Risk Factors Affecting the Bacterial Contamination in Water of Thailand’s Upper South 2020 - 2022
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.48048/tis.2024.7158Keywords:
Risk factors, Bacteria, Contamination, Water, Public health area, ThailandAbstract
Bacterial contamination in water is an important cause of human health problems. Water-borne infections are among the top 10 reasons for illness in Thailand and accounted for 40 % of all infections necessitating surveillance. The purpose of this study was to identify environmental factors influencing bacterial contamination in water in the upper southern region of Thailand. Secondary data on water quality were obtained from 2 Regional Medical Sciences Centers, and environmental data were collected from the National Statistical Office’s annual reports for 2020 - 2022. A multiple logistic regression model was used to investigate the factors influencing bacterial contamination to exceed the standard. There were 674 water samples contaminated with bacteria, which implied 10.97 % of the total number of samples. The factors that were significantly associated with greater bacterial contamination than standard were provinces and years of production, water types, bacterial types and rainfall levels. Bacteria were more likely to contaminate the water generated in Chumphon province. The quantity contamination for consumption water varied by years of production, with Total Coliform Bacteria (TCB) being the most contaminated bacterial strain as rainfall increases. High precipitation deteriorated biological water quality, which was the origin of water-borne diseases. Entrepreneurs and other connected organizations must constantly watch for bacterial contamination when there is a change in a manufacturing site or when the season changes from hot to rainy.
HIGHLIGHTS
- Environmental changes have an influence on the bacterial contamination of water in Thailand’s upper southern region
- Rainfall, production location, year of production, types of bacteria, and kinds of water are risk factors related to the presence of bacteria contaminants in water
- There is greater bacterial contamination in the water as the amount of rainfall increases or rains more
- Indicator bacteria are more easily detected in water than disease bacteria
- Bacteria are more likely to be detected in processed water and household water than in drinking water and ice for consumption
GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
Downloads
Metrics
References
S Srikullabutr, P Sattasathuchana, A Kerdsin and N Thengchaisri. Prevalence of coliform bacterial contamination in cat drinking water in households in Thailand. Vet. World 2021; 14, 721-6.
C Somnuk and L Jareanviset. Coliform bacteria examination in ready to eat food at Rambhai Barni Rajabhat University. Rajabhat Rambhai Barni Res. J. 2016; 10, 89-94.
World Health Organization. Guidelines for drinking-water quality, Available at: http://www. who.int, accessed January 2023.
Minnesota Department of Health. Coliform bacteria, Available at: https://www.health.state.mn.us/ communities/environment/water/docs/contaminants/coliform.pdf, accessed January 2023.
M Metz, J Sheehan and PCH Feng. Use of indicator bacteria for monitoring
sanitary quality of raw milk cheeses - a literature review. Food Microbiol. 2020; 85, 103283.
PK Pandey, PH Kass, ML Soupir, S Biswas and VP Singh. Contamination of water resources by pathogenic bacteria. AMB Express 2014; 4, 51.
E Taviani, HVD Berg, F Nhassengo, E Nguluve, J Paulo, O Pedro and G Ferrero. Occurrence of waterborne pathogens and antibiotic resistance in water supply systems in a small town in Mozambique. BMC Microbiol. 2022; 22, 243.
ER Atwill and S Jeamsripong. Bacterial diversity and potential risk factors associated with Salmonella contamination of seafood products sold in retail markets in Bangkok, Thailand. PeerJ 2021; 9, e12694.
J Ahmed, LP Wong, YP Chua, N Channa, RB Mahar, A Yasmin, JA VanDerslice and JV Garn. Quantitative microbial risk assessment of drinking water quality to predict the risk of waterborne diseases in primary-school children. Int. J. Environ. Res. Publ. Health 2020; 17, 2774.
HH Patel and M Pharm. Water-borne diseases, Available at: https://www.news-medical.net/health/ Water-Borne-Diseases.aspx, accessed January 2023.
The United States Agency for International Development (USAID), Available at: https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_ docs/PA00XVHF.pdf, accessed January 2023.
Luma Health Insurance. Guide to common diseases in Thailand, Available at: https://www. lumahealth.com/guides/thailand/common-diseases-in-thailand, accessed January 2023.
The Borgen Project. Water quality in Thailand, Available at: https://borgenproject.org/water-quality-in-thailand-2/, accessed January 2023.
F Briški and MV Domanovac. Environmental microbiology. Phys. Sci. Rev. 2017; 2, 20160118.
S Jeamsripong, R Chuanchuen and ER Atwill. Assessment of bacterial accumulation and environmental factors in sentinel oysters and estuarine water quality from the Phang Nga estuary area in Thailand. Int. J. Environ. Res. Publ. Health 2018; 15, 1970.
S Hales. Climate change, extreme rainfall events, drinking water and enteric disease. Rev. Environ. Health 2019; 34, 1-3.
EJ Gomez, JA Delgado and JM Gonzalez. Environmental factors affect the response of microbial extracellular enzyme activity in soils when determined as a function of water availability and temperature. Ecol. Evol. 2020; 10, 10105-15.
N Onmek, J Kongcharoen, A Singtong, A Penjumrus and S Junnoo. Environmental factors and ventilation affect concentrations of microorganisms in hospital wards of southern Thailand. J. Environ. Publ. Health 2020; 2020, 7292198.
S Jeamsripong, V Thaotumpitak, S Anuntawirun, N Roongrojmongkhon and ER Atwill. Meteorological and water quality factors associated with microbial diversity in coastal water from intensified oyster production areas of Thailand. Water 2022; 14, 3838.
D Hou, Z Huang, S Zeng, J Liu, D Wei, X Deng, S Weng, Z He and J He. Environmental factors shape water microbial community structure and function in shrimp cultural enclosure ecosystems. Front. Microbiol. 2017; 8, 2359.
MV Yates. Drinking water microbiology. Encyclopedia Microbiol. 2019; 4, 83-9.
National Statistical Office. Statistical yearbook Thailand 2022, Available at: http://service. nso.go.th/nso/nsopublish/pubs/e-book/SYB-2022/index.html, accessed December 2022.
Regional Environment Office 15, Available at: http://www.oic.go.th/ FILEWEB/CABINFOCENTER66/DRAWER040/GENERAL/DATA0000/00000545.PDF, accessed December 2021.
K Klaharn, D Pichpol, T Meeyam, T Harintharanon, P Lohaanukul and V Punyapornwithaya. Bacterial contamination of chicken meat in slaughterhouses and the associated risk factors: A nationwide study in Thailand. PLos One 2022; 17, e0269416.
Regional Medical Sciences Center 11, Surat Thani, Available at: https://rmsc11. dmsc.moph.go.th/e-book/Annual2565/, accessed December 2022.
The Ministry of Public Health. Drinking water in sealed containers. The Government Gazette, Bangkok, Thailand, 1981.
The Ministry of Public Health. Prescribing quality standard terms conditions and method for the analysis of food on pathogenic microorganisms. The Government Gazette, Bangkok, Thailand, 2020.
Department of Diseases Control. Health statistics of Thai people at the area level, Available at: https:// www.hiso.or.th/thaihealthstat/area/index.php?ma=4&pf=01818101&tp=203, accessed December 2022.
RC Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria, 2020.
EJ Archer, C Baker-Austin, TJ Osborn, NR Jones, J Martínez-Urtaza, J Trinanes, JD Oliver,
FJC González and IR Lake. Climate warming and increasing Vibrio vulnificus infections in
North America. Sci. Rep. 2023; 13, 3893.
IS Alshomali and O Gulseven. A note on SDG 6 - clean water and sanitation for all. Res. Gate 2020, https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.16461.38881.
Bureau of Environmental Health, Available at: https://env.anamai.moph.go.th/web-upload/migrated/files/env/n553_ 7e737d1ff6decd08e3616a1da3c8d07f_h004.pdf, accessed July 2021.
Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, Available at: https://www.kanpho.go.th/new/downloads/A2.pdf, accessed April 2020.
K Xu, C Valeo, J He and Z Xu. Climate and land use influences on bacteria levels in stormwater. Water 2019; 11, 2451.
Q You, N Fang, L Liu, W Yang, L Zhang and Y Wang. Effects of land use, topography, climate, and socio-economic factors on geographical variation pattern of inland surface water quality in China. PLoS One 2019; 14, e0217840.
P Tharnpoophasiam, U Suthisarnsuntorn, S Worakhunpiset, P Charoenjai, W Tunyong, S Phrom-in and S Chattanadee. Preliminary post-tsunami water quality survey in Phang-Nga province, southern Thailand. Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Publ. Health 2006; 37, 216-20.
A Bastaraud, JM Rakotondramanga, J Mahazosaotra, N Ravaonindrina and R Jambou.
Environmental factors and the microbial quality of urban drinking water in a low-income
country: The case of Madagascar. Water 2018; 10, 1450.
Department of water resources. Guidelines for providing clean water in the community, Available at: https://www.dwr.go.th/en/index.php/1_14nalltang.pdf, accessed January 2023.
A Shahryari, CD Smith and A Amini. Degradation of bacterial water quality in drinking water after bottling. Open Microbiol. J. 2020; 14, 78-83.
P Thongkhow, A Kummuda, S Sawee and P Makkaew. Bacteriological quality of ice and associated sanitary conditions in food and beverage premises in Thasala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand. Malays. J. Publ. Health Med. 2021; 21, 252-6.
Department of Health. Handbook for improving the quality of drinking water in hospitals, Available at: https://apps.hpc.go.th/dl/web/upFile/2019/12-5027-20191227122624/4bb5cf02960604709e10b3f 51c0c3860.pdf, accessed March 2023.
C Poulin, R Peletz, A Ercumen, AJ Pickering, K Marshall, AB Boehm, R Khush and C Delaire. What environmental factors influence the concentration of fecal indicator bacteria in groundwater? Insights from explanatory modeling in Uganda and Bangladesh. Environ. Sci. Tech. 2020; 54, 13566-78.
P Feng. Impact of molecular biology on the detection of foodborne pathogens. Mol. Biotechnol. 1997; 7, 267-78.
M Seo, H Lee and Y Kim. Relationship between coliform bacteria and water quality factors at weir stations in the Nakdong River, South Korea. Water 2019; 11, 1171.
JE Powers, M Mureithi, J Mboya, J Campolo, JM Swarthouh, J Pajka, C Null and AJ Pikering. Effects of high temperature and heavy precipitation on drinking water quality and child hand contamination levels in rural Kenya. Environ. Sci. Tech. 2023; 57, 6975-88.
Announcement of the Department of Health, Available at: https://foodsan.anamai.moph.go.th/th/water-quality/download/ ?did=204437&id=72141&reload=, accessed July 2021.
MN Babic, C Gostincar and N Gunde-Cimerman. Microorganisms populating the water-related indoor biome. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2020; 104, 6443-62.
FDA US Food and Drug Administration. HACCP principles & application guidelines,
Available at: https://www.fda.gov/food/hazard-analysis-critical-control-point-haccp/haccp-principles -application-guidelines#:~:text=HACCP%20is%20a%20management%20system, consumption%20 of%20the%20finished%20product, accessed July 2022.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Walailak University
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
