An Overview: Relationship of Geological Condition and Rainfall with Landslide Events at East Malaysia

Authors

  • Mohammad Haziq Rosly Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
  • Habib Musa Mohamad Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
  • Nurmin Bolong Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
  • Noor Sheena Herayani Harith Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.48048/tis.2022.3464

Keywords:

Rainfall-induced landslide, Earthquake-induced landslide, Unsaturated soil strength

Abstract

Tropical country like Malaysia is rich with residual soil and nurtured with high rainfall amount on average 2,550 mm per year. From 2009 until 2018, there are many landslide events reported in the news at Ranau, Sabah and Canada Hill Miri, Sarawak that occurred during rainy season and the landslide recurs within same location over the years. The objective of this study is to determine the relationship of landslide events with geological condition and rainfall at Ranau, Sabah and Canada Hill Miri, Sarawak. Historical landslide data were obtained from local news, previous researchers, and local authorities. Integrated review was conducted to meet the objective. In summary, both areas are prone to landslide due to the high average amount rainfall recorded and the geological properties that are susceptible to landslide occurrence namely shale interbedded with sandstone. Sandstone and shale contact are easily accessible by water weaken the contact surface lead to landslides incidents. Besides, Shale classified as highly plastic soil due to high amount of clay. Clay soil depends on its matric suction to sustain its strength towards sliding. Thus, increasing of pore pressure from rain infiltration reduce the matric suction and eventually reduce the shear strength. Ranau is located at seismically active area compare to Miri and other locations in Sabah crossing Lobou-Lobou fault, Mensaban fault and Mesilou fault. Theoretically, slope instability due to earthquake happened because the cementation of soil may be broken and lead to lesser roughness between soil surfaces resulting in reduction of internal friction angle and cohesion of soil.

HIGHLIGHTS

  • Rainfall-induced landslides are the common landslides phenomenon worldwide including East Malaysia.
  • However, due to the high number of seismic activity, Earthquake-induced landslides should not be neglected as one of slope failure phenomena in East Malaysia
  • Combinations of both Rainfall and Earthquake are required to be investigated due to the presence of both landslide triggering factors from historical data at East Malaysia


GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Metrics

Metrics Loading ...

References

D Jamalludin, F Ahmad and RZ Abidin. Characteristics of soil taken from slope failure sedimentary and granitic residual. Int. J. Civ. Environ. Eng. 2014; 14, 31-7.

D Kazmi, S Qasim, ISH Harahap, S Baharom, M Imran and S Moin. A study on the contributing factors of major landslides in Malaysia. Civ. Eng. J. 2016; 2, 10.

HA Rahman and J Mapjabil. Landslides disaster in Malaysia: An overview. Health Environ. J. 2017; 8, 58-7.

H Singh, BBK Huat and S Jamaludin. Slope assessment systems: A review and evaluation of current techniques used for cut slopes in the mountainous terrain of West Malaysia. Electron. J. Geotech. Eng. 2014; 13.

I Rahim and MNR Usli. Slope stability study around Kampung Kuala Abai, Kota Belud, Sabah, Malaysia. Malays. J. Geosci. 2017; 1, 38-42.

MF Ali, MA Makatar, K Khalid and NFA Rahman. Erosion assessment of slope failure tragedies; a case study in Malaysia. Appl. Mech. Mater. 2018; 567, 711-6.

M Mukhlisin, SJ Matlan, MJ Ahlan and MR Taha. Analysis of rainfall effect to slope stability in Ulu Klang, Malaysia. J. Teknol. 2015; 72, 15-21.

S Jamaludin and AN Hussein. Landslide hazard and risk assessment: The malaysian experience. In: Proceedings of the 10th Congress of the International Association for Engineering Geology and the Environment, London, United Kingdom. 2009.

Bundu Tuhan Landslip Disrupts Traffic, Daily Express, Available at: http://dailyexpress.com.my, accessed May 2012.

Eighteen Kundasang Homes are Hit by Landslides, Daily Express, Available at: http://dailyexpress.com.my, accessed April 2011.

Landslip-Hit Ranau-Tamparuli Road Reopens within Hours, Borneo Post, Available at: http://theborneopost.com, accessed December 2013.

MY Chung and VH Loo. The effect of rainfall variability on slope stability in Canada hill, Miri. IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng. 2018; 495, 012099.

MIU Abdullah. Mudslides Expected Following Ranau Earthquake, New Straits Times, Available at: http://nst.com.my, accessed December 2018.

M Vanar. Sabah Landslide Strands Motorists, Tourists Miss Flights, The Star, Available at: http://thestar.com.my, accessed December 2009.

S Lee. Landslide near Kundasang Road Cuts Off Link between Ranau and Kota Kinabalu, The Star, Available at: http://thestar.com.my, accessed December 2018.

Landslide Cuts Off Road Transport in Sabah, Malaysia, English People’s Daily Online, Available at: http://english.peopledaily.com.cn, accessed October 2010.

SJ Matlan, S Abdullah, R Alias, M Mukhlisin. Effect of working rainfall and soil water index on slope stability in Ranau, Sabah. Int. J. Civ. Eng. Technol. 2018; 7, 1331-41.

B Lim and AB Cerato. Shear strength of shale weathered expansive soils along swell-shrink paths: analysis based on microscopic properties. Environ. Earth Sci. 2015; 74, 6887-99.

FAM Marinho. Undrained shear of plastic soils under suction. Springer Ser. Geomech. Geoeng. 2013; 3, 45-55.

H Pujiastuti, A Rifa’I, AD Adi and TF Fathani. The effect of matric suction on the shear strength of unsaturated sandy clay. Int. J. GEOMATE. 2018; 14, 112-9.

TA Mohamed, F Ali, S Hashim and BBK Huat. Relationship between shear strength and soil water characteristic curve of an unsaturated granitic residual soil. Am. J. Environ. Sci. 2006; 2, 142-5.

SS Gue and T Yean-Chin. Landslides: Case histories, lessons learned and mitigation measures. Landslide, Sinkhole, Structure Failure: Myth or Science, 2006.

IA Rahim, KY Lee and NM Salleh. Kampung Mesilou landslide: The controlling factors. Geol. Behav. 2017; 1, 19-21.

R Roslee, S Tahir, B Musta and AKS Omang. Geological inputs for landslide hazard identification (LHI) in the Trusmadi formation slopes, Sabah, Malaysia. Borneo Sci. 2010; 26.

CW Marsh and AG Greer. Forest land-use in Sabah, Malaysia: An introduction to Danum valley. Philos. Trans. Biol. Sci. 1992; 335, 331-9.

FF Tating, HR Hack and VG Jetten. Engineering aspects and time effects of rapid deterioration of sandstone in the tropical environment of Sabah, Malaysia. Eng. Geol. 2013; 159, 20-30.

Z Sa’adi, S Shahid, T Ismail, ES Chung and XJ Wang. Distributional changes in rainfall and river flow in Sarawak, Malaysia. Asia-Pac. J. Atmospheric Sci. 2017; 53, 489-500.

Public Works Department Malaysia. National slope master plan 2009-2023. Public Works Department Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 2009, p. 1-382.

HHM Yusoff, KA Razak, F yuen, A Harun, J Talib, Z Mohamad, Z Ramli and RA Razab. Mapping of post-event earthquake induced landslides in Sg. Mesilou using LiDAR. IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci. 2016; 37, 012068.

N Simon, NNN Azlan, R Roslee, A Hussein, LK Ern and K Sharir. Physical soil characterization on stable and failed slopes of the Ranau-Tambunan Road, Sabah, Malaysia. Nat. Environ. Pollut. Technol. 2017; 16, 659-65.

R Roslee and F Tongkul. Engineering Geological Mapping on Slope Design in the Mountainous Area of Sabah Western, Malaysia. Pak. J. Geol. 2018; 2, 1-10.

N Simon, R Roslee, AG Rafek, GT Lai, NNN Azlan, K Sharir, NL Marto, A Hussein and LK Ern. Rock mass assessment using geological strength index (GSI) along the Ranau-Tambunan Road, Sabah, Malaysia. Res. J. Appl. Sci. Eng. Technol. 2016; 1; 108-15.

K Sharir, R Roslee, LK Ern and N Simon. Landslide factors and susceptibility mapping on natural and artificial slopes in Kundasang, Sabah. Sains Malays. 2017; 46, 1531-40.

F Tongkul. Active tectonics in Sabah-seismicity and active fault. Bull. Geol. Soc. Malays. 2017; 64, 27-36.

RA Abdullah, MNA Alel, MZ Ramli, MAA Kadir, NZM Yunus, LS Shan and K Abdullah. Dynamic slope stability analysis for Sabah earthquake. Warta Geologi. 2019; 45, 48-51.

HD Tjia. Kundasang (Sabah) at the intersection of regional fault zones of quaternary age. Bull. Geol. Soc. Malays. 2007; 53, 59-66.

JA Barat. 2011, Scales and characteristics of Heterogenecity in Sandstone Reservoirs, Miri Field, Sarawak. Bachelor’s degree dissertation. Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Perak, Malaysia.

FL Kessler and J Jong. The origin of Canada hill-a result of strike-slip deformation and hydraulically powered uplift at the Pleistocene/Holocene border?. Bull. Geol. Soc. Malays. 2014; 60, 35 - 44.

HFWS Erfen, AG Gansau and W Henry. Engineering properties of soil from unstable slopes in Ranau-Kundasang, Sabah, Malaysia. Trans. Sci. Technol. 2016; 3, 495-500.

A Rahimi, H Rahardjo and EC Leong. Effect of antecedent rainfall patterns on rainfall-induced slope failure. J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 2011; 137, 483-91.

H Setiawan, W Wilopo, T Wiyoso, TF Fathani and D Karnawati. Investigation and numerical simulation of the 22 February 2018 landslide-triggered long-traveling debris flow at Pasir Panjang Village, Brebes Regency of Central Java, Indonesia. Landslides 2019; 16, 2219-32.

H Rahardjo, A Satyanaga and EC Leong. Effects of rainfall characteristics on the stability of tropical residual soil slope. E3S Web Conf. 2016; 9, 6.

DNAA Suhaimi and OS Selaman. A study on correlation between pore water pressure, rainfall and landslide occurrence. Int. J. Civ. Eng. Technol. 2013; 4, 24-7.

CA Hidalgo, JA Vega and MP Obando. Effect of the rainfall infiltration processes on the landslide hazard assessment of unsaturated soils in tropical mountainous regions. In: TV Hromadka II and P Rao (Eds.). Engineering and mathematical tropics in rainfall. IntechOpen, London, UK, 2018, p. 196.

JJ Bommer and CE Rodriguez. Earthquake-induced landslides in Central America. Eng. Geol. 2002; 63, 189-220.

SAR Beyabanaki, AC Bagtzoglou and EN Anagnostou. Effects of groundwater table position, soil strength properties and rainfall on instability of earthquake triggered landslides. Environ. Earth Sci. 2016; 75, 358.

H Rahardjo, XW Li, DG Toll and EC Leong. The antecedent rainfall on slope stability. Geotech. Geol. Eng. 2001; 19, 371-99.

S Zhang, LM Zhang and T Glade. Characteristics of earthquake- and rain-induced landslides near the epicenter of Wenchuan earthquake. Environ. Earth Sci. 2014; 175, 58-73.

SJ Matlan, ML Lee and N Gofar. Backanalysis of rainfall induced landslides by PERISI Model. In: Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Geotechnical and Transportation Engineering, Sabah, Malaysia. 2010.

JE Tay and OS Selaman. A study on the rainfall and landslides along sarawak road using the antecedent rainfall analysis. Int. J. Civ. Eng. Technol. 2011; 2, 1-6.

BBK Huat and S Kazemian. Study of root theories in green tropical slope stability. Electron. J. Geotech. Eng. 2010; 15, 1825-34.

RK Regmi, H Nakagawa, K Kawaike, Y Baba and H Zhang. Experimental and numerical study of rainfall induced slope failure. Annuals of Disaster Prevention Research Institute Kyoto University, No. 54 B, 2011.

S Mafian, BBK Huat, DH Barker, NA Rahman and H Singh. Live poles for slope stabilization in the tropical environment. Electron. J. Geotech. Eng. 2009; 14, 25.

C Chien-Yuan, C Tien-Chien, Y Fan-Chich and L Sheng-Chi. Analysis of time-varying infiltration induced landslide. Environ. Geol. 2005; 48, 466-79.

R Hakro, I Harahap and IA Memon. Model experiment on rainfall-induced slope failures with moisture content measurements. Res. J. Appl. Sci. Eng. Technol. 2016; 13, 122-30.

RM Iverson. Landslide triggering by rain infiltration. Water Resour. Res. 2000; 36, 1897-910.

F Hamrouni and M Jamei. Numerical analysis of rainfall-induced slope failure. In: Proceedings of the Multi-Scale Analysis of Slopes under Climate Change, A Cross-Disciplinary Workshop, Barcelona, Spain. 2019.

Y Yoshida, J Kuwano and R Kuwano. Rain-Induced Slope Failures caused by Reduction in Soil Strength. Soils Found. 1991; 31, 187-93.

M Gutierrez, R Nygard, K Hoeg and T Berre. Normalized undrained shear strength of clay shales. Eng. Geol. 99. 2018; 99, 31-9.

NE Ekeocha. Geotechnical implications of using shale as subgrade materials. Asian Trans. Sci. Technol. 2014; 4, 5.

B Musta, ASR Karim, HF Soehady, KW Kim and JH Kim. Effect of moisture on engineering properties of soil slopes from Melange in Sandakan, Sabah, Malaysia. ASM Sc. J. 2018; 11, 79-85.

DZA Hasbollah, ET Mohamad, MA Hezmi, RA Abdullah, NZM Yunus, M Mustaffar, SN Jusoh, M Azmi, MH Ramli and AM Taib. Comparison study on the strength index of tropical shale and sandstone influenced by moisture content. IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng. 2019; 527, 012041.

F Tongkul. Geological inputs in road design and construction in mountainous areas of West Sabah, Malaysia. In: Proceedings of the 2nd Malaysia-Japan Symposium on Geohazards and Geoenvironmental Engineering, Langkawi, Malaysia. 2007.

J Travelletti, P Sailhac, JP Malet, G Grandjean and J Ponton. Hydrological response of weathered clay-shale slopes: Water infiltration monitoring with time-lapse electrical resistivity tomography. Hydrol. Process. 2011; 26, 2106-19.

NNN Azlan, N Simon, A Hussein and R Roslee. Soil properties of crocker formation and its influence on slope instability along the Ranau-Tambunan Highway, Sabah. AIP Conf. Proc. 2016; 1784, 060027.

RH Chen, HP Chen, KS Chen and HB Zhung. Simulation of a slope failure induced by rainfall infiltration. Environ. Geol. 2009; 58, 943-52.

P Ering, R Kulkarni, Y Kolekar, SM Dasaka and GLS Babu. Forensic analysis of malin landslide in India. IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci. 2015; 26, 012040.

HF Wulandary, B Musta, KW Kim and JH Kim. Moisture implication on landslide occurences of lateritic soil slopes in Ranau, Sabah, Malaysia. ASM Sci. J. 2018; 11, 178-86.

SE Cho. Probabilistic stability analysis of rainfall-induced landslides considering spatial variability of permeability. Eng. Geol. 2014; 171, 11-20.

C Khoury, KB Acheampong and K Ofori-Awunah. Slope failure & landslide triggered by an intense rainfall event-forensic investigations and remedial design. In: Proceedings of the 2nd Pan-American Conference on Unsaturated Soils, Dallas, Texas.

H Cai, ZJ Yang, LY Wang, WQ Lei, XL Fu, SH Liu and JP Qiao. An experimental study on the hydromechanical behaviours of the evolution of post-earthquake landslide deposits. Geofluids 2019; 2019, 3032494.

MA Khoiry, N Hamzah, SA Osman, AA Mutalib and R Hamid. Physical damages effect on residential houses caused by the earthquake at Ranau, Sabah, Malaysia. In: Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Civil and Urban Engineering, Barcelona, Spain. 2018.

F Tongkul. The 2015 Ranau earthquake: Cause and impact. Sabah Soc. J. 2015; 32, 1-28.

F Faris and F Wang. Stochastic Analysis of Rainfall Effect on Earthquake Induced Shallow Landslide of Tandikat, West Sumatra, Indonesia. Geoenviron. Disasters. 2014; 1, 12.

Y Nomura, A Okamoto, K Kuramoto and H Ikeda. Landslide-triggering rainfall thresholds after major earthquakes for early warning. Int. J. Eros. Control Eng. 2014; 7, 56-62.

HB Havenith, M Vanini, D Jongmans and E Faccioli. Initiation of earthquake-induced slope failure: influence of topographical and other site-specific amplification effects. J. Seismol. 2003; 7, 397-412.

R Hack, D Alkema, GAM Kruse, N Leenders, L Luzi. Influence of earthquakes on the stability of slopes. engineering geology. 2007; 91, 4-15.

S Ismail, FH Chehade and RA Wardany. Slope Stability Analysis under Seismic Loading. In: Proceedings of the 2nd European Conference on Earthquake Engineering and Seismology, Istanbul, Turkey. 2014.

S Huang and Y Peng. Seismic stability analysis of saturated and unsaturated soil slopes using displacement. Adv. Civ. Eng. 2018; 2018, 1786392.

C Sigaran-Loria, AM Kaynia and R Hack. Soil stability under earthquakes: A sensitivity analysis. In: Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering, Thessaloniki, Greece. 2007.

S Nakamura, A Wakai, J Umemura, H Sugimoto and T Takeshi. Earthquake-induced landslides: Distribution, motion and mechanisms. Soils Found. 2014; 54, 544-59.

G Bhat, N Saxena and SK Prasad. Static and dynamic behavior if earthen slopes in the region of Uttarkashi, India. In: Proceedings of the 5th Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics, San Diego, California. 2010.

T kokusho and T Ishizawa. Energy approach for earthquake induced slope failure evaluation. Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng. 2006; 26, 221-30.

I Towhata, S Yamada, H Toyota and MU Qureshi. Long term effects of strong earthquake shaking on slope instability; lessons from recent seismic events. In: Proceedings of the 14th European on Earthquake Engineering, Ohrid, Republic of Macedonia. 2010.

A Erken, HS Aksoy, BR Kouchehbagh, GS Nomaler amd D Diker. Slope failures during the 2010 Elazığ earthquakes in Turkey. In: Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on New Developments in Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Nicosia, North Cyprus. 2016.

JJ Bommer, R Rolo, A Mitroulia and P Berdousis. Geotechnical properties and seismic slope stability of volcanic soils. In: Proceedings of the 12th European Conference on Earthquake Engineering, London, UK. 2002.

S Hazari, S Ghosh and RP Sharma. Seismic analysis of slope considering log-spiral failure surface with numerical validation. Int. J. Geotech. Eng. 2020; 11, 12.

ABKA. Lakmali, HBP Raveendra and NH Priyankara. Slope failures in unsaturated soils challenges and solutions in geotechnical engineering. In: Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Advances in Civil and Environmental Engineering Practices, for Sustainable Development, Galle, Sri Lanka. 2016.

Downloads

Published

2022-03-29

How to Cite

Rosly, M. H. ., Mohamad, H. M. ., Bolong, N. ., & Harith, N. S. H. . (2022). An Overview: Relationship of Geological Condition and Rainfall with Landslide Events at East Malaysia. Trends in Sciences, 19(8), 3464. https://doi.org/10.48048/tis.2022.3464