Antibacterial Potential of Ethanolic Extract of Avocado Leaves (Persea americana mill.) against Clinical Isolate of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus mirabilis
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.48048/tis.2024.7821Keywords:
Antibacterial, Persea americana mill., Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Membrane leakage cell, DNA and proteinAbstract
Multidrug resistance is a global health problem that is closely related to microbial resistance. Klebsiella pneumonia and Proteus mirabilis are opportunistic bacteria that cause urinary tract infections, especially in the use of catheters in hospitals in inpatient care. Handling it using commercial antibiotics can increase the effect of antibacterial resistance if the use is irrational and neglected. Avocado leaves have been reported to have antibacterial, antidiabetic and antioxidant activity. The purpose of this study was to observe into the antibacterial activity of avocado leaves ethanol extract against K. pneumoniae and P. mirabilis. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined using the Kirby-Bauer method, the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was determined using the streaking method of the inhibition zone formed, and the mechanism of bacterial membrane leakage cell was measured using UV-VIS spectrophotometry at wavelengths of 260 and 280 nm. The MIC value was found to be 3.125 mg/mL in both bacteria, with an inhibition zone of 6.43 ± 0.06 mm (K. pneumoniae) and 6.73 ± 0.15 mm (P. mirabilis). The MBC value at 200 mg/mL with a percent reduction of 98.35 % (K. pneumoniae) and at 100 mg/mL with a percent reduction of 98.06 % (P. mirabilis). The supernatant of a membrane leakage cell (DNA and protein) was absorbed at wavelengths of 260 and 280 nm. It can be concluded that the ethanolic extract of avocado leaves has antibacterial potential against clinical isolates of K. pneumoniae and P. mirabilis.
HIGHLIGHTS
- Avocado leaves, which are typically discarded, can be repurposed as a potent antibacterial agent in traditional medicine
- Demonstrates a potent minimum inhibitory concentration with a minimum bactericidal concentration value that can effectively suppress bacterial growth
- Point number 2 is substantiated by the utilization of DNA and protein cell leakage tests, as evidenced by absorbance measurements at wavelengths of 260 and 280 nm
- Flavonoid secondary metabolite have been successfully identified as one of the active components using the TLC analysis method
GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
Downloads
Metrics
References
KL Wyres, MMC Lam and KE Holt. Population genomics of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2020; 18, 344-59.
JA Bengoechea and JS Pessoa. Klebsiella pneumoniae infection biology: Living to counteract host defences. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 2019; 43, 123-44.
P Aris, S Robatjazi, F Nikkhahi and SMA Marashi. Molecular mechanisms and prevalence of colistin resistance of Klebsiella pneumoniae in the Middle East region: A review over the last 5 years. J. Glob. Antimicrob. Resist. 2020; 22, 625-30.
F Yuan, Z Huang, T Yang, G Wang, P Li, B Yang and J Li. Pathogenesis of Proteus mirabilis in catheter-associated urinary tract infections. Urol. Int. 2021; 105, 354-61.
N Nasri, U Harahap, J Silalahi and D Satria. Antibacterial activity of lactic acid bacteria isolated from Dengke Naniura of Carp (Cyprinus carpio) against diarrhea-causing pathogenic bacteria. Biodiversitas J. Biol. Divers. 2021; 22, 3098-104.
R Wasfi, SM Hamed, MA Amer and LI Fahmy. Proteus mirabilis biofilm: Development and therapeutic strategies. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol. 2020; 10, 414.
CE Armbruster, HLT Mobley and MM Pearson. Pathogenesis of Proteus mirabilis infection. EcoSal Plus 2018; 8, 1-73.
G Haro, I Iksen and N Nasri. Identification, characterization and antibacterial potential of probiotic lactic acid bacteria isolated from naniura (A traditional batak fermented food from carp) against Salmonella typhi. Rasayan J. Chem. 2020; 13, 464-8.
B Rahayu, RM Kusuma and L Yulaikah. Pemanfaatan bahan alam sebagai terapi komplementer untuk kesehatan reproduksi remaja (in Indonesian). J. Innovat. Community Empowerment 2021; 3, 22-36.
N Rahayuningsih. Aktivitas antidiabetika beberapa fraksi ekstrak daun alpukat (persea americanna mill) pada tikus putih jantan dengan induksi aloksan (in Indonesian). Jurnal Kesehatan Bakti Tunas Husada 2020; 20, 43-51.
N Nasri, VE Kaban, HD Syahputra and D Satria. Aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak etanol daun alpukat (Persea americana Mill) terhadap Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, dan Pseudomonas aeruginosa (in Indonesian). Herb. Med. J. 2022; 5, 13-9.
IWR Widarta and AAIS Wiadnyani. Pengaruh metode pengeringan terhadap aktivitas antioksidan daun alpukat (in Indonesian). Jurnal Aplikasi Teknologi Pangan 2019; 8, 80-5.
U Harahap, A Dalimunthe, T Hertiani, M Muhammad, Nasri and D Satria. Antioxidant and antibacterial activities of ethanol extract of Vernonia amygdalina Delile. Leaves. AIP Conf. Proc. 2021; 2342, 080011.
M Kiptiyah, S Rahmatullah, W Wirasti and U Waznah. Evaluasi penggunaan pati ganyong (Canna edulis Kerr.) sebagai bahan pengikat pada tablet kunyah ekstrak etanol daun kelor (Moringa oleifera L) dengan metode granulasi basah. In: Proceedings of Seminar Nasional Kesehatan, Jakarta, Indonesia. 2021, p. 2188-206.
A Dalimunthe, D Pertiwi, M Muhmmad, VE Kaban, N Nasri and D Satria. The effect of extraction methods towards antioxidant activity of ethanol extract of Picria fel-terrae Lour. Herbs. IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci. 2022; 1115, 012040.
NE Hidayati, AR Putri and R Febriyant. 2021, Formulasi dan uji sifat fisik sediaan lipstik kombinasi ekstrak daun jati (tectona grandis l., f.) dan sari buah bit (beta vulgaris L.) (in Indonesian). Ph. D. Dissertation. Politeknik Harapan Bersama Tegal, Tegal, Indonesia.
K Handayani, AE Putri and RD Martha. Uji aktivitas antibakteri fraksi batang pepaya (carica papaya linn.) terhadap bakteri Staphylococcus Aureus (in Indonesian). J. Pharm. Sci. 2020; 4, 21-30.
N Fadle, A Mariod, HAR Ali and AA Hasan. TLC and GC-MS analysis of fermented wood “Nikhra” petroleum ether fraction of Combretaceae spp. Combretum hartmannianum and Terminalia laxiflora. Eurasian J. For. Sci. 2018; 6, 1-7.
N Nasri, VE Kaban, K Gurning, HD Syahputra and D Satria. Aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak etanol daun pepaya (Carica papaya Linn.) terhadap bakteri pseudomonas aeruginosa (in Indonesian). INSOLOGI: Jurnal Sains Dan Teknologi 2022; 1, 252-9.
D Pujiastuti and C Palupi. Perbandingan efektivitas antibakteri minyak atsiri bawang putih (Allium Sativum) dan black garlic terhadap bakteri Staphylococcus aureus dan Escherichia coli dengan metode Kirby-Bauer (in Indonesian). J. Pharm. Sci. Med. Res. 2018; 1, 17-21.
Z Rani, HM Nasution, VE Kaban, N Nasri and NB Karo. Antibacterial activity of freshwater lobster (Cherax quadricarinatus) shell chitosan gel preparation against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus (in Indonesian). J. Appl. Pharm. Sci. 2023; 13, 146-53.
A Trisia, R Philyria and AN Toemon. Uji aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak etanol daun kalanduyung (Guazuma ulmifolia Lam.) terhadap pertumbuhan Staphylococcus aureus dengan metode difusi cakram (Kirby-Bauer) (in Indonesian). Anterior Jurnal 2018; 17, 136-43.
D Fransisca, DN Kahanjak and A Frethernety. Uji aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak etanol daun sungkai (Peronema canescens Jack) terhadap pertumbuhan Escherichia coli dengan metode difusi cakram Kirby-Bauer (in Indonesian). J. Environ. Sustain. Manag. 2020; 4, 460-70.
H Kuspradini, AS Putri, S Egra and Y Yanti. In vitro antibacterial activity of essential oils from twelve aromatic plants from East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 2019; 20, 2039-42.
AA Mostafa, AA Al-Askar, KS Almaary, TM Dawoud, EN Sholkamy and MM Bakri. Antimicrobial activity of some plant extracts against bacterial strains causing food poisoning diseases. Saudi J. Biol. Sci. 2018; 25, 361-6.
SN Ashakirin, M Tripathy, UK Patil and ABA Majeed. Antimicrobial activity of essential oils: Exploration on mechanism of bioactivity. Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Res. 2017; 8, 3187-93.
R Fauzziya, LH Nurani and N Sulistyani. Penelusuran senyawa aktif antibakteri ekstrak daun cabai rawit (Capsicum frutescens L.) terhadap Klebsiella pneumoniae dan mekanisme kebocoran sel (in Indonesian). Trad. Med. J. 2017; 22, 166-74.
S Sogandi and P Nilasari. Identifikasi senyawa aktif ekstrak buah mengkudu (Morinda citrifolia L.) dan potensinya sebagai inhibitor karies gigi (in Indonesian). Jurnal Kefarmasian Indonesia 2019; 9, 73-81.
DR Sari, SB Husodo and Mutakim. Phytochemical and bioactive compounds extracted from Akway Plant (Drymis beccariana Gibbs and Drymis piperita Hook.f) from Anggi Sub-district of Pegunungan Arfak. Jurnal Kehutanan Papuasia 2022; 8, 102-13.
S Suharyanto and DAN Prima. Penetapan kadar flavonoid total pada juice daun ubi jalar ungu (Ipomoea Batatas L.) yang berpotensi sebagai hepatoprotektor dengan metode spektrofotometri UV-Vis (in Indonesian). Cendekia J. Pharm. 2020; 4, 110-9.
Y Noviyanty, Hepiyansori and Y Agustian. Identifikasi dan penetapan kadar senyawa tanin pada ekstrak daun biduri (Calotropis gigantea) metode spektrofotometri Uv-Vis (in Indonesian). Jurnal Ilmiah Manuntung 2020; 6, 57-64.
SHA Lau. Formulasi dan evaluasi kestabilan fisik sediaan gel topikal ekstrak etanol daun ciplukan (Physalis angulata L.) dengan variasi konsentrasi karbopol 940 serta pengujian hedoniknya (in Indonesian). Jurnal Farmasi Sandi Karsa 2019; 5, 120-6.
JP Konda, JP Siampa, TE Tallei, BJ Kepel and F Fatimawali. Aktivitas antioksidan ekstrak metanol biji langsat (Lansium domesticum var. pubescens) dan duku (Lansium domesticum var. domesticum) dengan metode DPPH (in Indonesian). Jurnal Ilmiah Sains 2020; 20, 113-21.
MF Lubis, VE Kaban, JO Aritonang, D Satria, AA Mulina and H Febriani. Acute toxicity and antifungal activity of the ointment Murraya koenigii ethanol extract. Rasayan J. Chem. 2022; 15, 256-61.
DAK Mulangsri and E Zulfa. Uji aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak terpurifikasi daun mangga arumanis (Mangifera indica L.) dan identifikasi flavonoid dengan KLT (in Indonesian). Galenika J. Pharm. 2020; 6, 55-62.
A Pujiastuti, AR Erwiyani and I Sunnah. Perbandingan kadar flavonoid total dan aktivitas antioksidan ekstrak labu kuning dengan variasi pelarut (in Indonesain). J. Holistics Health Sci. 2022; 4, 324-39.
K Feliana, S Mursiti and Harjono. Isolasi dan elusidasi senyawa flavonoid dari biji alpukat (Persea americana Mill.) (in Indonesian). Indones. J. Chem. Sci. 2018; 7, 153-9.
NLB Artaningsih, N Habibah and M Nyoman. Aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak etanol daun gamal (gliricidia sepium) pada berbagai konsentrasi terhadap pertumbuhan bakteri Streptococcus mutans secara in-vitro (in Indonesian). Jurnal Kesehatan 2018; 9, 336-45.
SF Susanti and Mufadzilah. Uji aktivitas antimikroba ekstrak buah asam (Tamarindus indica L.) dengan variasi konsentrasi dalam menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri staphylococcus aureus (in Indonesian). J. Ners Community. 2021; 12, 120-30.
WW Davis and TR Stout. Disc plate method of microbiological antibiotic assay. II. Novel procedure offering improved accuracy. Appl. Microbiol. 1971; 22, 666-70.
M Balouiri, M Sadiki and SK Ibnsouda. Methods for in vitro evaluating antimicrobial activity: A review. J. Pharm. Anal. 2016; 6, 71-9.
A Pegalajar-Jurado, KA Wold, JM Joslin, BH Neufeld, KA Arabea, LA Suazo, SL McDaniel, RA Bowen and MM Reynolds. Reprint of: Nitric oxide-releasing polysaccharide derivative exhibits 8-log reduction against Escherichia coli, Acinetobacter baumannii and Staphylococcus aureus. J. Contr. Release 2015; 220, 617-23.
JE Comes and RB Beelman. Addition of fumaric acid and sodium benzoate as an alternative method to achieve a 5-log reduction of Escherichia coli O157:H7 populations in apple cider. J. Food Protect. 2002; 65, 476-83.
A Ramadhani, S Saadah and S Sogandi. Efek antibakteri ekstrak daun cengkeh (Syzygium aromaticum) terhadap Escherichia coli dan Staphylococcus aureus (in Indonesian). Jurnal Bioteknologi & Biosains Indonesia 2020; 7, 203-14.
ADE Marselyna, R Setiadhi and VK Sugiaman. Pengaruh obat kumur herbal dengan kandungan zat aktif flavonoid, saponin, dan tanin terhadap halitosis (in Indonesian). Oceana Biomed. J. 2022; 5, 178-95.
F Fadia, N Nurlailah, TE Helmiah and L Lutpiatina. Effectiveness of Kirinyuh leaf (Chromolaena Odorata L) ethanol extract as an antibacterial of Salmonella typhi and Staphylococcus aureus (in Indonesian). Jurnal Riset Kefarmasian Indonesia 2020; 2, 158-68.
S Wahyuni, S Maryam and A Aminah. Analysis method validation of pig DNA contamination in CowMeatballs using mitochondrial primer D-Loop22 by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method. Galenika J. Pharm. 2019; 5, 65-72.
R Puspitaningrum and C Adhiyanto. Genetika molekuler dan aplikasinya (in Indonesian). Deepublish, Sleman, Indonesia, 2018.
D Satria, E Sofyanti, P Wulandari, SD Pakpahan and SA Limbong. Antibacterial activity of Medan Butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea L.) corolla extract against Streptococcus mutans ATCC® 25175TM and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC® 6538TM’. Pharmacia 2022; 69, 195-202.
X Sun, TT Zhou, CH Wei, WQ Lan, Y Zhao, YJ Pan and VCH Wu. Antibacterial effect and mechanism of anthocyanin rich Chinese wild blueberry extract on various foodborne pathogens. Food Contr. 2018; 94, 155-61.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Walailak University
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
