Optimization of DSPE-Based Graphene Oxide from Empty Fruit Bunches Using Response Surface Methodology for Determining Ciprofloxacin Antibiotic Residue
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.48048/tis.2026.12859Keywords:
Antibiotic residue, Ciprofloxacin, Dispersive solid phase extraction, Graphene oxide, Response surface methodologyAbstract
Water contamination by antibiotic residues, especially ciprofloxacin (CIP), poses a significant environmental issue due to its role in antimicrobial resistance and adverse impacts on aquatic ecosystems. This study investigated the synthesis of graphene oxide (GO) from empty fruit bunches (EFB) and assessed its efficacy as an adsorbent in the Dispersive Solid Phase Extraction (DSPE) method for the quantification of CIP. The synthesized graphene oxide (GO) underwent thorough characterization through FTIR, XRD, SEM-EDX, and UV-Vis spectrophotometry, validating the presence of oxygen-containing functional groups and structural characteristics associated with GO. The optimization of the GO-based DSPE process using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) determined the optimal extraction conditions at pH 3, an adsorbent mass of 22.5 mg, and a contact time of 35 min, resulting in a predicted CIP adsorption efficiency of 90.592%. ANOVA results confirmed the statistical significance of the quadratic model (p < 0.0001), with a high coefficient of determination (R² = 0.9856) and a non-significant lack-of-fit (p > 0.05), indicating strong model reliability. Experimental validation yielded an adsorption efficiency of 90.129%, closely matching the predicted value with a minimal error of 0.005%, demonstrating excellent agreement between the model and experimental results. The method showed excellent linearity (R² = 0.9989 - 0.9999), with an LOD of 0.0874 mg/L and LOQ of 0.2914 mg/L. Precision was satisfactory, with %RSD ranging from 0.71% to 2.89%. The findings demonstrate that EFB-derived GO serves as an effective and sustainable adsorbent, showing considerable potential for analytical applications, wastewater treatment, and broader environmental remediation.
HIGHLIGHTS
- GO successfully synthesized from EFB and verified through FTIR, XRD, SEM-EDX, and UV-Vis.
- RSM-BBD optimized CIP adsorption using GO-based DSPE.
- Optimal conditions achieved 90.592% adsorption (pH 3, 22.5 mg GO, 35 min).
- Validation showed strong model accuracy with 90.129% adsorption and 0.005% error.
GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
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