The Effect of an 8-Week Germinated Black Rice Extract Consumption on Cognitive Functions in Healthy Middle-Aged and Elderly Volunteers: A Randomized Controlled Trial
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.48048/tis.2024.7981Keywords:
Black rice, Oryza sativa L., Acetylcholinesterase, Monoamine oxidase, Working memoryAbstract
The population of older people has been increasing rapidly worldwide. It was found that the neurons in the brains of the elderly were deteriorating, which has resulted in decreased learning and memory. The prevention of these conditions has therefore received more attention. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of germinated black rice extract (GBR) on learning and memory in middle-aged and elderly subjects. Twenty-four subjects aged 45 to 70 were randomized into 2 groups, a control and an experimental group who received placebo versus GBR (1,000 mg/day) for eight weeks. A computerized battery test was performed at weeks 4 and 8. One of the neurotransmitter biomarkers for learning and memory assessment is the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and monoamine oxidase (MAO) in plasma. The results showed that 4 weeks after GBR consumption, the working memory was improved by decreasing the response time, attentional control, and memory speed. Moreover, at week 8, there was a significant improvement in response time (speed of memory) and quality of memory compared to the placebo group. At the end of the study period, the findings revealed that AChE and MAO levels were statistically significantly lower in the intervention group than in the control group. Moreover, no alteration in biochemical parameters of the liver and renal function was observed, which could confirm the safety of this formula. Therefore, GBR could promote learning and memory. The possible mechanism might have occurred primarily via the suppression of AChE and MAO levels.
HIGHLIGHTS
- Germinated brown rice reduced acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in plasma
- Germinated brown rice reduced monoamine oxidase (MAO) in plasma
- Germinated brown rice extract can improve working memory functions
GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
Downloads
Metrics
References
P Whangmahaporn, P Simmonds and B Whangmahaporn. Factors affecting quality of life of the elderly in Thailand. Asian Polit. Sci. Rev. 2018; 2, 79-87.
RS Wilson, T Wang, L Yu, DA Bennett and PA Boyle. Normative cognitive decline in old age. Ann. Neurol. 2020; 87, 816-29.
DA Butterfield. Oxidative stress in brain in amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Antioxidants 2023; 12, 462.
P Singh, B Barman and MK Thakur. Oxidative stress-mediated memory impairment during aging and its therapeutic intervention by natural bioactive compounds. Front. Aging Neurosci. 2022; 14, 944697.
E Sikora, A Bielak-Zmijewska, M Dudkowska, A Krzystyniak, G Mosieniak, M Wesierska and J Wlodarczyk. Cellular senescence in brain aging. Front. Aging Neurosci. 2021; 13, 646924.
W Thukhammee, J Wattanathorn, S Muchimapura and W Kirisattayakul. An anthocyanin-rich corn derived herbal tea improves memory, oxidative stress status and the functions of cholinergic and monoaminergic systems in hippocampus. J. Med. Assoc. Thai. 2020; 103, 113.
ES Ukpong and EU Onyeka. Nutritional and health properties of germinated brown rice-a review. Niger. Food J. 2019; 37, 92-105.
C Chaiyasut, BS Sivamaruthi, N Pengkumsri, M Saelee, P Kesika, S Sirilun, P Fukngoen, K Jampatip, S Khongtan and S Peerajan. Optimization of conditions to achieve high content of gamma amino butyric acid in germinated black rice, and changes in bioactivities. Food Sci. Tech. 2017; 37, 83-93.
SF Pasaribu, B Wiboworini and LR Kartikasari. Effect of germinated black rice Krisna extract on fasting blood glucose and body weight in diabetes mellitus rats. Int. J. Nutr. Food Sci. 2021; 6, 194-200.
DK Panda, B Jyotirmayee and G Mahalik. Black rice: A review from its history to chemical makeup to health advantages, nutritional properties and dietary uses. Plant Sci. Today 2022; 9, 1-15.
W Ohnon, J Wattanathorn, W Thukham-mee, S Muchimapura, P Wannanon and T Tong-un. The combined extract of black sticky rice and dill improves poststroke cognitive impairment in metabolic syndrome condition. Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev. 2019; 2019, 9089035.
S Mapoung, W Semmarath, P Arjsri, P Thippraphan, K Srisawad, S Umsumarng, K Phromnoi, S Jamjod, C Prom-u-Thai and P Dejkriengkraikul. Comparative analysis of bioactive-phytochemical characteristics, antioxidants activities, and anti-inflammatory properties of selected black rice germ and bran (Oryza sativa L.) varieties. Eur. Food Res. Tech. 2023; 249, 451-64.
W Brown and MR Marques. The United States Pharmacopeia 31/National Formulary 26. United States Pharmacopeial Convention, Maryland, 2008.
N Saenghong, J Wattanathorn, S Muchimapura, T Tongun, N Piyavhatkul, C Banchonglikitkul and T Kajsongkram. Zingiber officinale improves cognitive function of the middle-aged healthy women. Evid. base Compl. Alternative Med. 2012; 2012, 383062.
W Thukham-mee, J Wattanathorn, P Paholpak, P Ransikachi and N Piyavhatkul. The positive modulation effect of a 6-week consumption of an anthocyanin-rich mulberry milk on working memory, cholinergic, and monoaminergic functions in healthy working-age adults. Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev. 2021; 2021, 5520059.
R Sayer, E Law, PJ Connelly and KC Breen. Association of a salivary acetylcholinesterase with Alzheimer’s disease and response to cholinesterase inhibitors. Clin. Biochem. 2004; 37, 98-104.
M Bortolato, K Chen and JC Shih. Monoamine oxidase inactivation: From pathophysiology to therapeutics. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 2008; 60, 1527-33.
J Wattanathorn, W Somboonporn, W Thukham-Me and S Sungkamnee. Memory-enhancing effect of 8-week consumption of the quercetin-enriched culinary herbs-derived functional ingredients: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Foods 2022; 11, 2678.
KA Wesnes and J Reynolds. The effects on the cognitive function of healthy volunteers of a combination of acetyl-L-carnitine, vinpocetine and huperzine A administered over 28 days. Int. J. Neurol. Neurother. 2019, 6, 089.
S Vaseghi, S Arjmandi-Rad, M Eskandari, M Ebrahimnejad, G Kholghi and MR Zarrindast. Modulating role of serotonergic signaling in sleep and memory. Pharmacol. Rep. 2022, 74, 1-26.
S Manzoor and N Hoda. A comprehensive review of monoamine oxidase inhibitors as Anti-Alzheimer’s disease agents: A review. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2020; 206, 112787.
T Behl, D Kaur, A Sehgal, S Singh, N Sharma, G Zengin, FL Andronie-Cioara, MM Toma, S Bungau, and AG Bumbu. Role of monoamine oxidase activity in Alzheimer’s disease: An insight into the therapeutic potential of inhibitors. Molecules 2021; 26, 3724.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Walailak University
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
