Unvealing the Electrokinetic Behavior of Nopal Mucilage Versus Polygalacturonic Acid for Multivalent Metal Interactions in Aqueous Systems
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.48048/tis.2026.11122Keywords:
Opuntia ficus-indica, Nopal mucilage, Polygalacturonic acid, Zeta potential, Metal ion-polyelectrolyte interaction, Water treatmentAbstract
Natural polysaccharides have emerged as promising alternatives to synthetic polymers in wastewater treatment because of their functional versatility, environmental compatibility, and cost-effectiveness. In this study, mucilage extracted from Opuntia ficus-indica (MNE) and commercial polygalacturonic acid (PGA) were investigated for their structural and electrokinetic behavior during interactions with multivalent metal ions. The biopolymers were characterized by FTIR spectroscopy, which revealed fundamental differences in the functional group composition, mainly in terms of the esterification and ionization of the carboxyl groups. Zeta potential (ζ) measurements were performed over a pH range and under titration with selected metal ions (Ca2+, Cr3+, Cu2+, Pb2+, Zn2+, Ni2+ and Cd2+), which provided information on their dose‒response and affinity profiles. MNE showed moderate surface charge variability and progressive shifts in ζ, implying heterogeneous binding interactions; PGA presented more abrupt and stronger electrostatic changes owing to its linear uniform structure. This study revealed that both substances could be good for removing heavy metals, which is important for the creation of eco-friendly clumping agents and sticky substances. This study aids in understanding how the form and purpose of these substances are related to naturally charged polymers and backs their use in eco-friendly purification methods.
HIGHLIGHTS
- Nopal mucilage exhibits heterogeneous and multifunctional metal binding.
- FTIR–ζ analysis revealed distinct esterification and charge behaviors.
- Metal titrations confirmed selective affinity for Cu²⁺, Zn²⁺ and Cr³⁺.
- Polygalacturonic acid showed stable, uniform electrostatic interactions.
- Results advance bio-based coagulants for sustainable water treatment.
GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
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