Toothpaste Containing Green-synthesized Silver Nanoparticle using Moringa oleifera Leaf Extract and Ulvan: Formulation, Characterization, Antifungal Activity and Stability Test
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.48048/tis.2026.12838Keywords:
Alginate beads, Green synthesis, Moringa oleifera, Silver nanoparticle, Toothpaste, UlvanAbstract
This study addresses the need to enhance the antifungal activity of toothpaste formulations while ensuring the use of safe and biocompatible synthesis approaches. Therefore, this study aimed to develop silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) via a green approach to improve antifungal performance in toothpaste formulations, using Moringa oleifera leaf extract as a safe bioreductor and ulvan as a stabilizing agent. Moringa oleifera leaves were extracted by maceration using 96% ethanol, while ulvan was isolated from Ulva lactuca through acid extraction and enzymatic treatment. AgNPs were synthesized at varying extract concentrations (0.3% - 0.7%), labeled as E1 - E5, and characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy, particle size analysis, zeta potential measurement, FTIR, and PXRD. The AgNP formation was confirmed by a color change to reddish-brown and a distinct SPR band, with λmax shifting with increasing extract concentration. Particle size ranged from 438 - 699 nm, indicating aggregation, while zeta potential values (−4.9 to −12.6 mV) suggested moderate colloidal stability. FTIR analysis of alginate beads containing AgNPs revealed characteristic O–H, COO⁻, and C–O–C bands, confirming metal-carboxylate interactions, whereas PXRD showed crystalline Ag peaks. Toothpaste formulations (F1 - F5) incorporating the beads were evaluated for physical properties, antifungal activity, and stability. All formulas exhibited acceptable organoleptic characteristics, homogeneous texture, and the physical properties meeting SNI standards. Antifungal testing demonstrated inhibition zones of 19 - 22 mm, with higher AgNP concentrations yielding stronger activity. Stability testing over 14 days indicated no significant changes in color, odor, homogeneity, pH, foaming, or spreadability, with slight decreases in viscosity. In conclusion, F3 showed the most favorable balance of physical stability, AgNP incorporation (6.01 ± 0.08 mg/L), and antifungal performance. These findings demonstrate that green-synthesized AgNPs encapsulated in alginate beads have strong potential for incorporation into safe and effective antifungal toothpaste formulations.
HIGHLIGHTS
- Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were successfully synthesized via an eco-friendly green synthesis method using Moringa oleifera leaf extract as a bioreductant and ulvan as a natural stabilizing agent.
- Characterization (UV–Vis, FTIR, PXRD, particle size, zeta potential) confirmed AgNP formation, metal–carboxylate interactions, and crystalline FCC silver structure, validating the success of the synthesis and encapsulation process.
- AgNP-loaded alginate beads demonstrated strong antifungal activity (19 - 22 mm inhibition zones) against Candida albicans ATCC 10231 and the toothpaste formulation exhibited excellent physicochemical performance and 14-day stability, meeting SNI standards for viscosity, pH, spreadability, foamability, and overall organoleptic quality.
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