Impact of Surrounding Gas Density on the Turbulent Liquid Jet
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.48048/tis.2023.6478Keywords:
Spray, Turbulent jet, LES, Spray dispersion angleAbstract
This numerical study aims to investigate the impact of surrounding gas density on liquid turbulent jet. Incompressible large eddy simulations (LES) with Wall-Adapting Local Eddy-Viscosity (WALE) sub-grid scale model in ANSYS-FLUENT were performed to capture the morphology of the breakup as well as the important flow field characteristics. A volume of fluid (VOF) approach was used to track the unsteady evolution and breakup of the liquid jet. Different variables have been examined to assess this impact. These variables are instantaneous velocity, liquid volume fraction, and turbulent kinetic energy. Also, the centerline values have been investigated to obtain the jet half-width and spray dispersion angle. The jet diameter and exit velocity are 0.2 mm and 100 m/s, respectively. Three different liquid-to-gas density ratios of 54.03, 32.42 and 23.49 are considered, corresponding to ambient gas density of 15, 25 and 34.5 kg/m3, respectively. It has been found that the jet speed and the liquid core length are inversely proportional to the density of the ambient gas. Regarding the liquid core length, it was noted that the effect of gas density on the liquid core length is considerably stronger in the gas density range between 15 - 25 kg/m³ (corresponding to density ratios of 54.03 - 32.42) than that in the range of 25 - 34.5 kg/m³ (corresponding to density ratios of 32.42 - 23.49). The results, also, showed that increasing the gas density leads to an increase in Weber number, which in turn causes a high instability, that makes the breakup initiates closer to the nozzle exit and occurs with higher rate. Likewise, it has been found that the jet width and the spray dispersion angle increase with increasing the gas density.
HIGHLIGHTS
- Spray jets are included in many applications because its important in increasing the heat and mass transfer between the liquid and the surrounding fluid
- Large eddy simulations (LES) and volume of fluid (VOF) models are used to investigate the characteristics of turbulent liquid jet
- The investigation was characterized as a function of man variables such as turbulent kinetic energy, liquid potential core, the jet dispersion angle and more
- The investigation showed that the density of surrounding gas has an influence on the liquid jet characteristics
GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
Downloads
Metrics
References
N Ashgriz. Handbook of atomization and sprays. Springer Science & Business Media, Berlin, Germany, 2011.
MR Morad, M Nasiri and G Amini. Axis-switching and breakup of rectangular liquid jets. Int. J. Multiphase Flow 2020; 126, 103242.
N Odier, G Balarac and C Corre. Numerical analysis of the flapping mechanism for a two-phase coaxial jet. Int. J. Multiphase Flow 2018; 106, 164-78.
H Eroglu and N Chigier. Wave characteristics of liquid jets from airblast coaxial atomizers. Atomization Sprays 1991; 1, 349-66.
F Savart. Me ´moire sur la constitution des veines liquids lance ´es par des orifices circulaires en mince paroi. Ann. Chem. 1833 ; 53, 337-86.
MJ McCarthy and NA Molloy. Review of stability of liquid jets and the influence of nozzle design. Chem. Eng. J. 1974; 7, 1-20.
AH Lefebvre. Atomization and sprays. Hemisphere Publishing Corporation, New York, 1989.
N Chigier and RD Reitz. Regimes of jet breakup and breakup mechanisms (physical aspects). In: KK Kuo (Ed.). Recent advances in spray combustion: Spray atomization and drop burning phenomena. Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Virginia, 1996, p. 109-35.
SP Lin and RD Reitz. Drop and spray formation from a liquid jet. Ann. Rev. Fluid Mech. 1998; 30, 85-105.
C Dumouchel. On the experimental investigation on primary atomization of liquid streams. Exp. Fluid. 2008; 45, 371-422.
H Hiroyasu and T Kadota. Fuel droplet size distribution in diesel combustion chamber. SAE Tech. Papers 1974; 83, 2615-24.
MM Elkotb. Fuel atomization for spray modelling. Progr. Energ. Combust. Sci. 1982; 8, 61-91.
KS Varde, DM Popa and LK Varde. Spray angle and atomization in diesel sprays. SAE Tech. Papers 1984; 93, 779-87.
GM Faeth, LP Hsiang and PK Wu. Structure and breakup properties of sprays. Int. J. Multiphase Flow 1995; 21, 99-127.
RD Reitz and FV Bracco. Mechanism of atomization of a liquid jet. Phys. Fluids 1982; 25, 1730-42.
A Fath. Investigation of the diesel spray break-up close to the nozzle at different injection conditions. In: Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Diagnostics and Modeling of Combustion in Internal Combustion Engines, Kyoto, Japan. 1998.
A Gupta, H Guo, M Zhai and CN Markides. Primary atomization of liquid-fuel jets in confined turbulent pipe-flows of air at elevated temperatures. Int. J. Heat Mass Tran. 2022; 196, 123285.
C Hotz, M Haas, S Wachter, S Fleck and T Kolb. Experimental investigation on entrainment in two-phase free jets. Fuel 2023; 335, 126912.
A Kumar and S Sahu. Preheated liquid jet breakup dynamics in a twin-fluid injector. Chem. Eng. Sci. 2022; 257, 117723.
S Martínez-Martínez, FA Sánchez-Cruz, JM Riesco-Ávila, A Gallegos-Muñoz and SM Aceves. Liquid penetration length in direct diesel fuel injection. Appl. Therm. Eng. 2008; 28, 1756-62.
HK Suh and CS Lee. Effect of cavitation in nozzle orifice on the diesel fuel atomization characteristics. Int. J. Heat Fluid Flow 2008; 29, 1001-9.
WA Sirignano and C Mehring. Review of theory of distortion and disintegration of liquid streams. Progr. Energ. Combust. Sci. 2000; 26, 609-55.
WD Bachalo. Spray diagnostics for the twenty-first century. Atomization Sprays 2000; 10, 439-74.
DB Barnett, SR Nahorski and EL Rugg. Characteristics of (-)-[3H]-dihydroalprenolol binding to beta-adrenoceptors on rat lung membranes. Br. J. Pharmacol. 1977; 61, 459.
C Tropea and J Foss. Springer handbook of experimental fluid mechanics. Springer Berlin, Heidelberg, Germany, 2007.
N Chigier. The Future of Atomization and Sprays. In: Proceedings of the 20th Annual Conference on Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems, Orléans, France. 2005.
CW Hirt and BD Nichols. Volume of fluid (VOF) method for the dynamics of free boundaries. J. Comput. Phys. 1981; 39, 201-25.
S Osher and JA Sethian. Fronts propagating with curvature-dependent speed: Algorithms based on Hamilton-Jacobi formulations. J. Comput. Phys. 1988; 79, 12-49.
M Sussman and EG Puckett. A coupled level set and volume-of-fluid method for computing 3D and axisymmetric incompressible two-phase flows. J. Comput. Phys. 2000; 162, 301-37.
T Ménard, S Tanguy and A Berlemont. Coupling level set/VOF/ghost fluid methods: Validation and application to 3D simulation of the primary break-up of a liquid jet. Int. J. Multiphase Flow 2007; 33, 510-24.
S Som, SK Aggarwal, EM El-Hannouny and DE Longman. Investigation of nozzle flow and cavitation characteristics in a diesel injector. J Eng. Gas Turbines Power 2010; 132, 042802.
W Yuan and GH Schnerr. Numerical simulation of two-phase flow in injection nozzles: Interaction of cavitation and external jet formation. J. Fluids Eng. Trans. ASME 2003; 125, 963-9.
M Ghiji, L Goldsworthy, PA Brandner, V Garaniya and P Hield. Numerical and experimental investigation of early stage diesel sprays. Fuel 2016; 175, 274-86.
F Xiao, M Dianat and JJ McGuirk. LES of turbulent liquid jet primary breakup in turbulent coaxial air flow. Int. J. Multiphase Flow 2014; 60, 103-18.
GA Siamas, X Jiang and LC Wrobel. Direct numerical simulation of the near-field dynamics of annular gas-liquid two-phase jets. Phys. Fluids 2009; 21, 042103.
H Grosshans, A Movaghar, L Cao, M Oevermann, RZ Szász and L Fuchs. Sensitivity of VOF simulations of the liquid jet breakup to physical and numerical parameters. Comput. Fluids 2016; 136, 312-23.
J Shinjo and A Umemura. Simulation of liquid jet primary breakup: Dynamics of ligament and droplet formation. Int. J. Multiphase Flow 2010; 36, 513-32.
F Zhang, T Zirwes, S Wachter, T Jakobs, P Habisreuther, N Zarzalis, D Trimis, T Kolb, H Bockhorn and D Stapf. Numerical simulations of air-assisted primary atomization at different air-to-liquid injection angles. Int. J. Multiphase Flow 2023; 158, 104304.
X Leng, Y Deng, W Guan, W Xie, Z He, Q Wang, X Yan and W Long. A numerical study on the in-nozzle cavitating flow and near-field jet breakup of a spirally grooved hole nozzle using a LES-VOF method. Fuel 2022; 326, 125016.
A Abdelsamie and D Thévenin. Direct numerical simulation of spray evaporation and autoignition in a temporally-evolving jet. Proc. Combust. Inst. 2017; 36, 2493-502.
RDC Ward. Current notes on meteorology. Science 1906; 23, 714-5.
F Nicoud and F Ducros. Subgrid-scale stress modelling based on the square of the velocity gradient tensor. Flow, Turbulence Combust. 1999; 62, 183-200.
N Arya and A De. Effect of grid sensitivity on the performance of wall adapting SGS models for LES of swirling and separating-reattaching flows. Comput. Math. Appl. 2019; 78, 2035-51.
Z Pavlovic, S Scheidl, W Edelbauer, B Basara, G Brenn and S Jakirlic. Numerical investigation of the liquid core length in sprays with fully turbulent boundary condition. In: Proceedings of the 26th Annual Conference on Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems, Bremen, Germany. 2014.
Ansys. Ansys fluent user’s guide 2020 R1. Ansys, Pennsylvania, 2020, p. 724-46.
M Arai, M Shimizu and H Hiroyasu. Break-up length and spray angle of high speed jets. In: Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems at Imperial College, London, United Kingdom. 1985.
H Hiroyasu, M Shimizu and M Arai. The breakup of high speed jet in a high pressure gaseous atmosphere. In: Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems, ICLASS, Madison, Wisconsin, USA. 1982.
SA Stanley, S Sarkar and JP Mellado. A study of the flow-field evolution and mixing in a planar turbulent jet using direct numerical simulation. J. Fluid Mech. 2002; 450, 377-407.
V Iyer and J Abraham. Penetration and dispersion of transient gas jets and sprays. Combust. Sci. Tech. 1997; 130, 315-34.
Y Jiang, Z Issaka, H Li, P Tang and C Chen. Range formula based on angle of dispersion and nozzle configuration from an impact sprinkler. Int. J. Agr. Biol. Eng. 2019; 12, 97-105.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Walailak University
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
