin K - sources, physiological role, kinetics, deficiency, detection, therapeutic use, and toxicity. Nutrition Reviews 2022; 80(4), 677-98.
T Uebanso, T Shimohata, K Mawatari and A Takahashi. Functional roles of b-vitamins in the gut and gut microbiome. Molecular Nutrition and Food Research 2020; 64(18), e2000426.
DK Dje Kouadio, F Wieringa, V Greffeuille and C Humblot. Bacteria from the gut influence the host micronutrient status. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023, 1-16.
M Mrowicka, J Mrowicki, G Dragan and I Majsterek. The importance of thiamine (vitamin B1) in humans. Biosci Rep 2023; 43(10).
L Console, M Tolomeo and C Indiveri. Functional study of the human riboflavin transporter 2 using proteoliposomes system. Methods in Molecular Biology 2021; 2280, 45-54.
Y Tong, Hn Guo, Z Abbas, J Zhang, J Wang, Q Cheng, S Peng, T Yang, T Bai, Y Zhou, J Li, X Wei, D Si and R Zhang. Optimizing postbiotic production through solid-state fermentation with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens J and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum SN4 enhances antibacterial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities. Frontiers in Microbiology 2023; 14.
K Mikkelsen, MD Prakash, N Kuol, K Nurgali, L Stojanovska and V Apostolopoulos. Anti-tumor effects of vitamin B2, B6 and B9 in promonocytic lymphoma cells. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2019; 20(15).
Q Zhan, R Wang, K Thakur, JY Feng, YY Zhu, JG Zhang and ZJ Wei. Unveiling of dietary and gut-microbiota derived B vitamins: Metabolism patterns and their synergistic functions in gut-brain homeostasis. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2024; 64(13), 4046-58.
M Zheng, M Ma, L Wang, X Yang, Y Zhang, C Man, Q Zhao and Y Jiang. Lactobacillus plantarum J26 postbiotics alleviate high‐fat and high‐cholesterol diet‐induced hypercholesterolemia via regulating the LXRα‐CYP7A1‐bile acid‐excretion pathway. Food Frontiers 2023; 4(4), 2045-57.
WI Izuddin, AM Humam, TC Loh, HL Foo and AA Samsudin. Dietary postbiotic Lactobacillus plantarum improves serum and ruminal antioxidant activity and upregulates hepatic antioxidant enzymes and ruminal barrier function in post-weaning lambs. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9(3).
HM Chang, HL Foo, TC Loh, ETC Lim and NE Abdul Mutalib. Comparative studies of inhibitory and antioxidant activities, and organic acids compositions of postbiotics produced by probiotic Lactiplantibacillus plantarum strains isolated from Malaysian foods. Frontiers in veterinary science 2021; 7, 602280.
M Tarique, A Abdalla, R Masad, A Al-Sbiei, J Kizhakkayil, T Osaili, A Olaimat, S-Q Liu, M Fernandez-Cabezudo and B al-Ramadi. Potential probiotics and postbiotic characteristics including immunomodulatory effects of lactic acid bacteria isolated from traditional yogurt-like products. Lwt 2022; 159, 113207.
B Bhat and B Bajaj. Hypocholesterolemic potential of probiotics: concept and mechanistic insights. 2019.
Y Li, M Chen, Y Ma, Y Yang, Y Cheng, H Ma, D Ren and P Chen. Regulation of viable/inactivated/lysed probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum H6 on intestinal microbiota and metabolites in hypercholesterolemic mice. NPJ Science of Food 2022; 6(1), 50.
Z Pan, B Mao, Q Zhang, X Tang, B Yang, J Zhao, S Cui and H Zhang. Postbiotics prepared using Lactobacillus paracasei CCFM1224 prevent nonalcoholic fatty liver disease by modulating the gut microbiota and liver metabolism. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2022; 23(21), 13522.
Y Zhong, T Wang, R Luo, J Liu, R Jin and X Peng. Recent advances and potentiality of postbiotics in the food industry: Composition, inactivation methods, current applications in metabolic syndrome, and future trends. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2024; 64(17), 5768-92.
D Blazheva, D Mihaylova, O Averina, A Slavchev, M Brazkova, E Poluektova, V Danilenko and A Krastanov. Antioxidant potential of probiotics and postbiotics: a biotechnological approach to improving their stability. Russian Journal of Genetics 2022; 58(9), 1036-50.
HA Merzza, AM Idris, TC Loh and HL Foo. Antioxidant activities of postbiotics produced by several Lactobacillus plantarum strains using reconstituted media. The Scientific Journal of University of Benghazi 2021; 34(2).
SMA Noori, A Behfar, A Saadat, A Ameri, SSA Yazdi and A Siahpoosh. Antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of natural postbiotics derived from five lactic acid bacteria. Jundishapur journal of natural pharmaceutical products 2023; 18(1).
B Aydın, T Çiydem, E Kaya and L Açık. Evaluation of the antioxidant effects of postbiotics and paraprobiotics in lactic acid bacteria isolated from traditional fermented sausages. Avrupa Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi 2021; (28), 849-52.
X Zhao, S Liu, S Li, W Jiang, J Wang, J Xiao, T Chen, J Ma, MZ Khan, W Wang, M Li, S Li and Z Cao. Unlocking the power of postbiotics: A revolutionary approach to nutrition for humans and animals. Cell Metab 2024; 36(4), 725-44.
A Mayorgas. P840 Immunomodulatory effects of two different postbiotics on primary human cell culture. Journal of Crohn's and Colitis 2020; 14, S650-S.
MI Hossain, MFR Mizan, PK Roy, S Nahar, SH Toushik, M Ashrafudoulla, IK Jahid, J Lee and S-D Ha. Listeria monocytogenes biofilm inhibition on food contact surfaces by application of postbiotics from Lactobacillus curvatus B. 67 and Lactobacillus plantarum M. 2. Food Research International 2021; 148, 110595.
P Luenglusontigit, P Sathapondecha, P Saengsuwan, K Surachat, P Boonserm and K Singkhamanan. Effects of postbiotic from bacteriocin-like inhibitory substance producing Enterococcus faecalis on toxigenic Clostridioides difficile. Journal of Health Science and Medical Research 2023; 41(4), 2023918.
KY Kareem, F Hooi Ling, L Teck Chwen, O May Foong and S Anjas Asmara. Inhibitory activity of postbiotic produced by strains of Lactobacillus plantarum using reconstituted media supplemented with inulin. Gut pathogens 2014; 6, 1-7.
E Scott, K De Paepe and T Van de Wiele. Postbiotics and their health modulatory biomolecules. Biomolecules 2022; 12(11), 1640.
MJ Hernández-Granados and E Franco-Robles. Postbiotics in human health: Possible new functional ingredients? Food Research International 2020; 137, 109660.
L Aghebati-Maleki, P Hasannezhad, A Abbasi and N Khani. Antibacterial, antiviral, antioxidant, and anticancer activities of postbiotics: A review of mechanisms and therapeutic perspectives. Biointerface Res Appl Chem 2021; 12(2), 2629-45.
M Pirhadi, GJ Khaniki, AS Nejad and P Sadighara. The effect of postbiotics on depressive symptoms and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in human health: A short review. Current Women's Health Reviews 2023; 19(3), 130-5.
NM Breyner, C Michon, CS de Sousa, PB Vilas Boas, F Chain, VA Azevedo, P Langella and JM Chatel. Microbial anti-inflammatory molecule (MAM) from Faecalibacterium prausnitzii Shows a protective effect on dnbs and DSS-induced colitis model in mice through inhibition of NF-κB pathway. Frontiers in Microbiology 2017; 8, 114.
W Ye, Z Chen, Z He, H Gong, J Zhang, J Sun, S Yuan, J Deng, Y Liu and A Zeng. Lactobacillus plantarum-derived postbiotics ameliorate acute alcohol-induced liver injury by protecting cells from oxidative damage, improving lipid metabolism, and regulating intestinal microbiota. Nutrients 2023; 15(4), 845.
Y Yu, M Zhou, FA Sadiq, P Hu, F Gao, J Wang, A Liu, Y Liu, H Wu and G Zhang. Comparison of the effects of three sourdough postbiotics on high-fat diet-induced intestinal damage. Food & Function 2024; 15(18), 9053-69.
Y Choi, E Park, Y Yoon and J Ha. Development of postbiotics by bioconverting whey using Lactobacillus plantarum SMFM2017-YK1 and Limosilactobacillus fermentum SMFM2017-NK1 to alleviate periodontitis. PLoS One 2022; 17(10), e0263851.
E Park, J Ha, S Lim, G Kim and Y Yoon. Development of postbiotics by whey bioconversion with Enterococcus faecalis M157 KACC81148BP and Lactococcus lactis CAU2013 KACC81152BP for treating periodontal disease and improving gut health. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104(12), 12321-31.
M Wang, Y Ren, X Guo, Y Ye, H Zhu, J Zhang, Z Huang and K Yu. Postbiotics from Lactobacillus delbrueckii alleviate intestinal inflammation by promoting the expansion of intestinal stem cells in s. typhimurium-induced mice. Foods 2024; 13(6), 874.
C Liu, X Qi, D Li, L Zhao, Q Li, K Mao, G Shen, Y Ma and R Wang. HF06-derived paraprobiotic and postbiotic alleviate intestinal barrier damage and gut microbiota disruption in mice with ulcerative colitis. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 2024; 104(3), 1702-12.
Y Zhao, Q Liu, Y Hou and Y Zhao. Alleviating effects of gut micro-ecologically regulatory treatments on mice with constipation. Frontiers in Microbiology 2022; 13.
B Zhong, Y Zhao, L Gao, G Yang, Y Gao, F Li and S Li. Anticancer Effects of Weizmannia coagulans MZY531 postbiotics in CT26 colorectal tumor-bearing mice by regulating apoptosis and autophagy. Life 2024; 14(10), 1334.
L Guan, A Hu, S Ma, J Liu, X Yao, T Ye, M Han, C Yang, R Zhang, X Xiao and Y Wu. Lactiplantibacillus plantarum postbiotic protects against Salmonella infection in broilers via modulating NLRP3 inflammasome and gut microbiota. Poultry Science 2024; 103(4), 103483.
C Morales-Ferré, I Azagra-Boronat, M Massot-Cladera, S Tims, K Knipping, J Garssen, J Knol, À Franch, M Castell, FJ Pérez-Cano and MJ Rodríguez-Lagunas. preventive effect of a postbiotic and prebiotic mixture in a rat model of early life rotavirus induced-diarrhea. Nutrients 2022; 14(6).
Y Zhang, Y Wang, Z Zhou, Y Yang, J Zhao, X Kang, Z Li, X Shen, F He and R Cheng. Live and Heat-inactivated Streptococcus thermophilus MN-ZLW-002 mediate the gut–brain axis, alleviating cognitive dysfunction in APP/PS1 mice. Nutrients 2024; 16(6), 844.
J Lee, S Park, N Oh, J Park, M Kwon, J Seo and S Roh. Oral intake of Lactobacillus plantarum L-14 extract alleviates TLR2- and AMPK-mediated obesity-associated disorders in high-fat-diet-induced obese C57BL/6J mice. Cell proliferation 2021; 54(6), e13039.
MS Rahman, Y Lee, D-S Park and Y-S Kim. Bifidobacterium bifidum DS0908 and Bifidobacterium longum DS0950 culture-supernatants ameliorate obesity-related characteristics in mice with high-fat diet-induced obesity. Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 2023; 33(1), 96-105.
AG Ríus, JD Kaufman, MM Li, MD Hanigan and IR Ipharraguerre. Physiological responses of Holstein calves to heat stress and dietary supplementation with a postbiotic from Aspergillus oryzae. Scientific Reports 2022; 12(1), 1587.
X Lou, J Xue, R Shao, C Mo, F Wang and G Chen. Postbiotics as potential new therapeutic agents for sepsis. Burns & Trauma 2023; 11, tkad022.
KK Meena, NK Taneja, D Jain, A Ojha, D Kumawat and V Mishra. In vitro assessment of probiotic and technological properties of lactic acid bacteria isolated from indigenously fermented cereal-based food products. Fermentation 2022; 8(10), 529.
A Szydłowska and B Sionek. Probiotics and postbiotics as the functional food components affecting the immune response. Microorganisms 2023; 11(1), 104.
Y Wei, N Huang, X Ye, M Liu, M Wei and Y Huang. The postbiotic of hawthorn-probiotic ameliorating constipation caused by loperamide in elderly mice by regulating intestinal microecology. Frontier in Nutr 2023; 10, 1103463.
A Osman, N El-Gazzar, TN Almanaa, A El-Hadary and M Sitohy. Lipolytic Postbiotic from Lactobacillus paracasei Manages Metabolic Syndrome in Albino Wistar Rats. Molecules 2021; 26(2).
M Vourakis, G Mayer and G Rousseau. The Role of Gut Microbiota on Cholesterol Metabolism in Atherosclerosis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2021; 22(15), 8074.
S Park, T Zhang, Y Yue and X Wu. Effects of Bile Acid Modulation by Dietary Fat, Cholecystectomy, and Bile Acid Sequestrant on Energy, Glucose, and Lipid Metabolism and Gut Microbiota in Mice. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2022; 23(11), 5935.
X Deng, L Xiao, M Luo, P Xie and L Xiong. Intestinal crosstalk between bile acids and microbiota in irritable bowel syndrome. Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology 2023; 38(7), 1072-82.
Y Bourebaba, K Marycz, M Mularczyk and L Bourebaba. Postbiotics as potential new therapeutic agents for metabolic disorders management. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy 2022; 153, 113138.
Z-H Ying, C-L Mao, W Xie and C-H Yu. Postbiotics in rheumatoid arthritis: emerging mechanisms and intervention perspectives. Frontiers in Microbiology 2023; 14, 1290015.
AS Babu, N Guruprasath, S Adeyeye, P Sankarganesh, AG Kumar and T Sivapriya. A critical analysis of postbiotics: exploring their potential impact on the health and food industries. Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology 2023; 17(4), 2041-60.
A Kudra, K Kaźmierczak-Siedlecka, BK Sobocki, D Muszyński, J Połom, L Carbone, L Marano, F Roviello, L Kalinowski and E Stachowska. Postbiotics in oncology: science or science fiction? Frontiers in Microbiology 2023; 14, 1182547.
S Kim, G-H Kim and H Cho. Postbiotics for cancer prevention and treatment. Korean Journal of Microbiology 2021; 57(3), 142-53.
S Bahmani, N Azarpira and E Moazamian. Anti-colon cancer activity of Bifidobacterium metabolites on colon cancer cell line SW742. Turk J Gastroenterol 2019; 30(9), 835-42.
A Nakkarach, HL Foo, AA Song, NEA Mutalib, S Nitisinprasert and U Withayagiat. Anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory effects elicited by short chain fatty acids produced by Escherichia coli isolated from healthy human gut microbiota. Microb Cell Fact 2021; 20(1), 36.
J Park, M Kwon, J Lee, S Park, J Seo and S Roh. Anti-Cancer Effects of Lactobacillus plantarum L-14 cell-free extract on human malignant Melanoma A375 cells. Molecules 2020; 25(17).
D Chen, D Jin, S Huang, J Wu, M Xu, T Liu, W Dong, X Liu, S Wang, W Zhong, Y Liu, R Jiang, M Piao, B Wang and H Cao. Clostridium butyricum, a butyrate-producing probiotic, inhibits intestinal tumor development through modulating Wnt signaling and gut microbiota. Cancer Lett 2020; 469, 456-67.
AH Rad, l Aghebati-Maleki, HS Kafil and A Abbasi. Molecular mechanisms of postbiotics in colorectal cancer prevention and treatment. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 2020; 61, 1787-1803.
K Śliżewska, P Markowiak-Kopeć and W Śliżewska. The role of probiotics in cancer prevention. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 13(1), 20.
ESS Tan, S Chin, MSP Sathapan, AD Dewi, F Amini, NA Bustami, PY Tan, YB Ho and CK Tan. Mental Health and the COVID-19 pandemic: Observational Evidence from Malaysia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2023; 20(5), 4046.
S Zhao, S Toniolo, A Hampshire and M Husain. Effects of COVID-19 on cognition and brain health. Trends Cogn Sci 2023; 27(11), 1053-67.
L-H Cheng, Y-W Liu, C-C Wu, S Wang and Y-C Tsai. Psychobiotics in mental health, neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis 2019; 27, 632-648.
A Duarte, I Simões, C Cordeiro and PP Martins. Hidden role of gut microbiome in mental health. European Psychiatry 2022; 65, S695 - S.
S Roy, S Banerjee, P Bhowmick and L Choudhury. Psychobiotics: Deciphering its role in neuropsychiatry. World Journal of Biology Pharmacy and Health Sciences 2023.
H Sharma and JS Bajwa. Approach of probiotics in mental health as a psychobiotics. Archives of Microbiology 2021; 204.
M Pandey, A Bhati, K Priya, KK Sharma and B Singhal. Precision Postbiotics and Mental Health: the Management of Post-COVID-19 Complications. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2022; 14(3), 426-48.
JD Braga, M Thongngam and T Kumrungsee. Gamma-aminobutyric acid as a potential postbiotic mediator in the gut–brain axis. NPJ Science of Food 2024; 8(1), 16.
A Chudzik, A Orzyłowska, R Rola and GJ Stanisz. Probiotics, Prebiotics and postbiotics on mitigation of depression symptoms: modulation of the brain–gut–microbiome axis. Biomolecules 2021; 11(7), 1000.
G Vinderola, ME Sanders and S Salminen. The concept of postbiotics. Foods 2022; 11(8), 1077.
IM Theodorou, D Kapoukranidou, M Theodorou, JK Tsetis, AE Menni, G Tzikos, S Bareka, A Shrewsbury, G Stavrou and K Kotzampassi. Cosmeceuticals: A review of Clinical Studies Claiming to Contain Specific, Well-Characterized Strains of Probiotics or Postbiotics. Nutrients 2024; 16(15).
A Kumar, KM Green and M Rawat. A Comprehensive Overview of Postbiotics with a Special Focus on Discovery Techniques and Clinical Applications. Foods 2024; 13(18).
L-t Tao, H Lu, J Xiong, L Zhang, W-w Sun and X-f Shan. The application and potential of postbiotics as sustainable feed additives in aquaculture. Aquaculture 2024; 592, 741237.
A Yousefvand, Q-H Pham, TM Ho, S Amiri, N Mäkelä-Salmi and PEJ Saris. Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB12-derived postbiotic powders enhance antioxidant and physicochemical properties of low-fat yoghurt. Food and Bioprocess Technology 2024; 17(11), 4354-70.
G Zavišić, S Ristić, S Petričević, D Janković and B Petković. Microbial contamination of food: probiotics and postbiotics as potential biopreservatives. Foods 2024; 13(16).
S Sepordeh, AM Jafari, S Bazzaz, A Abbasi, R Aslani, S Houshmandi and AH Rad. Postbiotic as novel alternative agent or adjuvant for the common antibiotic utilized in the food industry. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2024; 25(10), 1245-63.
WW Chuah, JS Tan, SN Hazwani Oslan and P Bothi Raja. Enhancing food preservation with postbiotic metabolites γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and bacteriocin-like inhibitory substances (BLIS) produced by Lactobacillus brevis C23 co-cultures in plant-based medium. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2024; 54(4), 514-25.
S Sabahi, A Homayouni Rad, L Aghebati-Maleki, N Sangtarash, MA Ozma, A Karimi, H Hosseini and A Abbasi. Postbiotics as the new frontier in food and pharmaceutical research. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023; 63(26), 8375-402.
D Morniroli, G Vizzari, A Consales, F Mosca and ML Giannì. Postbiotic Supplementation for children and newborn's health. Nutrients 2021; 13(3), 781.
S Meruva, AB Singaraju, BP Vinjamuri, R Ternik and WC Stagner. Current state of minitablet product design: A review. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 2024; 113(5), 1123-54.
L Gargioni, D Fogli and P Baroni. A Systematic review on pill and medication dispensers from a human-centered perspective. Journal of Healthcare Informatics Research 2024; 8(2), 244-85.
M Tarahi, S Tahmouzi, MR Kianiani, S Ezzati, S Hedayati and M Niakousari. Current innovations in the development of functional gummy candies. Foods 2023; 13(1).
RG Singh, V Garcia-Campayo, JB Green, N Paton, JD Saunders, H Al-Wahsh, DC Crowley, ED Lewis, M Evans and M Moulin. Efficacy of a yeast postbiotic on cold/flu symptoms in healthy children: A randomized-controlled trial. Pediatric Research 2024; 96(7), 1739-1748.
K Dey, M Sheth, S Anand, G Archana and S Raval. Daily consumption of galactooligosaccharide gummies ameliorates constipation symptoms, gut dysbiosis, degree of depression and quality of life among sedentary university teaching staff: A double-blind randomized placebo control clinical trial. Indian Journal of Gastroenterology 2023; 42(6), 839-48.
R Arora, R Kaur, R Babbar, S Dhingra, AK Dhingra and AS Grewal. Evolving advances in the cosmetic use of probiotics and postbiotics: health, regulatory and marketing aspects. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2024; 25(11), 1349-61.
J Kim, YI Lee, S Mun, J Jeong, DG Lee, M Kim, H Jo, S Lee, K Han and JH Lee. Efficacy and safety of Epidermidibacterium keratini epi-7 derived postbiotics in skin aging: A Prospective Clinical Study. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2023; 24(5).
M Majeed, S Majeed, K Nagabhushanam, L Mundkur, HR Rajalakshmi, K Shah and K Beede. Novel topical application of a postbiotic, LactoSporin®, in mild to moderate acne: A Randomized, Comparative Clinical Study to Evaluate its Efficacy, Tolerability and Safety. Cosmetics 2020; 7(3), 70.
DQ Wang, X Li, RY Zhang, C Yuan, B Yan, P Humbert and ZX Quan. Effects of investigational moisturizers on the skin barrier and microbiome following exposure to environmental aggressors: a randomized clinical trial and ex vivo analysis. Journal of clinical medicine 2023; 12(18).
D Araújo, AR Silva, R Fernandes, P Serra, MM Barros, AM Campos, R Oliveira, S Silva, C Almeida and J Castro. Emerging approaches for mitigating biofilm-formation-associated infections in farm, wild, and companion animals. Pathogens 2024; 13(4).
D Hernandez-Patlan, G Tellez-Isaias, X Hernandez-Velasco and B Solis-Cruz. Editorial: Technological strategies to improve animal health and production. Frontiers in veterinary science 2023; 10, 1206170.
J Wang, S Li, Y Jian, J Song, J Zheng, D Zhou, Y Kong, SM Limbu, J Ye and Z Ding. Dietary postbiotics supplementation improves growth, survival rate, antioxidant capacity, non-specific immunity and gut health of juvenile oriental river prawn (Macrobrachium nipponense). Aquaculture Reports 2023; 33, 101771.
Z Yu, Q Hao, SB Liu, QS Zhang, XY Chen, SH Li, C Ran, YL Yang, T Teame, Z Zhang and ZG Zhou. The positive effects of postbiotic (SWF concentration®) supplemented diet on skin mucus, liver, gut health, the structure and function of gut microbiota of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fed with high-fat diet. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2023; 135, 108681.
D Meng, Q Hao, Q Zhang, Z Yu, S Liu, Y Yang, C Ran, Z Zhang and Z Zhou. A compound of paraprobiotic and postbiotic derived from autochthonous microorganisms improved growth performance, epidermal mucus, liver and gut health and gut microbiota of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Aquaculture 2023; 570, 739378.
F Vicente, M Campo-Celada, M Menéndez-Miranda, J García-Rodríguez and A Martínez-Fernández. Effect of postbiotic supplementation on nutrient digestibility and milk yield during the transition period in dairy cows. Animals 2024; 14(16), 2359.
A Gamage, R Gangahagedara, J Gamage, N Jayasinghe, N Kodikara, P Suraweera and O Merah. Role of organic farming for achieving sustainability in agriculture. Farming System 2023; 1(1), 100005.
F Goulet, A Aulagnier and E Fouilleux. Moving beyond pesticides: Exploring alternatives for a changing food system. Environmental Science & Policy 2023; 147, 177-87.
N khani, G Noorkhajavi, RH Reziabad, AH Rad and M Ziavand. Postbiotics as Potential Detoxification Tools for Mitigation of Pesticides. Probiotics and Antimicrobial proteins 2024; 16(4), 1427-39.
T Janakiev, K Kruščić and I Dimkić. Secondary metabolites of Pseudomonas and Bacillus species in plant disease management. Microbiology (Mikrobiologija) 2023; 44(1).
A Manikandan, R Anandham, I Johnson, R Krishnamoorthy, M Senthilkumar, R Raghu, NO Gopal and PK Mukherjee (2023) Bacillus and Streptomyces for management of biotic stresses in plants for sustainable agriculture. In: Chhabra S, Prasad R, Maddela NR, Tuteja N, editors. Plant microbiome for plant productivity and sustainable Agriculture. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore; p. 263-88.
H Sharafi, E Divsalar, Z Rezaei, SQ Liu and M Moradi. The potential of postbiotics as a novel approach in food packaging and biopreservation: a systematic review of the latest developments. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2024; 64(33), 12524-54.
D Liang, F Wu, D Zhou, B Tan and T Chen. Commercial probiotic products in public health: current status and potential limitations. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2024; 64(19), 6455-76.
R Waheed, AZ Farooq and L Asma (2024) Regulatory Considerations for Microbiome-Based Therapeutics. In: Khurshid M, Akash MSH, editors. human microbiome: techniques, strategies, and therapeutic potential. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore; p. 657-89.
S Salminen, MC Collado, A Endo, C Hill, S Lebeer, EMM Quigley, ME Sanders, R Shamir, JR Swann, H Szajewska and G Vinderola. The International Scientific Association of Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of postbiotics. Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology 2021; 18(9), 649-667.
V Gabriel. Postbiotics: A global perspective on regulatory progress. (n.d.) [Available from: https://isappscience.org/postbiotics-a-global-perspective-on-regulatory-progress
Regulation (EU) 2015/2283 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 November 2015 on novel foods, amending Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011 of the European Parliament and of the Council and repealing Regulation (EC) No 258/97 of the European Parliament and of the Council and Commission Regulation (EC) No 1852/2001 (Text with EEA relevance), 2015.
SS Sawant, HY Park, EY Sim, HS Kim and HS Choi. Microbial fermentation in food: Impact on functional properties and nutritional enhancement: A review of recent developments. Fermentation 2025; 11(1), 15.
T Li, X Liu, H Xiang, H Zhu, X Lu and B Feng. Two-phase fermentation systems for microbial production of plant-derived terpenes. Molecules 2024; 29(5), 1127.
N Hosseinzadeh, A Asqardokht-Aliabadi, V Sarabi-Aghdam, N Hashemi, PR Dogahi, N Sarraf-Ov and A Homayouni-Rad. Antioxidant properties of postbiotics: an overview on the analysis and evaluation methods. Probiotics and Antimicrobial proteins 2024, 1-19.
N Kumar, JS Bharat, A Kumar and V Jaitak. Recent advancement in mass based plant metabolomics: techniques, tools, and analytical approaches. Phytochemistry Reviews 2024, 1-38.
F Ramazanidoroh, M Hosseininezhad, D Shahrampour and X Wu. Edible packaging as a functional carrier of prebiotics, probiotics, and postbiotics to boost food safety, quality, and shelf life. Probiotics and Antimicrobial proteins 2024; 16(4), 1327-1347.
H Sharafi, E Divsalar, Z Rezaei, S-Q Liu and M Moradi. The potential of postbiotics as a novel approach in food packaging and biopreservation: a systematic review of the latest developments. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 2024; 64(33), 12524-12554.
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Walailak University
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
