First Spatial Resistance Mapping of Fall Armyworm in Jambi, Indonesia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.48048/tis.2026.12540Keywords:
Bioassay, Choropleth map, Resistance management, Probit analysis, Fall armywormAbstract
1) Introduction: The fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) has rapidly expanded across Indonesia since its first detection in 2019 and continues to threaten maize production. Reliance on repeated applications of chemical insecticides raises concern for emerging resistance, yet spatial patterns of resistance remain poorly documented and no spatially integrated resistance monitoring has been conducted in Indonesia. 2) Materials and methods: Eleven field populations from Jambi Province and one susceptible laboratory population were assessed for susceptibility to four commonly used insecticides: Chlorantraniliprole, deltamethrin, emamectin benzoate, and spinetoram. Diet-dipping bioassays were performed, and concentration mortality responses were analyzed using probit regression to estimate LC₅₀ values and resistance ratios. Spatial visualization was conducted in RStudio (version 2024.12.0 Build 467) using sf and ggplot2 packages to generate choropleth maps showing variation in resistance intensity across administrative regions. 3) Results and discussion: Resistance varied widely among locations and insecticides. Chlorantraniliprole showed low–moderate resistance (RR 0.17 - 22.95), highest in Kerinci. Deltamethrin resistance was widespread (RR 1.26 - 7.45), especially in Jambi City and Sarolangun. Emamectin benzoate showed extreme resistance (RR 17.44 - 8415.88), with hotspots in Tanjab Barat and Sungai Penuh. Spinetoram remained mostly effective (RR 0.01 - 3.12). Spatial patterns indicated localized selection pressure. Spatial patterns indicated localized selection pressure. 4) Conclusions: The findings confirm emerging resistance risks and spatially structured resistance hotspots across Jambi. These results underscore the need for region-specific insecticide rotation, routine resistance surveillance, and integration of chemical control with broader IPM and IRM strategies to maintain long term effectiveness and slow resistance evolution.
HIGHLIGHTS
- Insecticide resistance of Spodoptera frugiperda was spatially assessed across 11 agricultural sites in Jambi Province, Indonesia.
- LC₅₀ values and resistance ratios were estimated using diet residue bioassays and probit analysis, with spatial patterns visualized using R-based choropleth mapping.
- Strong geographic variation in susceptibility was observed, including high resistance to chlorantraniliprole and widespread resistance to deltamethrin.
- Emamectin benzoate resistance was documented for the first time in Indonesia, with pronounced hotspots in Sungai Penuh and Tanjab Timur.
- Spinetoram remained largely effective, although early resistance signals highlight the need for proactive IPM/IRM-based rotation strategies.
GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
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