Trends in Sciences

Exploratory Analysis of the Anti-Inflammatory Potential of the Ethyl Acetate-Soluble Fraction of Selaginella doederleinii Hieron in IL-1β-Induced Rat Hepatocytes

Sun, 01 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), a key pro-inflammatory cytokine, promotes inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression in hepatocytes, leading to excessive nitric oxide (NO) production and liver inflammation. Selaginella doederleinii Hieron is a medicinal plant traditionally used to treat various diseases, but its anti-inflammatory potential in hepatic inflammation models remains insufficiently explored. This exploratory study evaluated the anti-inflammatory potential of crude fractions of S. doederleinii, with implications for hepatoprotection, using an IL-1β-induced primary rat hepatocyte model and explored potential underlying molecular mechanisms. Fractions A (ethyl acetate), B (n-butanol), and C (aqueous) were assessed for NO inhibition, iNOS expression, and cytotoxicity. Fraction A (ethyl acetate) exhibited the strongest NO inhibitory activity (IC₅₀ = 15.69 µg/mL), showed no cytotoxicity, and qualitatively displayed a trend toward reduced iNOS expression. The representative Western blot analysis of iNOS provided visual support for the NO inhibition observed in the assay. Exploratory transcriptomic profiling suggested altered expression of genes related to the NF-κB and TNF pathways, including Rela and Nos2, thereby providing hypothesis-generating insights. LC–HRMS analysis tentatively annotated several compounds in Fraction A. In silico docking predicted that emodin-8-O-β-D-glucopyranoside showed relatively higher binding potential to IL-1β at site A, suggesting a possible interference with the IL-1β/IL-1R1 interaction. Collectively, these findings provide preliminary and exploratory in vitro and in silico evidence that the ethyl acetate-soluble fraction of S. doederleinii may exert anti-inflammatory activities in IL-1β-induced hepatocytes, warranting further validation.

HIGHLIGHTS

The ethyl acetate-soluble fraction of Selaginella doederleinii Hieron (Fraction A) showed the strongest inhibition of NO production with no cytotoxicity.
Fraction A qualitatively exhibited a trend toward reduced iNOS protein expression compared with n-butanol and aqueous fractions.
Exploratory microarray and pathway analyses suggested a possible association with NF-κB and TNF-related pathways.
LC-HRMS and molecular docking indicated that emodin-8-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, one of the tentatively annotated compounds in Fraction A, may interact with IL-1β at site A.
These findings provide preliminary, exploratory, and hypothesis-generating insights into of the anti-inflammatory and potential hepatoprotective activity of Fraction A.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Identification and Prediction of Bioactive Peptides from Anchovy (Engraulidae) Based on Processing Methods: Sub-Fragment Analysis via LC-HRMS Proteomics

Artika Dewie, Susetyowati Susetyowati, Diah Rumekti Hadiati — Fri, 20 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0700

This exploratory study aimed to identify and compare peptide profiles and predicted bioactivities of anchovies (Engraulidae) in 3 forms - Raw, processed, and fortified processed - using LC HRMS based proteomics combined with BIOPEP UWM and PeptideRanker analyses. Peptides generated by tryptic digestion were analyzed by LC HRMS, matched to an Engraulidae protein database, and evaluated in silico to annotate potential biological activities and estimate intrinsic bioactivity scores. In this non replicated dataset, raw anchovies showed the highest proteomic complexity (254 protein IDs and 1,304 peptide sequences), whereas processed and fortified samples exhibited fewer proteins and peptides, particularly with chain lengths ≥ 4 amino acids. Across all samples, the most frequent predicted activities were Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV (DPP IV) (27% - 31%) and Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) inhibition (± 24%), supported by antioxidant, neprilysin inhibitory (3% - 6%), and other enzyme inhibitory annotations. Short peptides (2 - 3 amino acids) dominated the predicted bioactive profiles, especially in processed and fortified products, indicating a shift toward shorter chains. Although total peptide numbers decreased after processing, the proportion of peptides with multiple annotated activities and high PeptideRanker scores (≥ 0.8) was descriptively higher in fortified samples (14.58%). These findings provide a preliminary molecular map suggesting that anchovy proteins can act as precursors of peptides with putative multifunctional bioactivities and may represent candidates for anchovy based functional foods or nutraceuticals. However, all functional inferences are based solely on sequence level, in silico predictions from single run LC HRMS data; the patterns observed are hypothesis generating and require confirmation through replicated experiments and targeted in vitro and in vivo validation.

HIGHLIGHTS

Comparative proteomic analysis was performed on raw, processed, and vitamin D₃-fortified anchovy samples.
LC-HRMS identified 254 proteins and 1,304 peptides in raw anchovies, with fewer peptides detected in processed and fortified samples.
Processing reduced peptide complexity but increased the proportion of multifunctional (multiactive) peptides.
DPP-IV and ACE inhibitory peptides remained dominant across all treatments, including fortification.
Fortified anchovies exhibited the highest proportion of peptides with high predicted bioactivity (PeptideRanker ≥ 0.8).
Anchovy-derived peptides show strong potential for multifunctional food and nutraceutical development.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

In Vivo Analysis of Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-Related Factor Modulation, Superoxide Dismutase, and Coronary Artery Histopathology by Allium ascalonicum L Extract in Rat Models of Atherosclerosis

Tue, 10 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease involving hyperlipidemia, inflammation, and oxidative stress as the main mechanisms. Standard therapies such as statins are not fully effective in preventing the development of atherosclerosis, so additional therapies are still needed. Allium ascalonicum L extract contains quercetin, kaempferol, and allicin, which have antioxidant potential. Objective: To analyze the therapy of Allium ascalonicum L extract variety Bima, sourced from local farmers in Brebes, Central Java, Indonesia combined with atorvastatin, which has not been specifically studied in a rat model of atherosclerosis, the duration of long-term therapy (12 weeks), and to analyze complete and integrated molecular variables. This study simultaneously analyzed oxidative stress and histopathology variables, including serum Nrf2, tissue Nrf2, SOD, and coronary artery histopathology, which are potential therapeutic targets in atherosclerosis, and assessed the correlation between serum Nrf2 and tissue Nrf2, which has not been done in previous studies. Methods: The in vivo experimental study was conducted using rat fed an atherogenic diet to induce atherosclerosis. Treatment groups received Allium ascalonicum L extract and/or atorvastatin for 12 weeks. Results: Allium ascalonicum L extract therapy significantly increased serum Nrf2, tissue Nrf2, and SOD levels (p < 0.05), and histopathology showed a decrease in the degree of atherosclerosis and coronary artery wall thickness. The best effect of Allium ascalonicum L extract was seen in group P3, which was induced with an atherogenic diet and given combination therapy with 500 mg/kgBW of Allium ascalonicum L extract and 0.9 mg/kgBW of atorvastatin. A very strong correlation was found between serum Nrf2 and tissue Nrf2 (r: 0.865). In conclusion, Allium ascalonicum L extract has been proven effective as a preventive therapy in reducing oxidative stress and improving coronary artery histopathology in rat models of atherosclerosis. Serum Nrf2 marker can be proposed as a marker for monitoring atherosclerosis therapy.

HIGHLIGHTS

Allium ascalonicum L extract boosts serum and tissue Nrf2 levels in atherosclerosis.
Combination therapy prevents oxidative stress and coronary artery damage in rat models of atherosclerosis.
Strong correlation found between serum and tissue Nrf2, aiding non-invasive monitoring.
Allium ascalonicum L extract improves SOD activity, enhancing antioxidant defense.
Histopathology shows decreased atherosclerosis severity and vessel thickness post-treatment.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Spatial Classification of Diurnal Precipitation Cycle in the Tropical and Subtropical Regions Based on the Circular Statistical Analysis

Peeravit Koad, Chanankorn Jandaeng, Jongsuk Kongsen, Sirirat Somchuea — Sun, 15 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0700

The impact of climate and weather on human existence is of utmost importance, as it shapes several aspects, such as human evolution, migration patterns, and social progress. Observing and comprehending precipitation patterns, especially the diurnal cycle, are imperative for effectively managing everyday activities. This study thoroughly examines diurnal precipitation patterns in tropical and subtropical regions through the utilization of a parametric approach based on the bimodal von Mises distribution. The research effectively creates a spatial classification criterion for diurnal precipitation, offering a simple but helpful tool for meteorological and climatological investigations. It helps identify the spatial extents of convective and stratiform precipitations and reveals the physical mechanisms behind the precipitation, such as over the complex mountaintop terrains. The user-friendliness and capacity to elucidate the bimodal characteristics of diurnal precipitation patterns also render this criterion a significant asset for academia and practitioners.

HIGHLIGHTS

Introduces a circular statistical framework using the bimodal von Mises distribution to model diurnal precipitation patterns across tropical and subtropical regions.
Demonstrates that the proposed method effectively captures both unimodal and bimodal rainfall variations, outperforming traditional harmonic approaches, particularly in representing asymmetric or dual-peak behaviors.
Provides a spatial classification of diurnal precipitation into classes covering convective, orographic, and stratiform regimes, revealing clear land–ocean and topographic contrasts.
Shows that continental regions exhibit afternoon and evening convective peaks, while oceanic areas are dominated by nocturnal and early-morning stratiform rainfall.
Offers a quantitative tool for climatological and hydrological applications, supporting improved weather prediction, water-resource management, and climate-resilience planning.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

First Spatial Resistance Mapping of Fall Armyworm in Jambi, Indonesia

Ratna Rubiana, Witjaksono Witjaksono, Suputa Suputa, Y. Andi Trisyono — Thu, 05 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0700

1) Introduction: The fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) has rapidly expanded across Indonesia since its first detection in 2019 and continues to threaten maize production. Reliance on repeated applications of chemical insecticides raises concern for emerging resistance, yet spatial patterns of resistance remain poorly documented and no spatially integrated resistance monitoring has been conducted in Indonesia. 2) Materials and methods: Eleven field populations from Jambi Province and one susceptible laboratory population were assessed for susceptibility to four commonly used insecticides: Chlorantraniliprole, deltamethrin, emamectin benzoate, and spinetoram. Diet-dipping bioassays were performed, and concentration mortality responses were analyzed using probit regression to estimate LC₅₀ values and resistance ratios. Spatial visualization was conducted in RStudio (version 2024.12.0 Build 467) using sf and ggplot2 packages to generate choropleth maps showing variation in resistance intensity across administrative regions. 3) Results and discussion: Resistance varied widely among locations and insecticides. Chlorantraniliprole showed low–moderate resistance (RR 0.17 - 22.95), highest in Kerinci. Deltamethrin resistance was widespread (RR 1.26 - 7.45), especially in Jambi City and Sarolangun. Emamectin benzoate showed extreme resistance (RR 17.44 - 8415.88), with hotspots in Tanjab Barat and Sungai Penuh. Spinetoram remained mostly effective (RR 0.01 - 3.12). Spatial patterns indicated localized selection pressure. Spatial patterns indicated localized selection pressure. 4) Conclusions: The findings confirm emerging resistance risks and spatially structured resistance hotspots across Jambi. These results underscore the need for region-specific insecticide rotation, routine resistance surveillance, and integration of chemical control with broader IPM and IRM strategies to maintain long term effectiveness and slow resistance evolution.

HIGHLIGHTS

Insecticide resistance of Spodoptera frugiperda was spatially assessed across 11 agricultural sites in Jambi Province, Indonesia.
LC₅₀ values and resistance ratios were estimated using diet residue bioassays and probit analysis, with spatial patterns visualized using R-based choropleth mapping.
Strong geographic variation in susceptibility was observed, including high resistance to chlorantraniliprole and widespread resistance to deltamethrin.
Emamectin benzoate resistance was documented for the first time in Indonesia, with pronounced hotspots in Sungai Penuh and Tanjab Timur.
Spinetoram remained largely effective, although early resistance signals highlight the need for proactive IPM/IRM-based rotation strategies.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Dual Inhibition and Safety Profiling of Padina Australis Extract as A Marine-Derived α-Glucosidase Modulator: An Integrated In Vitro and In Silico Study

Wed, 25 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Padina australis is a brown seaweed that shows promise as a natural source of α-glucosidase inhibitors for diabetes management. This study evaluated the α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of P. australis extracts and examined how extraction solvents influence this activity. It also identified potential active metabolites using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS), molecular docking, and toxicity prediction, thereby providing new evidence on the α-glucosidase inhibitory potential of P. australis. Ultrasonic-assisted extraction with n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol revealed that the ethyl acetate extract exhibited the highest inhibitory activity at 500 µg∙mL⁻¹ (94.55 ± 0.16%), comparable to the ethanol extract (93.75 ± 2.56%) and higher than the n-hexane extract (45.37 ± 4.59%). GC–MS analysis identified 23 compounds, including loliolide, 2(4H)-benzofuranone, 5,6,7,7a-tetrahydro-4,4,7a-trimethyl, phytol, neophytadiene, and several fatty acids. Docking against yeast α-glucosidase (3A4A), human maltase–glucoamylase (3L4T), and lysosomal α-glucosidase (5NN6) indicated that loliolide and benzofuranone derivatives showed affinities approaching acarbose on the yeast enzyme, while neophytadiene and polyunsaturated fatty acids exhibited the most favorable interactions with the human intestinal enzyme. Binding to lysosomal α-glucosidase (5NN6) was consistently weaker, suggesting a degree of selectivity away from lysosomal targets. ProTox-3.0 predicted low acute toxicity for most metabolites (Classes V-VI) and moderate toxicity for two compounds (Class IV), whereas loliolide was classified as higher-risk (Class II). These findings support Padina australis as a potential source of α-glucosidase-modulating metabolites at a screening level. However, comprehensive studies including dose-response assays, enzyme kinetic characterization, fractionation, and toxicity testing are required to validate and extend these preliminary observations.

HIGHLIGHTS

Padina australis ethyl acetate extract showed in vitro α-glucosidase inhibition of > 90% at 500 µg∙mL⁻¹.
Molecular docking indicated strong binding of key metabolites to yeast (3A4A) and human intestinal (3L4T) α-glucosidase, with consistently weaker binding to the lysosomal isoform (5NN6), suggesting selectivity.
GC–MS identified 23 compounds; key metabolites formed favorable interactions with catalytic site residues in docking simulations.
In silico toxicity prediction indicated that most compounds were in low-toxicity classes (loliolide was a notable exception, flagged as higher toxicity).
These findings support australis as a promising marine source of α-glucosidase-modulating metabolites, though further dose–response and safety studies are warranted.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

A Validated Ultrasound-Assisted UPLC-PDA-QDa Method for Safflower Flavonoid Glycosides: Box-Behnken Optimization and Drying-Induced Compositional Changes

Sun, 01 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) is widely recognized for its therapeutic and nutritional value, primarily attributed to flavonoid glycosides with strong antioxidant activities. To establish a rapid, green, and reliable analytical approach, an ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) method coupled with UPLC-PDA-QDa-MS was developed, optimized, and validated. The extraction parameters, including solvent concentration, solid-to-liquid ratio, temperature, and time, were optimized using Box-Behnken design, yielding the best extraction efficiency at 50% methanol, 0.3:20 (g mL⁻¹), 30 °C, and 15 min. The method demonstrated good linearity (R² = 0.9927), satisfactory precision (CV < 11%), and accuracy (recoveries 90% - 100%), with limits of detection and quantification of 2.967 and 8.992 ppm, respectively, meeting ICH Q2 criteria. Five major flavonoid glycosides and two HSYA-derived compounds were identified, and the flavonoid glycosides were determined on a semi-quantitative basis as HSYA equivalents. Application of the validated method to safflower samples subjected to different drying treatments revealed significant compositional variations, where freeze-drying best preserved hydroxysafflor yellow A (HSYA), while hot-air drying favored other glycosides. The method provides a robust analytical tool for comparative profiling and quality control of safflower-derived products and supports green extraction and validation strategies in functional food and phytopharmaceutical research.

HIGHLIGHTS

Green UAE–UPLC-PDA-QDa-MS method validated for safflower glycosides.
Box–Behnken design optimized solvent ratio, temperature, and time.
Five glycosides and two HSYA derivatives identified.
Drying altered glycoside profiles; freeze-drying preserved HSYA.
Analytical tool for quality control of safflower-based products.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Characterization and Biotechnological Potential of Halophilic Fungi Producing Salt-Tolerant Amylase and Protease from Marine Environments

Ninadia Jitprasitporn, Lakkhana Kanhayuwa Wingfield — Sun, 01 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0700

This study aimed to characterize halophilic and halotolerant fungi from marine environments and evaluate their potential as sources of salt-tolerant hydrolases for biotechnological applications in the food and detergent industries. Seven fungal isolates were identified through morphological and molecular characterization of the ITS region and phylogenetic analysis using the Maximum Likelihood method. Salt tolerance was evaluated on PDA supplemented with 0% - 20% NaCl, while amylase and protease activities were assessed by plate assays and quantified spectrophotometrically during 7 - 21 days of cultivation. Crude enzyme extracts were further examined for orange juice clarification and stain-removal efficiency on cotton fabrics, both individually and in combination with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). All isolates belonged to the genera Aspergillus and Penicillium and exhibited facultative halophilism, with optimal growth at 5% - 10% NaCl. A. subalbidus NM-16 and NM-17.1 showed the highest amylase activities (3.16 ± 0.43 and 2.63 ± 0.24 EI), whereas protease production occurred exclusively in P. citrinum isolates. Among them, P. citrinum I22M1 exhibited maximal enzyme activities at day 21 (amylase = 0.93 ± 0.01 U/mL; protease = 1.58 ± 0.01 U/mL). Crude enzyme preparations achieved 32.53 ± 2.01% juice clarification and up to 95.67 ± 8.85% and 88.99 ± 1.21% removal of chocolate and blood stains, respectively. The synergistic combination of enzyme and SDS completely restored fabric whiteness. These findings demonstrate that marine-derived Aspergillus and Penicillium produce stable, halotolerant amylase and protease enzymes capable of functioning under saline conditions, highlighting their potential as eco-friendly biocatalysts for sustainable industrial processes.

HIGHLIGHTS

Seven halophilic and halotolerant fungi were isolated from marine environments.
Aspergillus and Penicillium strains exhibited strong salt tolerance up to 20% NaCl.
Crude enzymes showed significant amylase and protease activities under saline conditions.
Fungal enzymes effectively clarified orange juice and removed chocolate and blood stains.
Results highlight marine-derived fungi as promising sources of salt-tolerant hydrolases for eco-friendly industrial use.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Potential of Zingiber officinale var. Rubrum Extract in Inhibiting Helicobacter pylori in Chronic Gastritis Patients: A Pilot Study in Human Focusing on Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Quality of Life

Tue, 10 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Helicobacter pylori infection is a major global public health problem. Although H. pylori eradication has been shown to reduce the incidence of gastric cancer, increasing resistance to standard antibiotic therapy decreases treatment success rates. Zingiber officinale var. Rubrum contains active compounds with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant thus potential as an adjuvant for inhibiting H. pylori. This study aimed to demonstrate and verify the effect of ZOR extract therapy on the inhibiting of H. pylori in patients with chronic gastritis. Study parameters included TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, MDA, and quality of life based on the SF-NDI. A randomized controlled trial with a pre-post test was conducted from July 2024 to June 2025 at Sebelas Maret University Hospital, Sukoharjo. Thirty patients with chronic ulcers due to H. pylori infection were divided equally into 3 groups: A positive control standard eradication therapy, treatment 1 with the addition of 500 mg ZOR capsules, and treatment 2 with the addition of 1 g ZOR capsules. The intervention lasted for 2 weeks. Parameters evaluated before and after the intervention included serum levels of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, MDA, and quality of life using the SF-NDI. Statistical analysis used ANOVA/Kruskal Wallis test with a significance level of p < 0.05. ZOR supplementation at doses of 500 mg and 1 g reduced TNF-α levels. Administration of 1 g ZOR also reduced IL-6 and IL-1β levels between groups. The reduction in MDA was not significant. Quality of life scores were found primarily in the 500 mg and 1 g ZOR groups, with significant results p < 0.05. Zingiber officinale var. Rubrum supplementation can be applied as an adjuvant in H. pylori eradication therapy, potentially providing anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects thus improving quality of life in patients with chronic gastric ulcers caused by H. pylori infection.

HIGHLIGHTS

Red ginger adjuvant therapy reduces key inflammatory cytokines in pylori gastritis.
Zingiber officinale Rubrum improves patient quality of life alongside standard care.
Dose-dependent effects shown; 1g more effective reducing IL-6, IL-1β than 500 mg.
Significant SF-NDI score improvement with ZOR supplementation vs. control.
ZOR may provide anti-inflammatory support amid rising pylori antibiotic resistance.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Cyclooxygenase Modulatory Activity of γ-Oryzanol from Pathumthani 1 Rice Bran: Integration of HPLC Composition, Cell Assays, and Molecular Docking

Wed, 25 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Gamma (g)-Oryzanol, a mixture of ferulic acid esters of plant sterols and triterpene alcohols, exhibits notable antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This study investigated the composition and cyclooxygenase (COX) modulatory activity of γ-oryzanol extract obtained from Oryza sativa L. var. indica cv. Pathumthani 1 (PTT1) rice bran. Quantitative HPLC analysis indicated a total γ-oryzanol content of 71.93 ± 8.74 mg/100 g extract, with cycloartenyl ferulate, 24-methylenecycloartanyl ferulate, campesteryl ferulate, and sitosteryl ferulates as the primary constituents. COX activity assays in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages demonstrated that the extract selectively inhibited COX-2 activity in a dose-dependent manner, whereas COX-1 inhibition was not statistically significant, indicating enzyme selectivity. Complementary molecular docking analysis further supported these findings, showing that all steryl ferulates exhibited stable binding conformations within the COX-2 catalytic cleft with low RMSD values. Among them, campesteryl ferulate displayed the most favorable binding energy toward both COX isoforms. Collectively, these results emphasize the possible use of γ-oryzanol from PTT1 rice bran as a natural COX-2 selective modulator with therapeutic relevance in inflammatory regulation.

HIGHLIGHTS

Pathumthani 1 (PTT1) rice bran showed high concentration of total γ-oryzanol.
γ-Oryzanol from PTT1 rice bran selectively inhibited COX-2 activity.
Molecular docking demonstrated campesteryl ferulate having stable COX-2 binding with strong affinity.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Chlorogenic Acid Ameliorates Testicular Damage and Hormonal Imbalance in Diabetic Male Wistar Rats

Eko Naning Sofyanita, Eka Chandra Herlina, Achmad Zulfa Juniarto — Thu, 05 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia that may lead to multiple complications, including male reproductive dysfunction. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of chlorogenic acid (CGA) administration on blood glucose levels (BGLs), reproductive hormones, testicular histology, and spermatogenesis in male Wistar rats with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Thirty rats were divided into a healthy control group (n = 5) and a diabetic group (n = 25). T2DM was induced using a high-fat diet (HFD) combined with streptozotocin (STZ) and nicotinamide (NA). The diabetic rats were further divided into five subgroups: Untreated diabetic (DM), diabetic + metformin 500 mg/kg BW (DMet), diabetic + CGA 6.25 mg/kg BW (DMCGA 6.25mg), diabetic + CGA 12.5 mg/kg BW (DMCGA 12.5mg), and diabetic + CGA 25 mg/kg BW (DMCGA 25mg). CGA was administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) once daily for 31 days. Serum of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and testosterone were measured using ELISA, and testicular structure and spermatogenesis were evaluated histologically and scored using the Johnsen system. CGA administration significantly reduced BGLs (p < 0.05), increased LH, FSH, and testosterone levels, and improved seminiferous tubule diameter, epithelial thickness, and Johnsen score. The CGA dose of 25 mg/kg BW showed the most pronounced effect, reducing blood glucose to 93.80 ± 5.31 mg/dL, comparable to the metformin group (104.40 ± 6.11 mg/dL), and increasing testosterone levels to 1,642.57 ± 38.66 pg/mL, approaching the normal control (1,763.86 ± 23.05 pg/mL). The 25 mg/kg BW CGA group demonstrated the most pronounced restorative effect, comparable to the metformin group. In conclusion, CGA exhibits antidiabetic and testicular protective effects by enhancing endocrine and spermatogenic functions in diabetic male rats.

HIGHLIGHTS

Chlorogenic acid (CGA) was administered to male Wistar mice of a diabetic induced model with a diet high in fat and Streptozotocin–nicotinamide.
Administration of CGA significantly lowered blood glucose levels in DM Type 2 (DMT2) rats.
CGA increases levels of reproductive hormones such as LH, FSH, and testosterone hormones and improves hormonal balance.
The histological structure of the testicles and the process of spermatogenesis, including the Johnsen score, experienced significant improvement after the administration of CGA.
CGA has the potential to be developed as a natural therapeutic agent to prevent male reproductive dysfunction due to diabetes.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Green Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Solanum nigrum L Fruit Using Ultrasound-Assisted Technology: Antioxidant Properties and Proliferative Effects on NIH-3T3 Fibroblasts

Tue, 10 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Skin aging is a process that involves a gradual decline in the function of fibroblasts in the dermis layer. Fibroblasts in the dermis play a role in controlling the structure of the extracellular matrix, supporting wound healing, and maintaining skin tissue stability. When fibroblast function declines, it results in damage to the skin structure, prolonged inflammation, and a reduction in the skin’s ability to regenerate. This study aimed to evaluate the antiaging potential of the extract of Solanum nigrum L fruit from Majenang, Central Java, Indonesia. The effects of solvent type and extraction duration on the bioactive content and biological activities of Solanum nigrum L fruit extracts obtained by Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE). Proliferation activity was carried out on NIH-3T3 fibroblast cell lines, while antioxidant activity was done with DPPH methods. We also analyzed the content of phenolic and flavonoid compounds. The research method was experimental. Extraction was performed using the Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction (UAE) method. Phytochemical analysis included the determination of total phenol and total flavonoid content. The activity of the extract was evaluated through antioxidant testing using the DPPH method and testing of the proliferation effect on NIH 3T3 cells. The results indicated that solvent selection and extraction time had a significant influence on both extraction yield and biological activity. Optimal conditions were achieved using 96% ethanol as the solvent and an extraction time of 30 min, yielding a total phenolic content of 61.18 mg GAE/g, flavonoids of 73.99 mg Rutin/g, antioxidant activity of 87.164 ppm, and an EC₅₀ value for NIH-3T3 fibroblast cell proliferation of 12.48 ppm. These proved that Solanum nigrum L fruit has antioxidant activity and can stimulate the proliferation of NIH-3T3 fibroblast cells, making it a promising candidate for further development in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries as an active ingredient that supports cell regeneration.

HIGHLIGHTS

Fresh Solanum nigrum fruit was extracted using Ultrasound-Assisted Technology (UAE)
Evaluating the effect of solvent variation and extraction time on the extraction efficiency of Solanum nigrum fruit using UAE technology.
Reporting that 96% ethanol is the best solvent compared to other solvents in increasing the extraction yield and determining flavonoid and phenol content.
Confirming that an extraction duration of 30 minutes is the optimal condition for the highest yield and quality of
Reporting an EC₅₀ value of 12.48 ppm in the NIH-3T3 fibroblast cell proliferation test, indicating strong bioactive potential for skin cell regeneration.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Synergistic Enhancement of Nisin Production through Metabolic and Regulatory Engineering of Lactococcus lactis ATCC 11454: Thermal and pH Stability and Application in Food Model System

Fri, 20 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Nisin is one of the most studied bacteriocins due to its broad antimicrobial spectrum and Generally Recognized as Safe status. In this study, nisRK was overexpressed in lactic acid-deficient Lactococcus lactis ATCC 11454, generating a recombinant Lactococcus lactis ATCC 11454 Δldh carrying pMG36e-P8-nisRK (ldhΔnisRK^OE), to enhance nisin biosynthesis. Growth kinetics (OD600 monitoring) and antimicrobial activity agar (well diffusion assay) were compared among wildtype, ldh∆, nisRK^OE, and double mutant strains. The ldhΔnisRK^OE strain exhibited significantly higher antimicrobial activity than all other strains, with inhibition zones increased by up to 107% against Gram-positive and 78% against Gram-negative bacteria, compared with the wildtype. Thermal and pH stability tests showed that antimicrobial activity was well preserved at low temperatures (0 -4 °C) and across a wide pH range (2 - 10), with optimal performance near pH 6. Activity declined by 26% - 34% following heat treatment at 100 - 121 °C. Application in raw chicken demonstrated that CFS from the engineered strain slowed microbial growth and extended shelf life. After seven days at 4 °C, treated samples maintained lower bacterial counts (8.41 ± 0.02 log CFU/g) compared with controls (9.10 ± 0.07 log CFU/g). At 30 °C, untreated samples spoiled within 72 h, while treated meats remained stable until day 7. These findings highlight that combining metabolic redirection with regulatory overexpression can substantially improves nisin yield and antimicrobial activity. L. lactis ATCC 11454-ldhΔnisRK^OE strain holds strong potential as a microbial cell factory for bacteriocin-based applications in food preservation and biotechnology.

HIGHLIGHTS

First report of nisRK overexpression in lactic acid deficient lactis background
Overexpression of nisRK enhances nisin biosynthesis and antimicrobial activity
L. lactis ATCC 11454-ldhΔ-nisRK^OE strain exhibited highest antimicrobial activity.
Antimicrobial activity remained stable across a wide pH range and moderate heat conditions.
The application to raw chicken slowed spoilage and prolonged shelf life.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Valorization of Desalted Duck Egg White through Enzymatic Hydrolysis: Gas-tric Digestion Behavior and Antioxidant Responses

Thu, 05 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0700

This study investigated the gastric-phase digestion behavior and antioxidant responses of enzymatic protein hydrolysates produced from desalted duck egg white (DS-DEW) and evaluated their potential for value-added food ingredient development. Duck egg white proteins were subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis, and a modified INFOGEST static in vitro digestion model focusing exclusively on the gastric phase was applied to native duck egg white (DEW), desalted duck egg white (DS-DEW), duck egg white hydrolysate (DEWH), desalted duck egg white hydrolysate (DS-DEWH), and commercial egg white powder (EWP). Proteolysis during digestion was assessed by acid consumption kinetics, while free amino acid (FAA) release and antioxidant responses were evaluated using HPLC, DPPH radical-scavenging, and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. Native and non-hydrolyzed samples (DEW, DS-DEW, and EWP) exhibited high acid uptake during gastric digestion (90% - 95%), whereas pre-hydrolyzed samples (DEWH and DS-DEWH) showed markedly lower acid consumption (< 20%), reflecting extensive peptide bond cleavage prior to gastric digestion rather than reduced digestibility. DS-DEWH exhibited the highest absolute FAA content after digestion (303.25 ± 4.38 mg/g), approximately 22-fold higher than EWP, indicating greater availability of hydrolysis products under acidic, pepsin-driven conditions. Antioxidant evaluation using chemical assays showed that DS-DEWH displayed significantly higher DPPH radical-scavenging activity (42.67%) and FRAP values (3.71 ± 0.69 µmol TE/g) than DEW and DS-DEW (p < 0.05). Due to analytical constraints, EWP was excluded from antioxidant assays. Overall, enzymatic hydrolysis altered gastric-phase digestion behavior and enhanced free amino acid availability and antioxidant responses of desalted duck egg white at the chemical-assay level, supporting its valorization as a sustainable food protein ingredient.

HIGHLIGHTS

Enzymatic hydrolysis altered the gastric-phase digestion behavior of desalted duck egg white.
Desalted duck egg white hydrolysate showed high free amino acid levels after digestion.
Strong antioxidant responses of the hydrolysate were observed using DPPH and FRAP assays.
Enzymatic processing supports valorization of salted egg white by-products for food use.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

The Active Fraction of Physalis angulata Linn. Increases PPARγ and GLUT4 mRNA Expression in an In Vitro Insulin-Resistant C2C12 Cells

Jessica Gita Batoteng, Mae Sri Hartati Wahyuningsih, Fara Silvia Yuliani — Tue, 10 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Insulin resistance, a key feature of type 2 diabetes, is characterized by impaired glucose uptake associated with dysregulation of PPARγ and GLUT4. This study investigated the effects of the active fraction of Physalis angulata Linn. (P. angulata), commonly known as ciplukan, on PPARγ and GLUT4 mRNA expression in an in vitro insulin-resistant C2C12 cell model. Insulin resistance was induced using palmitate, followed by treatment with the active fraction of P. angulata (100 μg/mL) for 4, 12, and 24 h. PPARγ and GLUT4 mRNA expression levels were quantified using reverse transcription quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The active fraction of P. angulata significantly increased PPARγ mRNA expression at 4, 12, and 24 h and GLUT4 mRNA expression at 12 h compared with the control group (p < 0.05). These results demonstrate a time-dependent upregulation of genes involved in lipid metabolism and glucose transport in insulin-resistant C2C12 cells. The findings suggest that the active fraction of P. angulata may influence the expression of PPARγ and GLUT4 mRNA in insulin-resistant C2C12 cells, warranting further investigation.

HIGHLIGHTS

Physalis angulata is traditionally known for its antidiabetic potential.
Fraction Physalis angulata enhanced PPARγ and GLUT4 gene expression in insulin-resistant C2C12 myotubes.
The study provides preliminary insight into its potential cellular effects.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Low-Cost Activated Carbon from Cassava Rhizome Waste via Hydrothermal Method for Methylene Blue and Community Wastewater Treatment: Isotherm and Kinetic Studies

Sun, 15 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Current pollution of natural water sources led to the utilization of agricultural waste, such as cassava rhizome, for conversion into activated carbon in order to reduce waste, promote a circular economy, and enhance the absorption of pollutants, particularly dyes, in wastewater treatment. In this study, the activated carbon was prepared through a hydrothermal process and potassium hydroxide (KOH) activation at 1:1, 1:2, and 1:3 ratios. The resulting activated carbon exhibited increased porosity, smaller pore sizes, and a higher surface area compared to cassava rhizome biochar, especially at a KOH 1:2 ratio. The surface area reached 42.68 m²/g. In the methylene blue adsorption test, the activated carbon showed better adsorption efficiency than cassava rhizome biochar, achieving a maximum removal percentage of 98.35%. Moreover, the results were consistent with the Langmuir adsorption model, with maximum adsorption capacities of 16.08, 81.97, 100, and 96.15 mg/g for biochar and activated carbon prepared with KOH at the respective ratios of 1:1, 1:2, and 1:3, respectively. The kinetic adsorption study aligned with pseudo-second-order kinetic modeling, suggesting that chemisorption may contribute to the adsorption process. In addition, when activated carbon and cassava rhizome biochar are used for natural wastewater treatment, the oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) and dissolved oxygen (DO) are enhanced, which suggests activated carbon and cassava rhizome biochar could effectively be used in real-world applications.

HIGHLIGHTS

Preparation of Activated Carbon from cassava rhizome, an agricultural waste for minimization of waste and effective treatment of wastewater.
The hydrothermal activation method with a KOH ratio of 1:2 is most effective; the surface area of 68 m²/g was 8.82 times higher than that of cassava rhizome biochar.
The activated carbon with a KOH ratio of 1:2 is capable of adsorbing 35% of methylene blue at initial concentration is 30 mg/L.
Adsorption followed the Langmuir adsorption model with Q_max= 100 mg/g and K_L= 33 L/mg and pseudo-second-order kinetic model with k₂ = 0.0006 g/mg·min, R² = 0.9961, and h = 2.7 mg/g·min.
Both cassava rhizome biochar and activated carbon show potential for natural wastewater treatment.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Dynamic Expression of E2F1 and eEF1A1 During Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Activation of Primary Hepatic Stellate Cells

Tue, 10 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are the principal mediators of liver fibrosis. Upon liver injury, they undergo activation marked by phenotypic transformation, proliferation, and extracellular matrix deposition. However, the gene regulatory networks driving this activation remain incompletely understood. This study investigates the expression of E2F1 and eEF1A1 - 2 genes involved in cell proliferation and protein synthesis - in HSCs activated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), an inflammatory stimulant used to model liver injury. Primary HSCs were isolated from Swiss mice and cultured in vitro. Cells were treated with 0, 100 or 200 ng/mL LPS for 24 h and assessed up to 7 days. Morphological changes were assessed microscopically, lipid content was evaluated via Oil Red O staining, and expression of α-SMA, E2F1, and eEF1A1 was measured by immunocytochemistry and qRT-PCR. LPS induced dose- and time-dependent HSC activation, characterized by morphological changes, loss of lipid droplets, and increased α-SMA expression. E2F1 expression increased progressively, peaking at Day 3 and remaining elevated through Day 7. eEF1A1 expression showed a biphasic pattern, with upregulation at Day 3 followed by a reduction at Day 7. Notably, 200 ng/mL LPS yielded the most pronounced gene expression changes. E2F1 and eEF1A1 are dynamically regulated during LPS-induced HSC activation, indicating their potential roles in fibrogenic processes. These findings offer new insights into the transcriptional and translational control of HSC biology and suggest novel targets for antifibrotic therapies.

HIGHLIGHTS

LPS stimulation established an in vitro model of HSC activation
E2F1 was progressively upregulated, peaking at Day 3 and sustained to Day 7 of activation
eEF1A1 showed biphasic expression, with early upregulation (Day 3) followed by decline (Day 7)
Findings suggest E2F1/eEF1A1 as regulators and targets in liver fibrogenesis

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Anthocyanin Identification in Miana Leaf (Coleus scutellarioides L. Benth) Extracts Using Different Solvents and Maceration Times for Application as a Poultry Feed Additive

Tue, 10 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0700

This study aims to identify the type of solvents and their maceration durations for the extraction of anthocyanins from Coleus scutellarioides L. Benth (C. scutellarioides) leaves using the maceration method. It also aims to characterize the anthocyanin profile, which could be utilized as a potential feed additive to reduce cholesterol levels in poultry meat. The study employed a completely randomized design with 2 factors. The first factor (A) was solvent: Aquadest, aquadest + 0.5% citric acid, and 70% ethanol. The second factor (B) was maceration durations: 6, 12, 24, and 48 h for C. scutellarioides leaves. Measured variables included color measurement, extract yield, total anthocyanin content (TAC), thin layer chromatography (TLC) extract-yield profile, and identification of anthocyanins by LC-MS/MS. Statistical analysis showed a significant interaction effect (p < 0.05) between solvent type and maceration duration on color measurement, extract yield, and TAC of C. scutellarioides extract. The TLC profile of C. scutellarioides extract using the citroborate reagent revealed 7 distinct spots with aquadest, 8 with aquadest with 0.5% citric acid, and 8 with 70% ethanol as solvents. Based on the highest TAC value obtained for each solvent type and maceration duration, LC-MS/MS analysis was conducted. The results identified 4 different anthocyanin compounds in the aquadest extract, 6 in the aquadest with 0.5% citric acid extract, and 5 in the 70% ethanol extract. It can be concluded that the optimal solvent type and maceration duration for anthocyanin extraction from C. scutellarioides are aquadest with 0.5% citric acid for 12 h. Under these conditions, 6 distinct anthocyanins were identified: cyanidin-3-glucoside, cyanidin 3-O-(p-coumaroyl) glucoside-5-O-malonyglucoside I, cyanidin-3-O-glucuronide, pelargonidin-3-glucuronide, cyanidin, and pelargonidin, with a total phenolic content of 72.14 mg GAE/g extract. Three of these (cyanidin-3-glucoside, cyanidin, and pelargonidin) have been reported to inhibit cholesterol synthesis.

HIGHLIGHTS

This study optimized anthocyanin extraction from Coleus scutellarioides Benth leaves by varying solvents and maceration durations.
A significant interaction (p < 0.05) between solvent type and maceration duration affected color parameters, extract yield, and total anthocyanin content (TAC).
The combination of distilled water with 0.5% citric acid for 12 h produced the highest anthocyanin concentration (292.95 mg/L), with 6 types of anthocyanins identified.
Six anthocyanin were identified in the extract obtained using distilled water with 0.5% citric acid through LC-MS/MS analysis: Cyanidin-3-glucoside, pelargonidin-3-glucuronide, and cyanidin 3-O-(p-coumaroyl) glucoside-5-O-malonylglucoside I.
The compounds cyanidin-3-glucoside, cyanidin, and pelargonidin have each been associated with inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase. This association suggests that these specific compounds may serve as natural anti-cholesterol feed additives for poultry.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

The Restorative Role of Flavonoids in Immunological, Antioxidant, and Microbiota Mechanisms of Autoimmune Thyroiditis

Tue, 10 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Autoimmune thyroiditis is a multifactorial endocrine disorder characterized by chronic immune-mediated inflammation, oxidative imbalance, and disruption of gut microbiota homeostasis. These pathological processes lead to thyroid hormone deficiency, metabolic dysfunction, and systemic immune polarization. The present study aimed to evaluate the immunological, antioxidant, and microbiota-corrective effects of three plant-derived flavonoids - quercetin, dihydroquercetin (taxifolin), and luteolin - in an experimental rat model of autoimmune thyroiditis. Thyroid hormone concentrations (T3, T4, and fT3), antioxidant enzyme activity (GPX1), macro- and microelement balance (Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Fe, K⁺ and P), and intestinal bacterial composition were analyzed to assess the extent of restoration. Autoimmune thyroiditis caused a pronounced decrease in thyroid hormone levels (T3 −66.5%, T4 −66.7% and fT3 −39.5%) and GPX1 activity (−59.1%), along with disturbances in essential macro- and microelements and microbiota composition. Flavonoid treatment markedly ameliorated these impairments: luteolin restored T3 and T4 levels to near-physiological values and normalized GPX1 activity by 93.6% of the control. Quercetin and dihydroquercetin showed moderate but significant improvements in antioxidant and endocrine parameters. Additionally, flavonoid supplementation rebalanced the gut microbiota, increasing beneficial taxa (Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii) while reducing pathogenic species (Escherichia coli, Streptococcus and Fusobacterium). Collectively, the findings demonstrate that natural flavonoids exert a potent corrective influence on immune, redox, and microbiota disturbances in autoimmune thyroiditis. Among them, luteolin exhibited the strongest integrative effect, suggesting its potential as a promising adjunctive therapy to conventional treatment in thyroid autoimmune diseases.

HIGHLIGHTS

Autoimmune thyroiditis induced severe endocrine, oxidative, and microbiota disturbances in rats.
Dietary flavonoids significantly restored thyroid hormone homeostasis and antioxidant defense.
Luteolin exhibited the strongest integrative effects on GPX1 activity and immune modulation.
Flavonoid treatment rebalanced gut microbiota by increasing beneficial and reducing pathogenic taxa.
Natural flavonoids represent promising functional agents for correcting immune-redox-microbiota dysregulation in AIT.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Synthesis of Betacyanin-Grafted Inulin as a Colon Cancer Therapeutic: In Silico Evaluation via Molecular Docking and Molecular Dynamics

Fri, 20 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Inulin is a fructan polymer composed of β-2,1-linked fructose units, known for its resistance to digestion in the upper gastrointestinal tract and selective fermentation by probiotics in the colon. This property makes inulin a promising candidate for colon-targeted drug delivery. In this study, betacyanin-grafted inulin was synthesized and evaluated for its potential as a colon cancer therapeutic, targeting Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), a key enzyme involved in inflammation and tumor progression. This study aims to synthesize betacyanin-grafted inulin, characterize its structural and optical properties using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, assess its antioxidant activity, and evaluate its interaction with the COX-2 receptor through in silico molecular docking and molecular dynamics analysis. The grafting process was conducted under inert conditions using betacyanin masses of 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 g. The optimal formulation was identified at 0.4 g, yielding a bound betacyanin content of 582 mg BAE/g. Structural characterization using FTIR revealed absorption bands at 1,540 - 1,418 cm⁻¹ (C=C aromatic stretching) and 1,670 cm⁻¹ (N-H bending), confirming the presence of betalamic acid. UV-Vis spectroscopy showed a maximum absorption at 530 nm, consistent with betacyanin’s chromophore. Antioxidant assays demonstrated that the 0.4 g variation retained significant activity (35.08 mg/L), indicating that betacyanin remained bioactive post-grafting. In silico molecular docking and dynamics simulations revealed that betanin, the major betacyanin component, exhibited strong binding affinity (−8.6 kcal/mol) and favorable binding free energy (−20.3618 kcal/mol) at the COX-2 active site, suggesting stable interaction and potential inhibitory effects. ADMET analysis further supported the therapeutic viability of betacyanin, showing optimal absorption, wide distribution, and low predicted toxicity. These findings highlight the potential of betacyanin-grafted inulin as a natural, colon-targeted therapeutic strategy for COX-2-mediated colon cancer, combining targeted delivery with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.

HIGHLIGHTS

Betacyanin-grafted inulin was successfully synthesized as a targeted colon cancer therapeutic via a probiotic-responsive drug delivery system.
FTIR and UV-Vis spectroscopy confirmed the structural integrity and stability of betacyanin post-grafting.
Antioxidant assays showed that 0.4 g betacyanin variation retained high activity (35.08 mg/L), indicating that betacyanin remained active after grafting onto inulin
Molecular docking and dynamics simulations demonstrated strong binding affinity and conformational stability of betacyanin at the COX-2 active site.
ADMET profiling predicted favorable pharmacokinetics and low toxicity, supporting the therapeutic potential of betacyanin.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Synthesis of MWCNTs/AC-Based Supercapacitor Electrode Composite and Analysis Using a Three-Electrode System with Various Electrolyte Concentrations

Sun, 15 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0700

The limited electrical conductivity and pore utilization of conventional activated-carbon-based electrodes often restrict the achievable energy density of supercapacitors, especially when electrolyte conditions are not optimally engineered. This study aims to overcome these limitations by developing a multiwalled carbon nanotubes/activated carbon (MWCNTs/AC) composite electrode and systematically elucidating the role of H₂SO₄ electrolyte concentration on its electrochemical performance using a three-electrode configuration. The MWCNTs/AC composite was fabricated via a simple physical–chemical route and deposited on copper foil, while its structural and morphological characteristics were confirmed by XRD, SEM, and TEM analyses, which demonstrated successful integration of conductive MWCNT networks within the porous AC matrix. Electrochemical behavior was evaluated by cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge–discharge, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy at H₂SO₄ concentrations of 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, and 1 M to clarify the correlation between ion availability, charge-transfer resistance, and double-layer formation. Optimized electrolyte engineering at 1 M H₂SO₄ yielded a high specific capacitance of 528.57 F g⁻¹, with an energy density of 436.73 Wh g⁻¹, a power density of 391 and excellent cycling stability of 98.89% after 5,000 cycles, indicating efficient ion transport and low internal resistance. Compared with previous carbon-based systems, the combined strategy of tailoring both the MWCNTs/AC composite architecture and electrolyte concentration provides a clear pathway to simultaneously enhance capacitance, energy density, and durability, highlighting the MWCNTs/AC electrode as a promising candidate for high-performance aqueous supercapacitors.

HIGHLIGHTS

A simple physical–chemical route was used to synthesize MWCNT/AC composite electrodes.
The influence of H₂SO₄ electrolyte concentration (0.05 - 1 M) on supercapacitor performance was systematically investigated.
The composite exhibited excellent electrochemical behavior with a maximum specific capacitance of 528.57 F g⁻¹ at 1 M H₂SO₄.
EIS analysis revealed reduced charge transfer resistance and improved ion diffusion at higher electrolyte concentrations.
The MWCNT/AC electrode demonstrated high energy density (436.73 Wh kg⁻¹) and good cycling stability, confirming its potential for high-performance energy storage devices.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

The Green Synthesized and Characterized Silver Nanoparticle Modified Screen Printed Carbon Electrode for Cyclic Voltammetric Simultaneous Determination of Cd and Cu

Rachmin Munadi, Abdul Wahid Wahab, Abdul Karim, Fatimah Fatimah — Thu, 05 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Over the past few decades, nanoscience has gained prominence in green plant-mediated nanoparticle synthesis due to its eco-friendly, easy-to-use, and cost-effective properties. This study was conducted to synthesize silver nanoparticles using red ginger leaf extract as a capping agent and natural reducing agent, and to characterize them. We also evaluated the development of green-synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs-RGL) to modify the Screen Print Carbon Electrode (SPCE) for the simultaneous cyclic voltammetric determination of Cd and Cu. The formation of AgNPs-RGL was visually confirmed by discoloration from yellow to brownish-yellow. UV-Visible analysis reveals a surface plasmon resonance band at 439.5 - 444 nm, which remains stable during the 7-day incubation period. AgNPs-RGL particles have a cubic face-centered shape, an average size of 53.6 nm, and are well distributed, with a polydispersity index of 0.278. EDX analysis confirmed silver (51.1%) as the dominant element, with several other components, including carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen. FTIR analysis confirmed the capping of AgNPs with phytochemicals from the leaf extract. AgNPs-RGL has the potential to be developed as an SPCE modifier for the simultaneous determination of Cd and Cu, providing simple, fast, accurate, and highly sensitive results using cyclic voltammetry. The limits of detection for Cu and Cd are 7.75 and 1.28 ppm, respectively. The sensitivities are 0.199 and 1.206 μAppm⁻¹mm⁻², respectively. The accuracies are 42.7% and 85.6%, respectively. These findings show that cyclic voltammetry using SPCE/AgNPs for Cu determination is more sensitive but less accurate. In contrast, Cd determination is less sensitive but more accurate.

HIGHLIGHTS

Silver nanoparticles can be synthesized using red ginger leaf water extract as a reducing agent.
Green plant-mediated nanoparticle synthesis has eco-friendly, easy-to-use, and cost-effective properties.
Silver nanoparticles synthesized from red ginger leaves have the potential to be developed as a SPCE modifier for the simultaneous determination of cadmium Cd and Cu in river water.
Cyclic voltammetry using a silver nanoparticle-modified Screen-Printed Carbon Electrode for Cu determination is more sensitive but less accurate. In contrast, Cd determination is less sensitive but more accurate.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Green Hydrothermal Synthesis of rGO/MnO₂ Nanocomposites from Musa Paradisiaca Linn. Peel Extract for High-Performance Supercapacitor Electrodes

Thu, 05 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0700

The increasing global energy demand driven by population growth and urbanization has intensified the need for sustainable energy storage solutions. Supercapacitors are attractive candidates owing to their high power density, rapid charge–discharge capability, and long cycle life; however, the development of environmentally friendly electrode materials remains a challenge. In this work, banana peel extract was employed as a green reducing agent for the hydrothermal synthesis of reduced graphene oxide (rGO)/manganese dioxide (MnO₂) nanocomposites at 140, 160, and 180 °C. This green approach aims to minimize the use of hazardous chemicals while valorizing agricultural waste. Structural and morphological analyses confirmed the successful formation of the composite, with temperature-dependent phase transitions and distinct morphologies. Electrochemical measurements revealed that the rGO/MnO₂ electrode synthesized at 140 °C delivered the highest specific capacitance of 601.41 F g⁻¹ at 0.5 A g⁻¹, outperforming those prepared at 160 °C (147.69 F g⁻¹) and 180 °C (549.09 F g⁻¹). These findings demonstrate that controlling the hydrothermal synthesis temperature significantly influences the composite's electrochemical properties. Therefore, banana peel-derived rGO/MnO₂ synthesized at 140 °C exhibits excellent capacitive performance, highlighting its potential as a sustainable electrode material for high-performance supercapacitors.

HIGHLIGHTS

rGO/MnO₂ nanocomposites were synthesized using banana peel extract via a green hydrothermal method.
The influence of hydrothermal temperature (140 - 180 °C) on structure and electrochemical performance was evaluated.
The rGO/MnO₂ electrode prepared at 140 °C exhibited the highest specific capacitance of 601.41 F g⁻¹.
Structural and morphological analyses revealed temperature-dependent phase and morphology evolution.
Banana peel-derived rGO/MnO₂ demonstrates strong potential for sustainable supercapacitor electrodes.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Molecular Docking and Pharmacokinetic Analysis of Antioxidant Content in Popular Indonesian Herbal Plants for Adjuvant Therapy in Cancer

Fri, 20 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Cancer remains a significant global health burden due to high rates of morbidity, mortality, and disease recurrence. Apoptosis has emerged as an essential therapeutic target in cancer, and natural antioxidants from Indonesian medicinal plants show promise as modulators of apoptotic pathways because of their relative safety and bioactivity. This study aimed to identify phytochemical candidates with potential for adjuvant cancer therapy by evaluating their interaction with key apoptosis-regulating proteins. Nine antioxidant compounds (chlorogenic acid, cinnamic acid, curcumin, eugenol, gallic acid, kaempferol, quercetin, rutin, and tanshinone) were subjected to molecular docking against ten proteins representing intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways using AutoDock Vina, with dasatinib as a reference inhibitor. Drug-likeness was assessed according to Lipinski’s rules, while pharmacokinetics and toxicity predictions were performed using ADMETLab 3.0 and ProTox-II. The analysis showed that several compounds, particularly chlorogenic acid, curcumin, and quercetin, exhibited strong binding affinities to apoptosis-regulating proteins and interacted with critical amino acid residues associated with pro-apoptotic signaling. While rutin and tanshinone also demonstrated favorable docking scores, their pharmacokinetic limitations and predicted toxicity reduced their therapeutic potential. The combined evaluation of molecular binding, drug-likeness, and safety profiles supports chlorogenic acid, quercetin, and curcumin as the most viable candidates for further investigation. These findings indicate that specific plant-derived antioxidants may contribute to apoptosis-induced cancer inhibition and offer a rational basis for selecting lead compounds for future in vitro and in vivo validation. Overall, this study provides a systematic in silico framework to prioritize natural compounds as potential adjuvant therapeutic agents targeting apoptosis in cancer.

HIGHLIGHTS

Nine antioxidants derived from Indonesian herbal plants were systematically evaluated using molecular docking against key apoptosis-regulating proteins.
Chlorogenic acid, curcumin, and quercetin demonstrated the strongest binding affinities and favorable interaction profiles, indicating high potential as adjuvant anticancer candidates.
Integration of molecular docking with ADMET and toxicity predictions enabled a comprehensive prioritization of compounds beyond binding affinity alone.
The findings provide a rational in silico framework for accelerating the development of plant-derived antioxidants as modulators of apoptotic pathways in cancer therapy.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Microwave-Activated Biomass-Derived Carbon for Smart Sensor Applications in Pollutant Detection and Drinking Water Purification

Fri, 20 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0700

The increasing demand for sustainable materials in environmental monitoring has encouraged the use of biomass waste for the development of advanced sensor technology and water purification. This study reports the synthesis of activated carbon (AC) from tea stem biomass through activation with a microwave at 800 W for 120, 180, and 240 s. The variation in time was used to investigate the effect of activation time on structure, porosity, and electrochemical performance. X-ray diffraction confirmed a progressive transition from predominantly amorphous carbon at 120 s to a more regular graphite structure at 180 - 240 s. AC Tea Waste 180 s showed a balanced degree of crystallinity without significant structural fragmentation. SEM analysis showed that 180 s of activation resulted in a highly open and interconnected pore network, while shorter activation resulted in relatively closed pores, and longer activation caused surface cracks and particle fragmentation. Electrochemical testing in a 1 M Na₂SO₄ solution using a three-electrode configuration showed that AC activated for 180 s produced the highest specific capacitance of 735.76 F g⁻¹ at a current of 2.5 A g⁻¹, accompanied by better rate capability and lower charge transfer resistance compared to the 120- and 240- s samples. At the same activation time, the material achieved an energy density of 366.41 Ws g⁻¹ at a power density of 0.875 W g⁻¹, demonstrating a balance between energy and power for practical applications. The optimized AC exhibits a characteristic quasi-rectangular cyclic voltammetry profile of electrochemical double-layer capacitance, stable charge-discharge behavior, and favorable ion transport, confirming its suitability as a supercapacitor transducer layer. Furthermore, the high carbon purity and tailored pore structure of the 180 s sample provide strong sensitivity for pollutant detection and robust adsorption capacity for drinking water purification, demonstrating that tea stalk waste is a low-cost, renewable raw material for multifunctional smart sensors and clean water technology.

HIGHLIGHTS

Microwave-assisted activation produced porous bio-carbon from tea stem waste.
Optimal 180 s activation achieved 735.76 F g⁻¹ specific capacitance at 2.5 A g⁻¹.
Enhanced pore structure and crystallinity with minimized energy consumption.
Strong pollutant sensitivity and high adsorption capacity in water purification.
Dual-function material enabling smart sensor and clean water integration.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Rapid and Eco-Friendly Quantification of Phenolic Compounds in Roselle Powder Using ATR-FTIR Coupled with Chemometric Modeling

Tue, 10 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Phenolic compounds are key contributors to the nutritional, functional, and commercial quality of roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) calyces; however, their routine quantification commonly relies on chromatographic methods that are time-consuming, solvent-intensive, and impractical for rapid quality control. This study aimed to develop a rapid and eco-friendly analytical approach for quantifying chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, and rutin in roselle powder using attenuated total reflectance Fourier-transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy combined with chemometric modeling. Fifty samples representing different cultivars, drying methods, and geographical origins were analyzed. Elastic net classification achieved high accuracies for cultivar (96%) and geographical origin (92%), and moderate discrimination of drying methods (80%). Quantitative prediction using partial least squares regression showed excellent performance for chlorogenic acid (R2P = 0.9108), while caffeic acid and rutin showed moderate predictive ability (R2P = 0.5357 and 0.6490, respectively). External validation yielded prediction deviations generally below 10%. These results demonstrate that ATR-FTIR coupled with chemometrics provides a rapid, solvent-free, and reliable platform for phenolic profiling, with strong potential for sustainable quality control and process optimization in roselle-based food products.

HIGHLIGHTS

ATR-FTIR combined with chemometrics enables rapid phenolic quantification
Chlorogenic acid shows excellent predictive accuracy using optimized PLSR
Cultivar and origin strongly influence roselle phenolic composition
Drying method has minimal effect on phenolic stability under mild conditions
FTIR–chemometric workflow offers a sustainable alternative to HPLC-PDA

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Development of Microemulsions Containing Ruean-Mhoon-Nok Remedy Extract and Evaluation for Skin Irritation in Healthy Volunteers

Thu, 05 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Ruean-Mhoon-Nok (RMN), a Thai traditional remedy, has been used topically to treat skin inflammatory disorders, including dermatitis and psoriasis. Previously, the ethanolic extract of RMN and its bioactive compound, hydroxychavicol, demonstrated promising in vitro anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting NO and IL-6 production. Therefore, this study aimed to develop a stable microemulsion capable of enhancing skin penetration of the RMN extract and to evaluate its potential for skin irritation in healthy volunteers. Two RMN microemulsion formulations were prepared, consisting of an oil phase (Capryol^® 90) combined with surfactants (Polyglyceryl-4 caprate or PEG-6 caprylic/capric glycerides) and a co-surfactant (Transcutol^® P) at a weight ratio of 1:2. These microemulsions had mean droplet sizes of less than 100 nm and carried a negative surface charge. Furthermore, they remained stable after nine heating-cooling storage cycles. In vitro skin permeation studies showed that the RMN microemulsions were able to penetrate the skin and release hydroxychavicol, achieving a maximum cumulative permeation of 26% over 8 h. In healthy volunteers, the RMN microemulsions were well tolerated, showing no signs of irritation at the maximum dose of 3% RMN extract. In conclusion, the RMN microemulsions are highly promising formulations that warrant further investigation for their efficacy and safety in clinical applications.

HIGHLIGHTS

Two RMN microemulsion formulations were successfully prepared, consisting of an oil phase (Capryol^® 90) combined with surfactants (Polyglyceryl-4 caprate or PEG-6 caprylic/capric glycerides) and a co-surfactant (Transcutol^® P) at a weight ratio of 1:2.
The RMN microemulsions had mean droplet sizes of less than 100 nm and carried a negative surface charge.
In vitro skin permeation studies showed that the RMN microemulsions were able to penetrate the skin and release hydroxychavicol, achieving a maximum cumulative permeation of 26% over 8 h.
All microemulsion formulations containing 0.5%, 1%, and 3% of RMN extract were non-irritating and could be safely applied to human skin.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Hemodynamic and Molecular Effects of F-43 in Experimental Hypertension

Wed, 25 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Hypertension is closely associated with impaired calcium regulation in vascular smooth muscle, leading to sustained vasoconstriction and elevated peripheral resistance. This study investigates the hemodynamic activity of a newly synthesized tetrahydroisoquinoline derivative, F-43 (1-(4′-methoxyphenyl)-6,7-dimethoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline), produced via a modified Pictet–Spengler reaction. Hemodynamic responses were assessed in conscious rats (n = 3 per group) using tail-cuff plethysmography at doses of 25 and 50 mg/kg, including evaluation in an adrenaline-induced hypertension model. F-43 produced a mild transient rise in arterial pressure followed by a statistically significant normalization phase (p-value < 0.05), demonstrating a modulatory rather than purely hypotensive profile. In the adrenaline-induced model, F-43 (50 mg/kg) significantly reduced systolic and diastolic elevations within three hours (p-value < 0.01), restoring values close to baseline. No acute adverse effects or behavioral abnormalities were observed at the tested doses. To explore potential mechanisms, simplified molecular docking screening was performed, showing favorable binding energies (–6.4 to –8.7 kcal/mol) toward key calcium-handling proteins, suggesting possible interaction with Cav1.2, SERCA, RyR2, and NCX. These in silico findings support the hypothesis that F-43 may influence intracellular Ca²⁺ flux, consistent with the observed hemodynamic effects. In conclusion, F-43 demonstrates a unique vascular tone–stabilizing effect, statistical efficacy in an acute hypertension model, and an acceptable preliminary safety profile. The compound represents a promising novel lead molecule for further development of calcium-modulating antihypertensive agents.

HIGHLIGHTS

A novel tetrahydroisoquinoline derivative (F-43) was synthesized via a modified Pictet–Spengler reaction.
F-43 exhibited a vascular tone–stabilizing effect rather than a purely hypotensive response in conscious rats.
The compound significantly attenuated adrenaline-induced systolic and diastolic hypertension within 3 hours.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Evaluation of Extraction Techniques, Chemical Composition, Antioxidant Properties, Computational Modelling, and Biological Insights of the Novel Truffle Species (Tirmania Nivea) for Enhanced Human Health Benefits

Sun, 15 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0700

This study investigates the chemical composition, antioxidant properties, and theoretical insights into the antioxidant activity of Libyan truffle T. nivea, using extracts from petroleum ether, chloroform, and methanol. The truffles contained 12.64% protein, 6.56% fat, 5.91% fiber, and 2.58% ash, indicating their significant nutritional profile. The methanol extract showed the highest antioxidant activity with 106 mg of total phenolics (GAE/100g) and 71 mg of flavonoids (QE/100 g), resulting in 86.30% inhibition in the DPPH• assay at 1,000 μg/mL and 96.9% inhibition in the β-carotene bleaching assay at 10 µg/mL. The chloroform extract exhibited 74.88% DPPH• inhibition at 1,000 μg/mL and 85.1% inhibition at 0.5 µg/mL in the β-carotene assay, while the petroleum ether extract showed 69.09% inhibition at 1000 μg/mL in DPPH• and lower activity in β-carotene bleaching. Theoretical calculations using Density Functional Theory (DFT) revealed that phenolic compounds such as quercetin and rosmarinic acid, which possess lower energy gaps (E_g), exhibited stronger reactivity and higher antioxidant potential. For example, quercetin (E_g = 4.034 eV) and rosmarinic acid (E_g = 3.50 eV) exhibited significant biological activity due to their smaller energy gaps, indicating higher reactivity toward free radicals. In contrast, compounds such as caffeic acid (E_g = 4.148 eV) and benzoic acid (E_g = 5.76 eV) showed larger energy gaps, leading to lower reactivity and antioxidant effects. The results also indicated that hydroxyl-rich compounds, such as pyrogallol and gallic acid, had high electron density and superior antioxidant performance. Molecular docking simulations demonstrated strong binding of phenolic compounds like rosmarinic acid (‒16.15 kcal/mol) and quercetin (‒15.14 kcal/mol) with xanthine oxidase, suggesting their potential as potent antioxidants. These findings highlight the potential of T. nivea truffles, particularly the methanol extract, as a rich source of natural antioxidants with substantial nutritional and therapeutic benefits.

HIGHLIGHTS

Libyan truffle T. nivea exhibits significant antioxidant potential.
Methanol extract shows superior activity among tested solvents.
Phenolic compounds are major contributors to antioxidant effects.
Theoretical and docking analyses support their reactivity and enzyme interactions.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Antioxidant Properties of Oryza sativa var. Luem Pua Rice Wine in Alcoholic and Dealcoholized Forms: In HepG2 Cell Studies with Identification of Health-Beneficial Probiotics

Tue, 10 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Luem Pua black glutinous rice (Oryza sativa L. var. Luem Pua), rich in anthocyanins and phenolics with antioxidant properties. Fermented plant-based beverages contain these compounds and may support probiotic growth. This study investigates Luem Pua rice wine in alcoholic (LPW) and dealcoholized (DLPW) forms over 0-28 days of fermentation, analyzing antioxidants, phenolic/anthocyanin content, cytotoxicity, ROS reduction, and probiotic growth. Phenolic content peaked at 3 days, slightly decreasing later, with DLPW showing higher levels than LPW. DLPW3 and LPW7 had the highest anthocyanins, strong DPPH scavenging, and FRAP values. Cytotoxicity tests showed DLPW3 (20 %v/v) was non-toxic to HepG2 cells, while LPW7 (2.13% ethanol) reduced viability at 48 h. Both, with 0.5 - 1.5 µg/mL anthocyanins, reduced ROS, with higher concentrations more effective. Lactobacillus buchneri, Pediococcus acidilactici, and Lactobacillus fermentum were identified, with higher counts in LPW7. Despite alcohol removal, DLPW3 retained strong bioactivity, highlighting its potential as a nutraceutical, alcohol-free alternative.

HIGHLIGHTS

Developed and characterized a fermented rice wine from Oryza sativa Luem Pua, a pigmented glutinous rice rich in antioxidants.
Compared alcoholic (LPW) and dealcoholized (DLPW) forms to evaluate effects on microbial safety, probiotic viability, and antioxidant stability.
Identified beneficial lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus buchneri, Pediococcus acidilactici, Lactobacillus fermentum) without detecting harmful microorganisms.
Demonstrated that dealcoholization preserved phenolics, anthocyanins, and antioxidant activity while maintaining cell safety in HepG2 assays.
Findings support the development of safe, alcohol-free, functional fermented beverages with probiotic potential.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Sustainable EMI Shielding Composites from Recycled PE/PP and Coconut Shell–Derived Activated Carbon

Tue, 10 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0700

This work explores the use of coconut-shell-derived activated carbon (AC) to improve the properties of recycled polyethylene/polypropylene (PE/PP) composites. AC was added at 0 - 25 wt% using melt blending followed by compression moulding. As the AC content increased, the composite density rose from 0.8987 to 0.9627 g/cm³, while the melt flow index dropped from 58.29 to 17.47 g/10 min, reflecting reduced chain mobility and stronger interactions between the filler and polymer matrix. Mechanical properties also improved, with the tensile modulus and tensile strength reaching 1643 and 16.8 MPa, together with a noticeable increase in ductility. DSC analysis showed two melting transitions at around 128 and 163 °C, and both the crystallization temperature (122.24 °C) and crystallization enthalpy (574 J/g at 5 wt% AC) increased, confirming that AC acts as an effective nucleating agent. The EMI-shielding performance of the composites improved steadily with AC loading. The best attenuation was obtained at 25 wt% AC, where the transmitted signal reached –18.64 dBµV at 3.82 GHz. This enhancement is attributed to the development of semi-continuous conductive pathways and stronger dielectric loss mechanisms. Overall, the results show that incorporating bio-based AC into recycled PE/PP is a practical and sustainable way to produce lightweight, low-cost composites with improved mechanical performance and effective EMI-shielding capability for use in electronic and packaging applications.

HIGHLIGHTS

Recycled PE/PP composites reinforced with bio-derived activated carbon were successfully fabricated.
AC addition improved tensile strength, modulus, toughness, and crystallinity.
EMI-shielding performance increased with AC loading, reaching –18.64 dBµV at 3.82 GHz.
AC served as an efficient nucleating agent, raising crystallization temperature and enthalpy.
The composites offer a sustainable, low-cost, lightweight solution for EMI-shielding applications.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Design and Characterization of Microcapsule Loading Vernonia amygdalina Leaf Extract: A Phytochemical and Formulation-Based Approach to Antihypertensive Therapy Candidate

Sun, 15 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Vernonia amygdalina has historically been utilized in traditional medicine and is recognized for its bioactive constituents, including alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, steroids, and saponins, which may have antihypertensive properties. This work sought to develop and assess a microencapsulated formulation of V. amygdalina leaf extract to enhance stability, bioavailability, and therapeutic efficacy. The extract was procured using ethanol maceration, standardized through organoleptic, physicochemical, and phytochemical evaluations, and subsequently characterized by LC-ESI-MS, which verified flavonoids (luteolin, apigenin, quercetin) and phenolic acids as the predominant components. Microencapsulation was executed using spray drying utilizing gum arabic and maltodextrin as encapsulating agents. Four formulations were evaluated, exhibiting entrapment efficiencies from 73.35% to 98.45%, water contents between 3.53% and 5.12%, and yields ranging from 72.40% to 84.35%. Formula 1 (gum arabic:maltodextrin ratio 7:1) exhibited the most advantageous properties, comprising the minimal water content (3.53%), maximal yield (84.35%), and nearly total entrapment efficiency (98.45%). The average particle size was 987.7 nm, with a zeta potential of –54.0 mV, signifying robust colloidal stability. SEM examination verified spherical shape with consistent distribution. The quantitative results indicate that microencapsulation enhanced extract stability and facilitated the regulated release of bioactive components, hence improving delivery performance. In conclusion, the refined formulation of V. amygdalina extract establishes a robust foundation for its advancement as a phytopharmaceutical or nutraceutical candidate for supplementary hypertension treatment, necessitating additional in vivo and clinical assessment.

HIGHLIGHTS

Vernonia amygdalina leaf extract has been shown to contain flavonoids and phenolic acids, supporting its potential as an antihypertensive agent.
The microencapsulation process using a combination of gum arabic and maltodextrin improves the stability of the extract while masking the bitter taste.
A formula with a 7:1 ratio (gum arabic: maltodextrin) demonstrated the best results, with high yields and entrapment efficiency approaching > 90%.
Physical and chemical characterization of the microencapsulation formula design demonstrated a stable system worthy of development.
These findings form the basis for the development of phytopharmaceutical/nutraceutical products for health.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

CRISPR/Cas9 Editing of the β-Globin Locus in Sickle Cell Disease and β-Thalassemia: Mechanistic Rationale, Clinical Evidence, and Future Directions

Sun, 22 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Sickle cell disease (SCD) and β‑thalassemia rank among the world’s most frequent single-gene disorders and remain the leading causes of illness and early death, even with better supportive care. Both conditions stem from harmful mutations in the β‑globin gene (HBB) and are prime candidates for gene-editing therapies, as fetal hemoglobin (HbF) can greatly reduce disease severity. This review first explains the molecular basis of β-hemoglobinopathies and the processes that govern Hb switching, focusing on BCL11A, HBG1/HBG2 promoters, and α-globin as therapeutic targets. This review then examined CRISPR/Cas9 techniques and delivery methods used to edit hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells outside the body, contrasting direct HBB correction with approaches that reactivate HbF and with new multiplex editing strategies. Clinical data from therapies targeting the BCL11A enhancer or the HBG promoter in patients with SCD and transfusion-dependent β‑thalassemia are reviewed, highlighting high rates of transfusion independence, marked reductions in vaso-occlusive crises, and safety primarily limited by conditioning-related toxicity. The article also discusses genomic risks, ethical concerns, cost, and access challenges, and suggests future avenues, such as base and prime editing, in vivo delivery, and safer conditioning regimens. In summary, CRISPR-based editing of the β-globin locus offers a realistic functional cure for selected patients, while underscoring the need for long-term follow-up and fair global implementation.

HIGHLIGHTS

The molecular basis of β-hemoglobinopathies and identifies key regulatory targets in the β-globin locus for CRISPR/Cas9 therapy.
Major CRISPR/Cas9 strategies, including HBB correction, BCL11A enhancer disruption, HBG1/HBG2 promoter editing, and α-globin modulation, in the context of sickle cell disease and β-thalassemia.
Integrating and critically evaluating clinical trial data for ex vivo edited hematopoietic stem cell products, highlighting transfusion independence, vaso-occlusive crisis reduction, and emerging safety signals.
Genomic, ethical, and health-system challenges, including off-target risk, conditioning-related toxicity, cost, and global equity of access to gene-editing therapies, are analyzed.
Outlines future directions, such as base and prime editing, in vivo delivery platforms, and safer conditioning regimens, to guide next-generation therapies for β-hemoglobinopathies.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Low-Cost Silica Aerogels from Waste-Derived Ashes via Atmospheric Pressure Drying: A Systematic Review of Synthesis Strategies, Properties, and Application

Tue, 10 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Silica aerogel (SA) is a very light porous material that has been widely explored for applications in thermal insulation, adsorption, catalysis, and environmental remediation, even in the health sector. SA in this review is made from waste-based ashes, which include coal fly ash and biomass ash. Silk aerogel from waste ash has been widely studied at the laboratory scale, but until now, it has not been adapted to the industrial scale due to the high processing costs and the complexity of the drying method used. In this case, atmospheric pressure drying (APD) is a possible alternative method for producing SA at a low cost and easier so that it can be applied on an industrial scale. This study presents a systematic literature review on the synthesis of silica aerogel from waste-based ashes with a special emphasis on the APD-based process along with a concise application carried out following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines, including the stages of identification, screening, and assessment of the eligibiliexpenses reputable journal articles. The discussion focuses on the silica extraction pathway through initial pretreatment, calcination, sol-gel process conditions, aging process, solvent exchange, surface modification strategies required to maintain the porous structure during drying at atmospheric pressure, and a brief discussion of the application of silica aerogels from waste-based ash. The results of the literature synthesis indicate that the character of the ash source determines the need for pretreatment, the pH of the sol-gel plays a crucial role in maintaining the stability of the hydrolysis-condensation reaction, the aging process is essential in establishing structural stability, and surface modification through silylation is crucial to prevent pore collapse and excessive shrinkage during APD. Optimization of the alkali fusion ratio and reaction conditions affects the efficiency of silica extraction, and last but not least, time and temperature are crucial in achieving the best SA. This review identifies challenges related to the evolution of pore structure during APD and highlights the need to develop sustainable and scalable APD protocols for industrial applications.

HIGHLIGHTS

Systematically reviews low-cost silica aerogels derived from waste ashes with a specific focus on atmospheric pressure drying (APD) routes.
Elucidates critical synthesis parameters (pH, feed rate, precursor chemistry, and surface modification) governing process–structure–property relationships.
Establishes comparative insights between fly ash- and biomass-derived aerogels in terms of textural, physicochemical, and hydrophobic performance.
Proposes a unified framework linking synthesis strategies, material properties, and application potential, while highlighting challenges in reproducibility, scalability, and performance standardization.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Platelet Concentrates in Regenerative Medicine: A Comparative Review of Platelet-Rich Plasma, Platelet-Rich Fibrin, and Concentrated Growth Factors

Nguyen Cao Nguyen, Phat Duc Huynh — Thu, 05 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Platelet concentrates such as platelet-rich plasma (PRP), platelet-rich fibrin (PRF), and concentrated growth factors (CGF) are the Autologous Biomaterials of interest in regenerative medicine for their high growth factor content and simplicity of preparation. These products, which are obtained from peripheral blood by differential centrifugation protocols, represent a low-cost, biocompatible solution to tissue repair and regeneration for an extensive variety of clinical specialties from orthopedics, dentistry, and dermatology. This review contrasts and compares PRP, PRF, and CGF based on preparation protocols, cellular and molecular contents, growth factor release kinetics, and clinical applications. PRP, the first-generation concentrate, contains high platelet density but requires the addition of exogenous anticoagulants. PRF is a second-generation product with a fibrin matrix to provide slow growth factor release without additives. CGF, the newest development, uses variable centrifugation speeds to produce a denser fibrin matrix with a potentially higher regenerative potential. Current evidence suggests that the variations in preparation influence not just the biological activity, but also the clinical efficacy of each concentrate. While the most common, PRP is being progressively supplanted by PRF and CGF due to the fact that they are simple to use and additive-free. Nevertheless, standardization guidelines and comparative clinical studies are lacking, and therefore the optimization of treatment results is also challenging. In general, PRP, PRF, and CGF all possess distinct strengths in regenerative medicine. Additional understanding of their biologic profiles and handling during clinical practice is needed to individualize them in patient-tailored therapy and also to develop evidence-based guidelines for future application.

HIGHLIGHTS

This review provides a structured comparative analysis of platelet-rich plasma, platelet-rich fibrin, and concentrated growth factors in regenerative medicine.
Distinct differences in fibrin architecture and growth factor release kinetics underpin the biological and clinical behavior of platelet concentrates.
Clinical evidence is strongest for platelet-rich plasma, while evidence for platelet-rich fibrin and concentrated growth factors remains limited and indication-specific.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT