Novel CaCO3-Based Material Formulation for Orange-Colored Spectrum Tracer Projectile
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.48048/tis.2022.140Keywords:
Tracer formulation, Calcium carbonate, Iron, Thermal decomposition, Spectrum emissionAbstract
This study underlines the development of orange-colored spectrum tracer material based on Fe/CaCO3/PVC compound. The optimum composition of the compound was determined by comparing three different ratios of Fe-CaCO3-PVC. The sample with the highest CaCO3 content decomposed earlier than that of the other samples. This sample also produced the lowest calorific energy around 275.61 cal/g and emitted a medium-dark orange spectrum. The color brightness was affected by the number of color source materials as well as CaCl2 and Ca(OH)2 which were formed during the combustion process. Meanwhile, the sample with the lowest CaCO3 content produced light orange color with a sharp spectrum emission. The concentration of fuel material (Fe) as well as the higher calorific energy (466.39 cal/g) of this composition contributes to the enhanced spectrum intensity. All samples emitted the orange color, with the wavelength ranging from 585 to 593 nm. Beside of calcite as the main phase, the x-ray diffraction analysis at 650 ℃ shows Fe2O3 as a secondary phase. The FTIR analysis of the as-heated sample presents the Fe-O bending band with a broader peak, which can be attributed to the existence of Fe2O3 species. The presence of this structure made all these samples have high ignition temperature.
HIGHLIGHTS
- The tracer formulation contain iron, CaCO3 and polyvinyl chloride
- Iron fuel influences the thermal stability of tracer material
- The tracer composition emits orange-color start from 587 to 594 nm wavelength
- The highest spectrum intensity found at composition with containing greatest iron fuel
GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
Downloads
Metrics
References
AA Vicario, SMS Ramanan, S Arun. Composites in missiles and launch vehicles. Compr. Compos. Mater. 2018; 3, 131-52.
IG Crouch. Body armour - new materials, new systems. Defence Tech. 2019; 15, 241-53.
PJ Hazell. Armour: Materials, theory, and design. CRC Press, Boca Rotan, United States, 2016.
J Garner, X Huang, J Mishock and J Kostka. A tracer analysis for the M1002 training projectile. U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Maryland, United States, 2009.
A Basyir, NS Asri, D Aryanto, I Isnaeni, C Firdharini, WB Widayatno, AS Sukarto, D Sagita and D Lesmana. Sn-CuO-Arabic gum composition for red tracer projectile ammunition potential. Jurnal Pertahanan 2021; 7, 18-28.
V Lloyd. Introduction to pyrotechnics. Research World, New Delhi, India, 2012.
JP Agrawal. High energy materials: propellants, explosives, and pyrotechnics. Wiley-VCH, New Delhi, India, 2010.
AA Shidlovsky. Principles of pyrotechnics. 3rd ed. American Fireworks News, Pennsylvania, United States, 1997.
KL Kosanke, BJ Kosanke and CJ White. Lecture notes for pyrotechnic chemistry. 4th ed. Journal of Pyrotechnics, Wisconsin, United States, 2004.
T Shimizu. Fireworks: The art, science, and technique. Pyrotechnica Publications, Texas, United States,1981.
AP Hardt, BL Bush, BT Neyer and T Shimizu. Pyrotechnis. Pyrotechnica Publications, Austin, United States, 2001.
SM Buc, G Adelman and S Adelman. Development of alternate 7.62 mm tracer formulations. US Army ARDEC, Maryland, United States, 1993.
R Sadek, M Kassem, M Abdo and S Elbasuney. Novel blue flare tracer with enhanced color quality and luminous intensity. J. Lumin. 2018; 195, 8-13.
R Sadek, M Kassem, M Abdo and S Elbasuney. Novel yellow colored flame compositions with superior spectral performance. Defence Tech. 2017; 13, 33-9.
A Bailey and SG Murray. Explosives, propellants, and pyrotechnics. Brassey’s World Military Technology, London, 1989.
H Ellern. Military and civilian pyrotechnics. Chemical Publishing Company, New York, 1968.
R Sadek, M Kassem, M Abdo and S Elbasuney. Spectrally adapted red flare tracers with superior spectral performance. Defence Tech. 2017; 13, 406-12.
D Juknelevicius, L Mikoliunaite, S Sakirzanova, R Kubilius and A Ramanavicius. A spectrophotometric study of red pyrotechnic flame properties using three classical oxidizers: Ammonium perchlorate, potassium perchlorate, potassium chlorate. Zeitschrift Fur Anorg Und Allg Chemie 2014; 640, 2560-5.
D Juknelevicius, P Alenfelt and A Ramanavicius. The performance of red flare pyrotechnic compositions modified with gas generating additives. Propellants Explos. Pyrotech. 2020; 45, 671-9.
D Jukneleviciu, A Hahma, R Webb, TM Klapötke and A Ramanavicius. An experimental comparison of selected blue flame pyrotechnics. Propellants Explos. Pyrotech. 2021; 46, 107-13.
BT Sturman. On the emitter of blue light in copper-containing pyrotechnic flames. Propellants Explos. Pyrotech. 2006; 31, 70-4.
D Juknelevicius, A Dufter, M Rusan, TM Klapötke and A Ramanavicius. Study of pyrotechnic blue strobe compositions based on ammonium perchlorate and tetramethylammonium nitrate. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 2017; 2017, 1113-9.
D Juknelevicius, TM Klapötke and A Ramanavicius. Blue strobe pyrotechnic composition based on aminoguanidinium nitrate. Propellants Explos. Pyrotech. 2019; 44, 1466-71.
R Sadek, M Kassem, M Abdo, A Fah, H Tantaw, A Elsaidy and S Elbasuney. Novel colored flames via chromaticity of essential colors. Defence Tech. 2019; 15, 210-5.
D Juknelevicius, R Kubilius and A Ramanavicius. Oxidizer ratio and oxygen balance influence on the emission spectra of green-colored pyrotechnic flames. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 2015; 2015, 5511-5.
W Meyerriecks and KL Kosanke. Color values and spectra of the principal emitters in colored flames. J. Pyrotech. 2003; 18, 710-31.
J Carvill. Thermodynamics and heat transfer. Mechanical engineer’s data handbook. Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands, 1994.
AV Grosse and JB Conway. Combustion of metal in oxygen. Ind. Eng. Chem. 1958; 50, 663-72.
I Glassman. Metal combustion processes. Princeton University Aero Engineering Lab. United States Air Force, New Jersey, United States, 1959.
CE Holley and EJ Huber. The heat of combustion of magnesium and aluminum. Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, New Mexico, United States, 1951.
SS Chang. Heat capacity and thermodynamic properties of poly (vinyl chloride). J. Res. Nat. Bureau Stand. 1977; 82, 9-18.
AR Amer and JS Shapir. Hydrogen halide-catalyzed thermal decomposition of poly (vinyl chloride). J. Macromol. Sci. A Chem. 1980; 14, 185-200.
NS Shuman, MA Ochien, B Sztaray and T Baer. TPEPICO spectroscopy of vinyl chloride and vinyl iodide: Neutral and ionic heats of formation and bond energies. J. Phys. Chem. A 2008; 112, 5647-52.
P Liu, M Zhao and J Guo. Thermal stabilities of poly (vinyl chloride)/calcium carbonate (PVC/CaCO3) composites. J. Macromol. Sci. B Phys. 2006; 45, 1135-40.
VT Lipik, VN Martsul and MJM Abadie. Dehydrochlorination of PVC compositions during thermal degradation. Eurasian Chem. Tech. J. 2002; 4, 25-9.
N Kakuta, A Shimizu, H Ohkita and T Mizushima. Dehydrochlorination behavior of polyvinyl chloride and utilization of carbon residue: Effect of plasticizer and inorganic filler. J. Mater. Cy. Waste Manag. 2009; 11, 23-6.
C Croitoru, C Spirchez, D Cristea, A Lunguleasa, MA Pop, T Bedo, IC Roata and MA Luca. Calcium carbonate and wood reinforced hybrid PVC composites. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018; 135, 46317.
N Dumitrascu, G Borcia and G Popa. Corona discharge treatments of plastified PVC samples used in biological environment. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2001; 81, 2419-25.
N Bertrand, C Desgranges, D Poquillon, MC Lafont and D Monceau. Iron oxidation at low temperature (260-500 ℃) in air and the effect of water vapor. Oxid. Met. 2010; 73, 139-62.
KP Schlickmann, JLL Howarth, DAK Silva and APT Pezzin. Effect of the incorporation of micro and nanoparticles of calcium carbonate in poly (vinyl chloride) matrix for industrial application. Mater. Res. 2019; 22, e20180870.
XG Li, Y Lv, BG Ma, WQ Wei and SW Jian. Decomposition kinetic characteristics of calcium carbonate containing organic acids by TGA. Arabian J. Chem. 2017; 10, S2534-S2538.
I Bonadies, M Avella, R Avolio, C Carfagna, ME Errico and G Gentile. Poly (vinyl chloride)/CaCO3 nanocomposites: Influence of surface treatments on the properties. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2011; 122, 3590-8.
CL Cramer, MS Edwards, JW McMurray, AM Elliott and RA Lowden. Lightweight TiC-(Fe-Al) ceramic-metal composites made in situ by pressureless melt infiltration. J. Mater. Sci. 2019; 54, 12573-81.
NS Martirosyan, T Yoshino, A Shatskiy, AD Chanyshev and KD Litasov. The CaCO3-Fe interaction: Kinetic approach for carbonate subduction to the deep earth’s mantle. Phys. Earth Planet. In. 2016; 259, 1-9.
R Font, A Galvez, J Molto, A Fullana and I Aracil. Formation of polychlorinated compounds in the combustion of PVC with iron nanoparticle. Chemosphere 2010; 78, 152-9.
M Bilton, AP Brown and SJ Milne. Investigating the optimum conditions for the formation of calcium oxide, used for CO2 sequestration, by thermal decomposition of calcium acetate. J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 2012; 371, 012075.
KSP Karunadasa, CH Manoratne, HMTGA Pitawala and RMG Rajapakse. Thermal decomposition of calcium carbonate (calcite polymorph) as examined by in-situ high-temperature X-ray powder diffraction. J. Phys. Chem. Solid. 2019; 134, 21-8.
S Dash, M Kamruddin, PK Ajikumar, AK Tyagi and B Raj. Nanocrystalline and metastable phase formation in vacuum thermal decomposition of calcium carbonate. Thermochim. Acta 2000; 363, 129-35.
AB Bofors. Analytical methods for powders and explosives. AB Bofors Nobelkrut, Karlskoga, Sweden, 1974.
NZ Tomic. Chapter 17 - thermal studies of compatibilized polymer blends. Compat. Polym. Blends 2020; 2020, 489-510.
MEI Saraya, H Hassan and A Latif. Preparation of vaterite calcium carbonate in the form of spherical nano-size particles with the aid of polycarboxylate superplasticizer as a capping agent. Am. J. Nanomater. 2016; 4, 44-51.
AZ Noah, MA El Semary, AM Youssef and MA El-safty. Enhancement of yield point at high pressure high temperature wells by using polymer nanocomposites based on ZnO & CaCO3 nanoparticles. Egypt. J. Petrol. 2017; 26, 33-40.
JD Rodriguez-blanco, S Shaw and LG Benning. The kinetics and mechanisms of amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) crystallization to calcite, viavaterite. Nanoscale 2011; 3, 265-71.
M Pandey, GM Joshi, A Mukherjee and P Thomas. Electrical properties and thermal degradation of poly (vinyl chloride)/polyvinylidene fluoride/ZnO polymer. Polym. Int. 2016; 65, 1098-106.
H Tan, X Zheng, L Chen, K Liu, W Zhu and B Xia. The self-degradation mechanism of polyvinyl chloride-modified slag/fly ash binder for geothermal wells. Energies 2019; 12, 2821.
MS Russell. The chemistry of fireworks. Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, 2000.
JA Conkling and CJ Mocella. Chemistry of Pyrotechnics: Basic Principles and Theory. 3rd ed. CRC Press, Boca Raton, United States, 2019, p. 225-56.
IM Tuukkanen, EL Charsley, PG Laye, JJ Rooney, TT Griffiths and H Lemmetyinen. Pyrotechnic and thermal studies on the magnesium strontium nitrate pyrotechnic system. Propellant Explos. Pyrotech. 2006; 31, 110-5.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Walailak University
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
