Trends in Sciences

In vitro Antibacterial, Cytotoxic and Antioxidant Activities of Thai Traditional Medicine Called Trikatuk Remedy for Oral Cancer

Napaporn Pattanacharoenchai, Rodsarin Yamprasert — Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Oral cancer is commonly observed in patients with head and neck cancers. Efforts to identify novel antibacterial, cytotoxic and antioxidant agents that can prevent these diseases are ongoing. The ‘Trikatuk’ remedy, composed of 3 herbs-pepper (Piper nigrum Linn), long pepper (Piper retrofractum), and ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) was recorded in Thai scripture as a remedy for diseases of the mouth and throat. Therefore, the present study investigated its antibacterial activity via the disc diffusion method, cytotoxic activity via the sulforhodamine B assay, and antioxidant activity using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, 2,2-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical cation decolourisation, and ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. The phytochemical composition of the extracts was analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results showed that the 95% ethanolic extract from Trikatuk remedy did not inhibit the growth of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus mutans. In contrast, the Trikatuk remedy showed high cytotoxic activity and very strong antioxidant activity with IC₅₀values of 30.68 and 25.21 µg/mL, respectively. Piperine, 6-gingerol and 6-shogaol were the major compounds in the ethanolic extract of Trikatuk remedy, found 223.43, 11.85 and 7.67 mg/g of extract, respectively. In conclusion, the data presented in this study revealed its cytotoxic and antioxidant properties, which correspond to the traditional Thai theory of using herbal recipes to treat various diseases.

HIGHLIGHTS

Trikatuk remedy exhibits significant cytotoxic and antioxidant activity.
Trikatuk remedy can inhibit bacteria of common oral pathogens with high concentrations of extract.
Piperine, 6-gingerol, and 6-shogaol are the major components of Trikatuk remedy.
Findings validate traditional Thai applications of Trikatuk.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

The Effect of Small Deficiency in Calcium Ion on Structural and Magnetic Properties in La0.7Ca0.15□0.05Sr0.1MnO3 with Various Synthesis Methods

Sat, 20 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0700

We have investigated the effect of a small calcium ion deficiency and different synthesis methods on the structural and magnetic properties of the La_0.7Ca_0.15□_0.05Sr_0.1MnO₃ compound. The samples were synthesized using solid-state, sol-gel, and wet-mixing methods. Structural analysis revealed that all samples exhibited a single-phase orthorhombic crystal structure with the Pnma space group. The lattice parameters and the MnO₆ octahedral structure changed based on the synthesis method and slight deficiency, leading to structural distortion and a mixed-valence state of Mn ions. The average crystallite sizes were 75.79, 113.98, and 107.23 nm, while the average grain sizes were 3.41, 2.06, and 1.29 μm for solid-state, sol-gel, and wet-mixing samples, respectively. FTIR confirmed the primary MnO₆ octahedral structure through Mn-O and Mn-O-Mn bonds at wavenumbers of 513 - 539 and 590 - 591 cm⁻¹. Magnetic measurements revealed the highest magnetization values of 29.50, 42.58, and 33.37 emu/g at room temperature under a 1 T magnetic field. In the meantime, the values of saturation magnetization were 37.11, 46.49, and 40.09 emu/g, as determined by the Law of Approach to Saturation method. Based on the structural and magnetic results, the sol-gel method produced the largest crystallite size and the lowest material defect level (smallest microstrain), resulting in the highest magnetization at room temperature under a 1 T magnetic field. These findings demonstrate a strong correlation between synthesis method, structural parameters, and magnetic properties.

HIGHLIGHTS

Effect of Ca deficiency and synthesis methods on structural & magnetic properties.
Crystallite size 75 - 114 nm and grain size 1.3 - 3.4 µm depending on method.
All samples have soft magnetic properties.
Crytallite size, grain size, and defect on material influencing magnetic properties.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Sustainable Bio-Based Composites from Termite Mound Soil and Agro-Waste for Lightweight and Acoustic Applications

Tue, 30 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0700

This study explores the use of termite mound soil (TMS) as a partial cement replacement in lightweight composites, with emphasis on physical and acoustic performance. Four formulations were prepared: CT (cement + TMS), CTR (cement + TMS + rice husk), CTE (cement + TMS + eggshell) and CTRE (cement + TMS + rice husk + eggshell), cured in water for 7, 14 and 28 days. Bulk density, compressive strength and noise reduction coefficient (NRC) were evaluated. CT composites showed the highest density and strength but did not significantly differ in NRC from the modified formulations. The incorporation of rice husk and eggshell increased water absorption while reducing mechanical performance. ANOVA confirmed significant effects of formulation and curing duration on density and mechanical strength, while NRC remained largely unaffected. TMS-based composites show strong potential as eco-friendly, non-load-bearing construction materials, although the incorporation of agricultural by-products requires further study to clarify their effects.

HIGHLIGHTS

Termite mound soil (TMS) was used to develop sustainable lightweight materials.
CT (50% TMS and 50% cement) bricks exhibited the highest density, compressive strength, and lowest water absorption.
Incorporation of rice husk and eggshells decrease density, with rice husk showing a marginal trend toward higher NRC, but overall sound absorption was not significantly improved, while strength was reduced.
Brick formulation and curing time significantly influenced density and compressive strength.
TMS-based bricks—especially the unmodified formulation—demonstrate potential as eco-friendly, non-load-bearing construction materials.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Targeting Inflammatory Pathways via Molecular Docking and In vivo Assessment of Prunus amygdalus Stem Bark-Derived Flavonoids and Rutin

Dilovar Karimova, Xilola Burxanova, Izzatullo Khikmatullaev, Nargiza Azimova — Thu, 25 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Almond (Prunus amygdalus) steam bark, an agro-industrial by-product rich in polyphenolic compounds, represents a sustainable source of bioactive flavonoids, particularly rutin, with potential pharmacological applications. In this study, total flavonoids were extracted using ethanol-based maceration combined with ultrasonic treatment and vacuum concentration, yielding a high-purity fraction (98.0 ± 0.8%), while rutin was isolated through semi-preparative HPLC. Acute oral toxicity assessment in male mice at a limit dose of 5,000 mg/kg revealed no mortality, no significant changes in body weight (p > 0.05), and only mild transient behavioral alterations, indicating an LD₅₀ > 5,000 mg/kg and classification under GHS Category 5 (low toxicity). In the carrageenan-induced paw edema model, the flavonoid fraction at 100 mg/kg and rutin at 25 mg/kg exhibited the highest anti-inflammatory activity, with 61.6% and 55.6% inhibition of edema formation at the third hour, respectively, while higher doses showed moderate but sustained effects, suggesting a non-linear dose-response relationship. Molecular docking studies demonstrated strong binding affinities of rutin to inflammation-related protein targets, including TNF-α (–7.8 kcal/mol, Ki = 1.92 µM), AKT1 (–8.8 kcal/mol, Ki = 0.36 µM), and ESR1 (–8.5 kcal/mol, Ki = 0.61 µM), as well as high-affinity binding to serum albumin (–10.4 kcal/mol, Ki = 23.2 nM). These findings indicate that almond steam bark-derived flavonoids and rutin are safe at high oral doses, exert potent anti-inflammatory effects, and act via multi-target modulation of inflammatory pathways, supporting their potential as natural therapeutic or nutraceutical agents.

HIGHLIGHTS

Almond (Prunus amygdalus) steam bark is a rich source of bioactive flavonoids and rutin
Optimized ethanol-ultrasound extraction yielded 98% pure total flavonoid fraction
Semi-preparative HPLC enabled efficient isolation of high-purity rutin
Both compounds showed LD₅₀ > 5,000 mg/kg in acute oral toxicity tests (GHS Category 5)
Strong anti-inflammatory effects observed in carrageenan-induced paw edema model
Molecular docking revealed multi-target modulation of inflammatory pathways

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Potential of Neolignan from Piper Crocatum as Antimicrobial Against Pathogenic Oral Microbes and Its Prospects as an Oral Medication

Tue, 30 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Red Betel (Piper crocatum) is one of the potential medicinal plants in several traditional medicines, one of which is in the treatment of microbial dental and oral infections. This activity comes from the presence of active secondary metabolite compounds such as neolignan groups which have unique and diverse structures and activities. The aim of this study was to isolate antimicrobial active compounds from red betel leaves and predict their inhibitory mechanism against DNA ligase and lanosterol 14α demethylase enzymes. This study was conducted by isolating red betel leaf extract using column chromatography method in a bioassay guided. The compounds obtained were analysed using UV-Vis, IR, NMR, MS and their antimicrobial activity was tested in vitro and in silico against S. mutans, S. sanguinis, E. faecalis bacteria, and C. albicans fungi. Two compounds were successfully isolated from P. crocatum leaves, namely crocatin B (1) and crocatin A (2). crocatin B (1) was found to be capable of inhibiting the growth of S. mutans ATCC 25175, S. sanguinis ATCC 10556 and E. faecalis ATCC 29212. crocatin A demonstrated inhibitory activity against S. sanguinis. The binding affinity of crocatin B (1) and crocatin A (2) to the DNA ligase enzyme was –6.14 and –7.27 kcal/mol, respectively, while the binding affinity of crocatin B (1) and crocatin A (2) to lanosterol 14α demethylase was –7.91 and –9.04 kcal/mol, respectively. It is evident from the analysis of pharmacokinetic (ADMET) parameters that both crocatin B (1) and crocatin A (2) demonstrate a satisfactory alignment with the predicted pharmacokinetic parameters. In the context of drug likeness analysis, crocatin B and crocatin A do not demonstrate any violation of the established parameters and are thus classified within the toxicity class 4 category. The data demonstrate the potential of crocatin B (1) and crocatin A (2) as antimicrobials against oral pathogenic microbes, as evidenced by in vitro and in silico studies.

HIGHLIGHTS

crocatin A and crocatin B were successfully isolated from red betel leaves.
This first report on the antimicrobial activity of crocatin A and B against oral pathogenic microbes (in vitro)
crocatin A and B have the potential to inhibit the enzymes DNA ligase and lanosterol 14α-demethylase (in silico).
ADMET studies and drug-likeness analysis indicate that crocatin A and B can be used as candidate drug ingredients.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Enhanced Mercury (Hg2+) Adsorption from Aqueous Solutions Using Bentonite-Coconut Shell Monolith Composites

Darmadi, Mirna Rahmah Lubis, Adisalamun, Muhammad Zaki — Tue, 30 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Mercury pollution from artisanal mining and industry poses severe environmental risks. This contamination can be addressed using a low-cost monolith adsorbent. Therefore, this study develops a sustainable bentonite-coconut shell monolith as a low-cost adsorbent for mercury (Hg²⁺) removal. The monoliths were prepared using bentonite, coconut shell charcoal and molasses as a binder and subsequently activated physically and chemically using HNO₃ (0.5 N and 1 N). Characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) confirmed the presence of functional groups, heterogeneous porous structure and the absence of mercury impurities in the raw materials. Adsorption investigations were conducted at Hg²⁺ concentrations of 2 - 8 mg/L to evaluate removal efficiency, kinetics, and isotherm behavior. Results showed that HNO₃ activation enhanced functionality and porosity, with 1 N HNO₃-treated monoliths achieving 7.23 mg/g capacity and 90.16% removal efficiency. Kinetic data fitted the pseudo-first-order model best (R² = 0.997), with intraparticle diffusion as a secondary mechanism. Isotherm analysis revealed that physically activated bentonite-coconut shell monolith followed the Freundlich model (R² = 1.000), whereas chemical activation shifted the behavior toward the Langmuir model (R² = 0.999). With a production cost of only $0.76 - 1.36/kg, well below commercial activated carbon, the monolith offers an efficient, affordable and sustainable option for mercury remediation.

HIGHLIGHTS

Bentonite-coconut shell monolith, produced at < $1.5/kg, offers an efficient and sustainable alternative to commercial activated carbon for mercury removal from water.
FTIR, SEM, BET and XRD confirmed functional groups, porous structure, and absence of Hg impurities.
The 1 N HNO₃-activated monolith achieved the highest Hg²⁺ removal (90.16%, 7.23 mg/g).
Physically activated bentonite-coconut shell monolith shows Freundlich multilayer adsorption, while acid activation produces uniform surface favoring Langmuir monolayer behavior; both follow pseudo-first-order kinetics.
Low production cost ($0.76 - 1.36/kg) highlights strong economic feasibility compared to activated carbon.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Synthesis of N,N-Dimethylcyclohexylamine-Hyptolide and Activity Assessment Against Breast Cancer Stem Cells (BCSCs) Using In Vitro and In Silico Approaches

Meiny Suzery, Lulut Tutik Margi Rahayu, Parsaoran Siahaan, Bambang Cahyono — Tue, 30 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0700

The overexpression of histone deacetylase (HDAC) proteins in breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) significantly contributes to tumor progression, chemotherapy resistance, and impaired apoptotic signaling through the silencing of tumor suppressor genes. Targeting HDAC with small-molecule inhibitors is therefore considered a promising therapeutic strategy. In this study, a novel hyptolide-based compound, N,N-dimethylcyclohexylamine-hyptolide (compound 3), was successfully synthesized via a Diels-Alder reaction. The compound was structurally characterized using FTIR, ¹H-NMR, ¹³C-NMR and TLC-MS, confirming the formation of a cyclohexene ring bearing a tertiary amine group. The product exhibited a melting point of 83 - 84 °C and a molecular weight of 595 g/mol. In vitro cytotoxicity assays on BCSCs revealed an IC₅₀ value of 47.42 µg/mL, classifying it as moderately active and indicating its potential as a therapeutic candidate for BCSCs. Moreover, flow cytometry analysis demonstrated that the compound induced cell cycle arrest at both the S phase (DNA synthesis) and the G2/M phase (cell division). Complementary in silico molecular docking simulations showed stable binding interactions between the compound and key active-site residues of HDAC, supporting its potential as an HDAC inhibitor. These findings suggest that N,N-dimethylcyclohexylamine-hyptolide may serve as a promising lead for the development of HDAC-targeted therapies, particularly in the treatment of aggressive and drug-resistant breast cancers.

HIGHLIGHTS

N,N-dimethylcyclohexylamine-hyptolide, as a derivative compound of hyptolide was successfully synthesized via Diels-Alder reaction.
N,N-dimethylcyclohexylamine-hyptolide exhibits anticancer activity against breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) by inducing cell cycle arrest in the S and G2/M phases.
N,N-dimethylcyclohexylamine-hyptolide has potential activity as an HDAC inhibitor based on in silico molecular docking study.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Therapeutic Potential of Passiflora edulis Sims Seed Extract on Molecular and Histological Markers of Wound Healing in a Diabetic Rat Model

Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia and oxidative stress, which contribute to vascular dysfunction, tissue damage, hypoxia, and an increased risk of foot ulceration and amputation. Uncontrolled hyperglycemia elevates reactive oxygen species (ROS), increases malondialdehyde (MDA) production, and activates the NF-κB signaling pathway, leading to the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1, and IL-6. This cascade promotes caspase-3 activation and inflammatory cell damage in keratinocytes and fibroblasts, impairing extracellular matrix formation and re-epithelialization. Although antioxidant defenses play a critical role in wound healing, scientific validation of natural topical agents remains limited. Seeds of Passiflora edulis Sims, rich in flavonoids, gallic acid derivatives, and antioxidant compounds with anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties, have been identified as promising candidates for wound therapy. This study investigated molecular pathways involving epidermal growth factor (EGF), MDA, TNF-α, collagen deposition, and epithelialization as key regulators of oxidative stress, inflammation, and tissue repair. A post-test-only experimental design was conducted using 25 male Wistar rats with streptozotocin-nicotinamide-induced diabetes, divided into 5 groups: Negative control (ointment base), positive control (Tribee salf), and 3 treatment groups receiving Passiflora edulis seed extract (PFSE) at doses of 50, 100, and 150 mg/g. Molecular markers were analyzed using ELISA (MDA, EGF, caspase-3), immunohistochemistry (TNF-α), and histological staining (Masson’s Trichrome for collagen and hematoxylin-eosin for epithelialization). Data were statistically evaluated using ANOVA with Bonferroni post hoc, independent t-tests, and Kruskal-Wallis tests, with significance set at p < 0.05. The results demonstrated that PFSE significantly reduced MDA, TNF-α, and caspase-3 levels, while increasing EGF expression, collagen deposition, and epithelialization compared with the control groups (p < 0.05). These findings highlight the therapeutic potential of Passiflora edulis seed extract as an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and wound-healing agent for diabetic wounds.

HIGHLIGHTS

Experimental Model

25 male Wistar rats, adapted for 7 days.
5 groups: Negative control (ointment base), positive control (Tribee salf), and 3 treatment groups with Passiflora edulis Sims seed extract (PFSE 50, 100 and 150 mg/g).
Diabetes was induced using streptozotocin (45 mg/kg, i.p.) combined with nicotinamide (110 mg/kg, i.p.).
Wounds were created by punch biopsy followed by MRSA inoculation (10⁶ CFU).
Treatment: Topical application of PFSE according to dosage.

Assessment Parameters

Biomarkers: MDA, Caspase-3, and EGF (ELISA); TNF-α (immunohistochemistry).
Histology: Collagen (Masson’s Trichrome) and epithelialization (H&E).
Key findings: PFSE accelerated wound healing in diabetic rats infected with MRSA by modulating oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and tissue repair biomarkers.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Potential Effects of Pseuderanthemum palatiferum Extract on Inhibiting Adipogenesis and Promoting Lipolysis in 3T3-L1 Cell Line

Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Obesity is a global health concern driven by excessive lipid accumulation and adipocyte dysfunction, requires therapeutic strategies that both inhibit fat formation and promote lipid degradation. This study investigated the dual anti-adipogenic and pro-lipolytic effects of Pseuderanthemum palatiferum leaf extract (PPE) in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. The phytochemical analysis of PPE performed by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The findings revealed that GC-MS analysis of PPE identified 35 volatile compounds, with benzofuran (29.94%) as the major constituent. LC-MS detected 27 non-volatiles phytochemicals, including chlorogenic acid and p-coumaric acid. PPE exhibited no significant cytotoxic effects on 3T3-L1 preadipocytes at doses ranging from 50 - 150 μg/mL. At 150 μg/mL, PPE reduced lipid accumulation by 37.84% and increased glycerol release by 60.46%, indicating both an anti-adipogenic and a lipolytic properties. Gene expression analysis revealed that pre-treatment with 150 μg/mL of PPE promoted the upregulation of early adipogenic markers (C/EBPα, ACC1, FAS, and GLUT4) while downregulating markers associated with mature adipocytes (Adiponectin, AP2, and CD36), indicating interference with adipocyte differentiation and lipid synthesis. Additionally, PPE lowered intracellular reactive oxygen species, suggesting an antioxidative contribution to its anti-obesity action. Collectively, this study provides the first evidence that P. palatiferum exerts complementary regulation of adipogenesis and lipolysis in 3T3-L1 cells, offering new insight into its multi-target mechanisms and potential as a natural therapeutic candidate for obesity management.

HIGHLIGHTS

Abnormal lipid metabolism contributes to obesity, accompanied by oxidative stress and inflammation.
PPE modulates key pathways regulating fat storage and breakdown, leading to reduced lipid accumulation.
PPE may influence adipose cells to reduce the release of inflammatory factors and subsequently to diminish oxidative stress.
PPE may serve as a natural candidate for dietary or therapeutic strategies targeting obesity.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Enhancing Shelf Life and Quality of Traditional Thai Pork Sausage (Num-Tub) Using Gamma Irradiation

Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Num-Tub is a traditional Northeastern Thai pork sausage, often consumed fresh or fermented. The ingredients were naturally rich in protein, fat and moisture content. These conditions are conducive to the growth of beneficial and harmful microbes. Its perishable nature poses microbial safety challenges. Irradiation effectively extends the shelf life of Num-tub by reducing microbial contamination and inactivating spoilage microorganisms. This study investigated the effects of gamma irradiation at doses of 0, 5, and 10 kGy on the microbiological, chemical, and color attributes of vacuum-packed Num-Tub during 24 days at 28 ± 2 °C. Irradiation at 5 kGy reduced total viable counts (TVC) and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) to undetectable levels, though microbial regrowth occurred over time and eliminated key pathogens including Salmonella spp, E. coli, C. perfringens, S. aureus. However, this dose could not prevent microbial regrowth. In contrast, irradiation at 10 kGy improved microbial control and color (higher oxymyoglobin and redness) up to day 9 but significantly increased lipid oxidation. Correlation analysis indicated positive associations between microbial growth, acidity, lipid oxidation, and metmyoglobin formation, while pH, myoglobin, oxymyoglobin, and redness were negatively correlated. Gamma irradiation at 10 kGy is a non-thermal method that improves microbial safety by eliminating pathogens, suppressing lactic acid. It also increases oxymyoglobin levels, which enhances product redness. However, it may also lead to increased lipid oxidation during the 9-day storage period at ambient temperature. Further research should focus on integrating gamma irradiation with natural antioxidants or modified atmosphere packaging to mitigate lipid oxidation and pigment degradation. Additionally, sensory evaluation and consumer acceptance studies are essential to establish optimal irradiation protocols that balance safety, quality, and market viability.

HIGHLIGHTS

Gamma irradiation improved microbial safety and extended shelf life of Num-Tub sausage.
Irradiation at 5 kGy eliminated the pathogen and delayed acid production.
Irradiation at 10 kGy effectively suppressed microbial regrowth but accelerated lipid oxidation.
Irradiation induced oxymyoglobin formation until day 9, preserving redness and color quality.
Microbial growth, acidity, and oxidation were closely correlated.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Combined Prognostic Significance of ARID1A Expression and Metastatic Lymph Node Ratio in Predicting Outcomes of Colorectal Cancer

Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0700

This study investigated the prognostic significance of AT-rich interactive domain 1A (ARID1A) protein expression and the metastatic lymph node ratio (mLNR) in colorectal cancer (CRC). Immunohistochemical analysis of 78 primary resected CRC specimens revealed that 85.9% exhibited low ARID1A expression, as determined by histological (H)-score and quantitative assessment. High mLNR was observed in 17.9% of cases. Notably, low ARID1A expression combined with high mLNR was significantly associated with advanced AJCC stage, increased lymph node involvement (pN stage), lymph node metastasis (LNM), lymphovascular invasion, and comorbidities. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis demonstrated that both low ARID1A expression and high mLNR were significantly associated with reduced progression-free survival (PFS). Univariable Cox proportional hazards regression identified mLNR, AJCC stage, pN stage, distant metastasis (pM stage), and LNM as significant predictors of shorter PFS. Multivariable analysis further identified mLNR and pM stage as independent prognostic factors. In addition, GEPIA2-based transcriptomic analysis revealed significant correlations between ARID1A and LNM-associated genes, such as insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R), heat shock protein 47 (HSP47), and vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF-C). These genes also showed significant prognostic relevance for survival outcomes in patients with colon adenocarcinoma (COAD) and rectum adenocarcinoma (READ) cohorts within the TCGA database. In conclusion, diminished ARID1A expression and elevated mLNR are associated with aggressive tumor features and poorer prognosis, suggesting their potential utility as combined prognostic biomarkers in CRC.

HIGHLIGHTS

Low ARID1A and high mLNR link to aggressive features in colorectal cancer.
ARID1A loss and mLNR elevation predict poor progression-free survival in CRC.
mLNR and pM stage emerge as independent prognostic factors in multivariable analysis.
ARID1A correlates with LNM-associated genes (IGF1R, HSP47, VEGF-C) tied to poor survival in TCGA.
The combined assessment of ARID1A and mLNR improves outcome prediction in patients with colorectal cancer.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Co-Sputtering Ti-Ag-N Films: Structure, Wettability, and Antibacterial Properties

Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Incorporating silver (Ag) into titanium nitride (TiN) coatings is an effective strategy to enhance their structural integrity, mechanical strength, surface characteristics, and antibacterial activity. In this study, Ti–Ag–N coatings were deposited via DC magnetron sputtering using Ag plates with diameters of 0, 4, 6, and 8 mm. The resulting films were analyzed using XRD, SEM/EDS, hardness tests, and water contact angle measurements, while their antibacterial performance was tested against Staphylococcus aureus. Moderate Ag incorporation (Ag-6) yielded the best overall properties, improving crystallinity, producing a uniform Ag distribution, and increasing surface energy. This composition also demonstrated the highest hardness (179.24 VHN) and excellent wettability. Antibacterial tests confirmed that Ag-containing coatings - particularly Ag-6 - suppressed bacterial growth by up to 99.99%, mainly due to controlled Ag ion release and enhanced surface energy. These results indicate that optimizing Ag content effectively balances durability, functionality, and antibacterial performance, making Ti–Ag–N coatings promising candidates for biomedical and advanced engineering applications.

HIGHLIGHTS

Ti-Ag-N thin films were prepared by DC sputtering.
Varying Ag content modified the crystallographic structure and surface energy.
Increased Ag incorporation enhanced surface hydrophilicity.
Antibacterial tests showed up to 99.99% inhibition against S. aureus.
A strong link was found between structure, wettability, and antibacterial performance.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Unraveling the Tolerance of Rice Varieties to Single and Dual Salinity and Waterlogging Stresses: Impacts on Agronomic Traits and Yield Performance

Nasrudin, Budiastuti Kurniasih, Eka Tarwaca Susila Putra, Eko Hanudin — Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Dual salinity and waterlogging alter metabolisms activity in rice, leading to reduced growth and yield. The use of tolerant varieties offers a promising strategy to enhance plant resistance, improving agronomic traits and yield performance. The main objective of this study is to reveal and evaluate rice tolerance to single and dual salinity and waterlogging stress and to assess their effects on agronomic traits and yield performance. A split-plot design was used with stress conditions as the main factor, consisting of control (no salinity or waterlogging), salinity stress, waterlogging stress, and dual salinity and waterlogging stress. Seven rice varieties were tested as subplots, including Inpari 30 Ciherang Sub 1, Inpari 34, Inpara 8, Inpari 79 Unsoed Agritan, Maros, Mawar, and IR 64. All stress conditions significantly reduced leaf area. Salinity and dual salinity-waterlogging stresses induced Na⁺ accumulation in the leaves and reduced K⁺ concentrations, whereas waterlogging and dual salinity-waterlogging stresses accelerated flowering age. Under dual salinity and waterlogging, rice varieties such as Inpari 30 Ciherang Sub 1, Inpari 34, Inpara 8, and IR 64 exhibited higher proline content than other varieties. All 3 stress treatments resulted in a reduced percentage of filled grain and lower grain yield in Inpari 30 Ciherang Sub 1, Inpari 34, and IR 64, whereas Inpari 79 Unsoed Agritan showed more stable performance across stress conditions, despite producing the lowest grain yield among the varieties tested. Based on the YSI and PCA analysis, Inpari 79 Unsoed Agritan was identified as the most stable variety under stress conditions, although its yield remained low. In contrast, Inpara 8, Maros, Mawar, and IR 64 recorded higher yields than the other varieties.

HIGHLIGHTS

Evaluation of rice varieties responses to single and dual salinity and waterlogging stress
Dual stress conditions exacerbate negative impacts compared to single salinity or waterlogging
Inpari 79 Unsoed Agritan showed yield stability under stress conditions, but relatively low grain yield
Inpara 8, Mawar, Maros, and IR 64 exhibited higher yields, but less stability across stress conditions

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Solasodine-Loaded MCM-41 Mesoporous Silica for Targeted Anticancer Delivery: Insights from Preparation, Characterization, and Adsorption Studies

Rohmatun Nafi’ah, Sri Juari Santosa, Sutarno Sutarno, Eti Nurwening Sholikhah — Tue, 30 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Mesoporous silica Mobil Composition of Matter No. 41 (MCM-41) has gained considerable attention as a carrier matrix because of its large surface area, adjustable pore size, and biocompatibility. This study aimed to prepare and thoroughly characterize MCM-41 using a sonochemical approach and to evaluate its potential for adsorbing solasodine, a steroidal alkaloid with anticancer properties. MCM-41 was prepared under different sonication times (30 - 150 min) and characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR, X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Scanning Electron Microscopy coupled with Energy Dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) techniques. XRD results confirmed the formation of a well-defined hexagonal mesostructure, with crystallinity increasing with increasing sonication time. Loading solasodine onto MCM-41 reduced diffraction intensity but preserved the structural framework. BET analysis revealed decreases in surface area (from 1129.39 to 849.31 m²/g), pore volume (from 0.87 to 0.59 cc/g), and pore diameter (from 3.41 to 2.17 nm), indicating successful solasodine incorporation. Adsorption of solasodine was optimum at pH 4, followed well a kinetic model of second order reaching equilibrium and an isotherm model of Langmuir with an adsorption capacity of 1.69×10⁻² mmol/g, indicating strong carrier affinity and monolayer adsorption.

HIGHLIGHTS

Structurally stable and well-ordered MCM-41 was prepared using a sonochemical method.
The structural matrix of MCM-41 was not affected after loading solasodine.
BET analysis confirmed reduced surface area and pore diameter after loading the drug.
Adsorption followed pseudo-second-order kinetics that attained equilibrium.
The Langmuir isotherm exhibited high affinity and monolayer adsorption of solasodine.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Characterization of Intelligent Packaging from Chitosan-Cassava Starch with Butterfly Pea Flower Extract and Gambier Catechin as Freshness Sensor

Thu, 25 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0700

The increasing environmental concerns associated with conventional plastic packaging have accelerated research into biopolymer-based alternatives for sustainable food packaging. Starch and chitosan have emerged as promising biodegradable materials, while the incorporation of bioactive and natural pigments enables the development of intelligent packaging systems. Anthocyanins from butterfly pea flower extract, stabilized through co-pigmentation with gambier catechins, provide pH-sensitive functionality for monitoring food quality and safety. This study contributes to the formulation of intelligent biopolymer films as pH sensors for assessing chicken freshness under varying storage conditions. The production of intelligent film used various concentrations of butterfly pea flower extract and gambier (BPG) (5%, 10% and 15%) incorporated into chitosan-cassava starch solution. The physical properties of the film were observed following the analysis of the color response of the BPG extract and intelligent film. Then, the BPG intelligent film was applied to monitoring chicken breast freshness for 72 h at 7 and 25 °C. The color and pH changes were observed every 24 h. The BPG intelligent film significantly increased film thickness, moisture content, solubility, water vapor transmission rate (WVTR), and water vapor permeability (WVP). The color of the BPG extract and BPG film shifted from purple to green at pH levels between 2 and 11. When applied to chicken breast, the color of the BPG film will change from purple to green due to the decay in the chicken breast which is indicated by an increase in pH. Based on the research results, it can be concluded that BPG extract mixed with the film matrix can act as a freshness indicator in chicken breast stored at cold or room temperature. The color change that occurs is clearly visible (does not fade) due to the co-pigmentation of gambier.

HIGHLIGHTS

Butterfly pea flower as an anthocyanin source is incorporated into a biopolymer matrix made from chitosan-cassava starch.
Anthocyanin from butterfly pea flower extract is a pH-sensitive pigment that will produce color changes.
A chitosan-cassava starch film supplemented with butterfly pea flower extract was used to monitor the freshness of chicken breasts.
The intelligent film applied to the chicken breasts exhibited color changes during storage, indicating that the samples were deteriorating.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

New Synthetic Routes, Wound Healing and Hemostatic Properties of N-Guanidinium Chitosan

Thu, 25 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0700

The development of novel multifunctional biomaterials remains one of the most pressing challenges in modern materials science. Polymer derivatives of guanidine are in high demand due to their broad spectrum of pharmacological activities. In recent years, various methods have been developed to introduce guanidine groups into the chitosan structure. However, most of the known guanidination methods are carried out in the presence of acids, which leads to the formation of side reactions in the reaction medium. In this study, we present a method for guanidination of chitosan in an aprotic solvent medium - acetonitrile. It has been demonstrated that by varying the molar ratio of the guanidinating reagent, it is possible to obtain N-guanidinium chitosan derivatives with a degree of substitution ranging from 0.16 to 0.45. Notably, the use of acetonitrile prevents hydrolysis of the chitosan macromolecular backbone, and an increase in the number of guanidine groups leads to an increase in the molecular weight of the synthesized N-guanidinium chitosan derivatives. The structure and properties of the obtained chitosan derivatives were confirmed by physico-chemical methods (elemental analysis, FTIR, NMR, XRD, SEM, DLS, etc.). The presence of guanidine groups in the chitosan structure conferred broad pH-range solubility to the synthesized compounds. Results from a comparative in vivo analysis demonstrated that 0.5% solutions of N-guanidinium chitosan exhibited excellent wound healing properties, attributed to the synergistic interaction between the polysaccharide backbone and the guanidine moieties. Pharmacological evaluations confirmed that the introduction of guanidine groups into the chitosan structure enhances its hemostatic efficacy compared to native chitosan.

HIGHLIGHTS

This study chitosan was subjected to guanylation in an aprotic solvent medium.
Guanylated chitosan derivatives with diverse physico-chemical properties and solubility across a broad pH range were synthesized.
The N-guanidinium chitosan samples demonstrated effective wound-healing and hemostatic properties.
Findings suggest indicate the potential for developing new multifunctional polymeric materials based on chitosan.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Biflavonoids from Araucaria Genus as Selective PDE4 Inhibitors: Insights from In Silico and In Vitro Studies

Thu, 25 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Chronic inflammation is a major contributor to autoimmune diseases, necessitating the discovery of selective phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4) inhibitors. Biflavonoids, with diverse biological activities, exhibit anti-inflammatory potential. This study employed molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to evaluate the interaction of 25 biflavonoid compounds with PDE4B and PDE4D. The most promising compound was validated using in vitro enzyme inhibition assays. Molecular docking identified 7,7''-di-O-methylamentoflavone as a potent PDE4B inhibitor with strong binding affinity and favourable MM/GBSA binding energy of –49.56 ± 4.12 kcal/mol, compared to its PDE4D binding energy of –39.77 ± 5.21 kcal/mol. Molecular dynamics simulations confirmed the stability of ligand–protein interactions. In vitro assays of six isolated biflavonoids from Araucaria hunsteinii and Araucaria cunninghamii confirmed that 7,7''-di-O-methylamentoflavone as a selective PDE4B inhibitor, with an IC₅₀ value of 13.9 ± 2.38 μM. This study provides new insights into the potential of biflavonoids as selective PDE4B inhibitors. However, further research is required to validate their therapeutic potential, including in vivo evaluation and broader safety profiling.

HIGHLIGHTS

Araucaria biflavonoids as anti-inflammatory agents: Investigated 25 biflavonoids from the Araucaria genus using in silico (docking, molecular dynamics) and in vitro (ELISA enzyme inhibition) methods.
Promising PDE4B inhibitor identified: 7,7′′-di-O-methylamentoflavone showed high stability, strong binding affinity, and selective PDE4B inhibition (IC₅₀ = 13.9 ± 2.38 μM).
Potential for drug development: Findings support biflavonoids as potential anti- inflammatory drug leads, but further in vivo and pharmacokinetic studies are required.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Extraction Optimization of Phenolics from Beta Vulgaris Stems by High-Intensity Ultrasound with Response Surface Methodology Approach

Sat, 20 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0700

High-intensity ultrasound-assisted extraction was used to extract total soluble phenols, flavonoids, and anthocyanins from Beta vulgaris stems, and to evaluate their antioxidant activities (DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP). The effect of extraction time (X₁: 2, 4, and 6 min), ultrasound power (X₂: 80%, 90% and 100%), and liquid-to-solid ratio (X₃: 10:1, 15:1, and 20:1 mL/g) was investigated using response surface methodology. The high-intensity ultrasound-assisted extraction models for all responses were adjusted to a 2^nd-order polynomial equation (R² = 0.94 - 0.99, lack of fit > 0.05). Optimal high-intensity ultrasound-assisted extraction conditions differ for each response, X₁: 3.08 min, X₂: 100%, and X₃: 17.32:1 mL/g for total soluble phenols, X₁: 5.99 min, X₂: 95.04% and X₃: 17.28:1 mL/g for total flavonoids, and X₁: 6 min, X₂: 92.24%, and X₃: 12.97:1 mL/g for total anthocyanins. Moreover, all evaluated conditions exhibited antioxidant properties by DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP. Furthermore, the validated high-intensity ultrasound-assisted extraction conditions (3.08 min for extraction time, 100% power ultrasound, and 17.32 mL/g of liquid-to-solid ratio) yielded 2.35 times higher soluble phenols content than conventional extraction method (magnetic stirring at 400 rpm for 60 min), with higher (p ˂ 0.05) flavonoids, ABTS, and FRAP values, and similar values (p > 0.05) for anthocyanins and DPPH. Furthermore, shikimic, protocatechuic, 4-hydroxybenzoic, gallic, chlorogenic, neochlorogenic, and trans-ferulic acids were higher under high-intensity ultrasound-assisted extraction than conventional extraction according to the HPLC analysis. It demonstrated that high-intensity ultrasound-assisted extraction is an efficacious technology for extracting bioactive molecules. In addition, future research could focus on isolating and purifying the phenolic compounds extracted from B. vulgaris stem powder, which have potential applications in food and non-food industries.

HIGHLIGHTS

Beta vulgaris stems are a source of phytochemicals
Ultrasound is a viable technology for extracting bioactive compounds
Beta vulgaris extracts exhibited antioxidant properties

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Discrimination of Seismic Signals in UGM Antenna Station Recordings at Merapi Volcano Using a Remote Seismic Array: Beamforming and FK Analysis

Dairoh, Sudarmaji, Ahmad Ashari, Wiwit Suryanto — Thu, 25 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Effective volcano monitoring is crucial for hazard mitigation and early warning systems. This study presents a monitoring system for Merapi Volcano using 5 remote seismic stations equipped with low-cost Raspberry Shake and Boom sensors, aiming to offer an affordable alternative to conventional local monitoring networks. The objective was to evaluate the capability of the UGM (Universitas Gadjah Mada) Antenna Station Array (UAA) to detect and classify tectonic and volcanic seismic activity. The system has been operational since July 2023; however, data from only 16 August to 12 September 2023 were analysed because of initial calibration challenges affecting data reliability, mainly due to environmental and power-related factors. This study presents a pilot-scale demonstration of a low-cost remote seismic array deployed at the Merapi Volcano. Using STA/LTA detection, beamforming, and FK analysis, 376 events were identified within a 28-day dataset (August 16 - September 12, 2023). Although the short temporal coverage prevents robust statistical analysis of long-term volcanic behaviour, the results highlight the feasibility of classifying volcanic versus tectonic events from a distance of 16 km. The limitations include suboptimal array geometry, environmental calibration challenges, and a relatively high false alarm rate, underscoring the need for extended monitoring campaigns, multimodal validation, and improved signal classification. Preliminary classification was performed through comparative spectral and directional analyses. Despite the short monitoring window, results indicate the potential for focused short-term deployment to capture representative seismic behaviour during periods of increased activity. However, the limited duration does not preclude long-term trend analysis, and longer monitoring is needed to identify seasonal patterns and early signs of eruption. These findings demonstrate the potential of low-cost arrays as complementary monitoring tools in resource-limited volcanic regions, particularly for redundancy in national early warning systems.

HIGHLIGHTS

Remote stations using low-cost sensors can detect Merapi’s volcanic activity from 16 km away.
Volcanic and earthquake events were successfully distinguished using signal direction and pattern analysis.
This system offers a practical early warning tool for volcanoes lacking local monitoring equipment.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Development of ZnO-Chitosan-Based Nanovaccine with Chlorella vulgaris Recombinant Protein against VNN in Hybrid Grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus × lanceolatus)

Thu, 25 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Viral Nervous Necrosis (VNN), caused by Nervous Necrosis Virus (NNV), is a major constraint in hybrid grouper (Epinephelus spp.) aquaculture, with larval and juvenile mortality reaching nearly 100%. Effective prophylactic strategies are urgently required to ensure sustainable production. This study aimed to test the hypothesis that recombinant Chlorella vulgaris protein, delivered using ZnO-chitosan nanoparticles, enhances immune response, improves growth, and mitigates VNN-induced tissue damage in hybrid grouper. An in vivo challenge experiment was conducted with juvenile fish assigned to 5 groups: Negative control (K−), positive control (K+), and 3 nanovaccine dosages (P1 = 33 µL, P2 = 66 µL and P3 = 112 µL). Vaccination was administered twice via oral sonde, with a 14-day interval between the primary and booster doses prior to viral challenge. The 66 µL dose (P2) yielded the most consistent protective effects, including significant improvements in body length and weight (p < 0.05), as well as elevated antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD = 3.997 U/mL; CAT = 109.7 U/mL), indicating enhanced oxidative defense. Histological analyses further confirmed reduced tissue damage in vaccinated groups, with P2 exhibiting attenuated vacuolization in the gills. Interestingly, although P2 was superior in growth and antioxidant responses, the 33 µL dose (P1) demonstrated the lowest tissue damage, suggesting a more favorable safety profile. These findings highlight a dose-dependent trade-off, where P2 maximizes immune and growth benefits, while P1 minimizes histopathological alterations. While ZnO-chitosan nanoparticles are generally considered safe at sub-toxic concentrations reported in fish toxicology studies (< 100 mg/L waterborne exposure), further ecotoxicological and bioaccumulation assessments are required to substantiate their long-term environmental safety. Within the scope of this study, the 33 µL dosage represents the most balanced option between efficacy and safety, supporting its potential as a nanovaccine platform for VNN control in hybrid grouper aquaculture.

HIGHLIGHTS

A novel nanovaccine was developed combining Chlorella vulgaris recombinant protein with ZnO-chitosan nanoparticles as an adjuvant to combat Viral Nervous Necrosis (VNN) in hybrid grouper.
The nanovaccine significantly improved growth performance, with the 33 µL dose (P1) showing the highest increase in body length and weight during both vaccination and post-infection phases.
Antioxidant enzyme activity (SOD and CAT) in gill tissue was enhanced, especially at the 66 µL dose (P2), indicating improved immune defense against oxidative stress caused by viral infection.
Histopathological analysis revealed that vaccinated fish experienced less gill tissue damage, with P1 group showing only mild edema, hyperplasia, and lamellar fusion compared to severe lesions in the unvaccinated control group.
The study demonstrates the potential of microalgae-based recombinant vaccines with nano-delivery systems as a sustainable and eco-friendly strategy for disease prevention in aquaculture.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Integrated In Silico and In Vivo Analysis of Vitamin D3 Supplementation in Obesity and Diabetes

Tue, 30 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Obesity and diabetes are interconnected metabolic disorders with a rising prevalence worldwide. Although vitamin D₃ is known to regulate glucose metabolism and oxidative stress, its ability to inhibit digestive enzymes linked to adipogenesis has not been demonstrated. This study proposed that vitamin D₃ possesses dual anti-obesity and antidiabetic activities by targeting pancreatic lipase, α-amylase, and α-glucosidase, and confirmed this hypothesis through in silico docking and in vivo experiments using Drosophila melanogaster. Docking simulations using AutoDock Vina showed that vitamin D₃ had a stronger affinity for pancreatic lipase (−7.5 kcal/mol) than orlistat (−6.8 kcal/mol), with stable hydrophobic interactions at the catalytic sites. The D. melanogaster w¹¹¹⁸ strain was reared on a high-fat diet (2% virgin coconut oil) supplemented with vitamin D₃ (10 or 100 mM). The experimental groups (n = 20 flies per group, 5 replicates) were assessed for hemolymph glucose, locomotor activity, oxidative stress (NBT assay), and gene expression <trbl and sod1>. Data were analyzed using 1-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post-hoc test (p < 0.05). Vitamin D₃ supplementation significantly reduced hemolymph glucose and ROS levels, improved crawling performance, and restored trbl and sod1 expression in HFD-fed flies. These effects were consistent with docking predictions, indicating that enzyme inhibition may underlie the observed metabolic benefits. In conclusion, vitamin D₃ shows promising antiobesity and antidiabetic effects in a D. melanogaster model, supporting its role as a potential modulatory supplement. However, limitations such as the use of an invertebrate model, high compound concentrations, and the absence of mammalian or clinical validation highlight the need for further studies in higher organisms.

HIGHLIGHTS

Vitamin D₃ exhibits strong in silico binding affinity to lipase and α-amylase.
In vivo exposure to Vitamin D₃ reduces cholesterol and glucose levels in Drosophila larvae
Vitamin D₃ promotes larval growth and locomotor activity under high-fat diet conditions
Vitamin D₃ upregulates the expression of trbl, sod1, and cat genes
Vitamin D₃ shows potential as a low-cost adjunctive therapy for obesity management

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Bioactivities of Nutmeg Essential Oils: Their Effect on Growth and Abnormality of Oral Cavity Microbes

Thu, 25 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Nutmeg essential oils (EOs) possess significant antibacterial and antifungal activities. This study evaluated the effects of EOs from nutmeg leaves (LEO), seed (SEO), and mace (MEO) on the growth of microorganisms. The aim of the study was to evaluate nutmeg essential oils ability to inhibit microbial growth and alter cell structures. Each EO was tested at 4 concentrations (500, 250, 150 and 77 mg/mL) against 3 Gram-positive bacteria - Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans, and Streptococcus sanguinis - and the opportunistic fungus Candida albicans. Antimicrobial activity was assessed through growth inhibition assays, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and growth rate analysis. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to observe cell morphology changes, while GC-MS analysis identified chemical composition. β-pinene, sabinene, D-limonene, terpinen-4-ol and myristicin were major components in nutmeg oil. All EOs inhibited microbial growth and prevented progression into the logarithmic phase. MIC varied between 75 and 300 mg/mL. Minimum inhibitory concentrations for bacteria were in the range of 150 - 300 mg/mL, while that for fungi were 75 - 150 mg/mL. Minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were 300 to 600 mg/mL and minimum fungicidal concentrations (MFC) was 150 mg/mL. Overall nutmeg EOs exhibited moderate activity, producing inhibition zones greater than 8 mm. Microbial counts declined within 4 h of exposure and continued decreasing over 24 h. SEM revealed cell lysis, surface wrinkling, and disrupted cell aggregates. These findings indicate that nutmeg EOs induce cell death and inhibit rapid microbial proliferation through cell lysis, supporting their potential as safe, plant-based alternatives for oral infection management.

HIGHLIGHTS

This research provides comparative look at commercially available essential oils from nutmeg seed, leaves, and mace against major oral pathogens.
It examining both how these oils inhibit microbial growth and how they damage pathogen cells.
The findings offer promising leads for developing safer and plant-based alternatives antimicrobials for oral treatment

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Synergistic Effects of Probiotic Strains and Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench (Okra) on Learning and Memory Impairment in Amnestic Rat Models

Tue, 30 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0700

This study investigated the neuroprotective effects of probiotics and okra on learning, memory, and antioxidant activity in a rat model of Aβ_25-35induced cognitive impairment. Male Sprague Dawley rats divided into 8 groups: Control group, sham group, amyloid beta (Aβ) group, Aβ with low or high doses of probiotics, Aβ with okra, Aβ with okra and low or high doses of probiotics. Rats were orally gavage of probiotics, okra, or their combinations for 6 weeks and injected intracerebroventricularly with Aβ_25-35to induce Alzheimer’s disease-like symptoms. Rats in the Aβ-treated group showed significant impairments in both spatial and recognition memory, as evidenced by decreased retention time in the Morris’s water maze and reduced recognition index in the novel object recognition tests. These behavioral deficits were accompanied by elevated malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels, and decreased catalase (CAT) activities, indicating increased oxidative stress. Treatment with probiotics, okra, or their combination significantly improved performance in both behavioral tests. Notably, the combined high-dose probiotic and okra group showed the most pronounced improvements. This group also exhibited the greatest reduction in MDA level and SOD activity and the most substantial restoration of CAT activity. These findings suggest that probiotics and okra, particularly in combination, exert the neuroprotective effects against Aβ_25-35-induced cognitive deficits, potentially through modulation of oxidative stress pathways. This combined therapy may represent a promising dietary intervention for the prevention or management of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease.

HIGHLIGHTS

The potential of probiotics and okra as a multifaceted intervention to counteract Aβ_25-35-induced cognitive impairments.
The combined high-dose probiotic and okra group showed the most pronounced improvements with the greatest MDA reduction and highest lipid peroxidation linked to neurodegeneration.
Combination of probiotics and okra exert the neuroprotective effects against Aβ_25-35-induced cognitive deficits, potentially through modulation of oxidative stress pathways.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Natural Polyphenol Oxidase Inhibitors from Glochidion perakense: LC-MS/MS Identification, In Silico Binding Analysis and Chitosan Microencapsulation for Food Preservation Applications

Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Plant-derived polyphenolic compounds offer natural alternatives for polyphenol oxidase (PPO) inhibition to prevent enzymatic browning in fresh-cut produce. However, their application is limited by poor stability and environmental sensitivity. This study screened nine Southeast Asian plant species for natural PPO inhibition and developed chitosan-based microencapsulation to enhance extract stability. Systematic evaluation revealed Glochidion perakense leaves exhibited exceptional antioxidant capacity (88.11% DPPH scavenging; IC₅₀ = 3.04 ± 0.17 µg/mL) and superior PPO inhibitory activity (89.93% inhibition; IC₅₀ = 278.00 ± 2.04 µg/mL), showing better enzyme inhibition than commercial kojic acid (IC₅₀ = 311.58 ± 1.83 µg/mL). This represents the first comprehensive phytochemical characterization of G. perakense for food preservation applications. LC-MS/MS analysis identified 23 bioactive compounds, with molecular docking studies revealing (-)-amurensisin as the key inhibitor showing strongest PPO binding affinity (ΔG = –7.13 kcal/mol) compared to reference tropolone (ΔG = –5.20 kcal/mol). Chitosan microencapsulation at 1:1 chitosan-to-extract ratio (w/w) significantly improved extract stability, maintaining 4-fold higher phenolic content during 30-day storage compared to unencapsulated controls. Validation studies using fresh-cut potatoes demonstrated encapsulated extract achieved 2.5-fold superior PPO inhibition versus free extract. These findings establish G. perakense as a promising natural preservative and demonstrate microencapsulation as an effective delivery system for extending fresh-produce shelf life while addressing post-harvest losses in the food industry.

HIGHLIGHTS

First comprehensive phytochemical characterization of Glochidion perakense identifying 23 bioactive compounds with superior polyphenol oxidase (PPO) inhibitory activity compared to commercial kojic acid.
Molecular docking identified multiple potent PPO inhibitors including (-)-amurensisin (–7.13 kcal/mol), catechin (–6.36 kcal/mol), and bergenin (–5.84 kcal/mol), all surpassing reference tropolone (–5.20 kcal/mol) with high binding stability.
Novel chitosan microencapsulation enhanced extract stability 4-fold and improved anti-PPO efficacy 2.5-fold in fresh-cut applications.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Immunochromatographic Strip Test for Fasciola gigantica Diagnosis Using Rabbit Polyclonal Antibodies against rFgSAP2

Komsil Rattanasroi, Pornanan Kueakhai, Narin Changklungmoa — Tue, 30 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Saposin-like protein 2 (SAP2) plays a critical role in the survival of Fasciola species by disrupting the membranes of red blood cells. SAP2 is highly immunogenic and is abundantly present in the excretory-secretory (ES) antigens of both juvenile and adult stages of Fasciola spp. These characteristics make SAP2 a promising candidate for immunodiagnosis of both animal and human fasciolosis. Its strong antigenic properties also highlight its potential as a targeted biomarker for the detection of parasitic infections. Currently, the gold-standard diagnostic technique for Fasciola spp. infection involves the detection of parasite eggs through microscopic examination. However, this method has low sensitivity, particularly when egg counts are low, a situation commonly observed in chronic infections or following unsuccessful treatment. Therefore, this study aims to fine the alternative method, we developed and evaluated an immunochromatographic strip test using a rabbit polyclonal antibody (PoAb) against rFgSAP2 for the detection of fasciolosis. The recombinant Fasciola gigantica SAP2 (rFgSAP2) and rabbit PoAb against rFgSAP2 were purified and concentrated. The optimize pH and buffer were evaluated before constructing the immunochromatographic (IC) strip test. The IC strip test consists of rFgSAP2 conjugated with colloidal gold probes, protein A as a test line, and rabbit PoAb against rFgSAP2 as a control line. Both experimentally and naturally Fasciola gigantica-infected serum samples were tested using IC strips. Serum samples from thirty experimentally infected and thirty non-infected mice as well as from fourteen naturally infected and twelve healthy cattle were evaluated using IC strip test. The IC strips were dipped into the sample solution and observed the results within 15 min. These tests demonstrated sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, false-positive rate, and false-negative rate of 96.67%, 90.00%, 93.33%, 90.63%, 96.43%, 10.00% and 3.33%, respectively. Thus, the IC strip test could be used for the diagnosis of fasciolosis in cattle and humans in the future.

HIGHLIGHTS

Novel immunochromatographic strip test for the detection of Fasciola gigantica
The developed IC strip test exhibits high sensitivity (96.67%), specificity (90.00%), and accuracy (93.33%).
This diagnostic tool demonstrates fasciolosis detection in both mice and cattle

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Exploring the Antibacterial and Antioxidant Potentials of Nickel@Chitosan Nanocomposites

Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Nickel-based nanocomposites have become an interesting research subject for developing effective antimicrobial materials that address the global challenges of antibiotic resistance and oxidative stress. This study explored the bioactivity potential of nickel-based nanocomposites integrated into a chitosan (CS) matrix. The co-precipitation approach, incorporating Tween-20, sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP), and sodium hydroxide (NaOH), has been employed to manufacture Ni@CS nanocomposites. The antibacterial activity of the Ni@CS nanocomposite was determined using an agar well technique, while its antioxidant activity was rated based on its ability to reduce DPPH radicals. The formation of Ni@CS nanocomposites was validated by detecting Ni absorption and the NiO phase according to ICSD#61544. The antibacterial efficacy showed that Ni@CS-25 had a maximal inhibition zone of 26.11 mm against B. cereus ATCC 10556. Meanwhile, the Ni@CS nanocomposite showed antioxidant activity at a moderate IC₅₀ level.

HIGHLIGHTS

The antibacterial and antioxidant composites were synthesized from nickel and chitosan.
The metal concentration impacts antibacterial and antioxidant properties.
The efficacy of nickel-chitosan nanocomposite was evaluated against the bacteria, pyogenes, B. cereus, K. pneumoniae, and E. coli.
Antioxidant performance was analyzed based on IC₅₀ value and the nanocomposite’s antiradical efficiency (AE).

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Transcriptomic Profiling of 6-OHDA- and Reserpine-Mediated Neurotoxicity and Neurobehavioral Change in Caenorhabditis elegans Model

Tue, 30 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Neurotoxic agents such as 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) and reserpine are reported to cause neurodegenerative and neuroendocrine effects, respectively. Using the Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) model, this study performs comparative transcriptomic profiling to elucidate molecular pathways that contribute to their neurotoxicity. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified following 6-OHDA and reserpine exposure, with subsequent analyses for Gene Ontology (GO) and KEGG pathway enrichment. Notably, 6-OHDA mainly disrupted ribosomal/proteasomal activity and neurodegeneration-related pathways, while reserpine primarily affected the extracellular compartment, neuropeptide-based signaling, and metabolic processes. Meta-analysis of the top 3,000 DEGs, combined with comparative enrichment network analysis of the 2 neurotoxicants using Metascape, identified critical regulatory processes, including cell development, reproduction, cytoskeletal organization, cell cycle control, metabolic pathways, and post-transcriptional regulation. In addition, protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis revealed eight distinct Molecular Complex Detection (MCODE) modules, which correspond to biological clusters such as regulation of translation, fatty acid metabolism, glutamate/glutamine metabolism, ceramide metabolism, sphingolipid metabolism, porphyrin metabolism, and post-transcriptional regulation. Moreover, reserpine exposure altered neurobehavioral function in the ethanol avoidance assay without inducing dopaminergic (DAergic) neurodegeneration in C. elegans. Overall, these findings suggest a transcriptomic framework that reports both common and unique molecular signatures of neurotoxicant-mediated neurodegeneration and behavioral alterations. These results provide valuable insights for future studies on regulatory pathways involved in PD pathogenesis.

HIGHLIGHTS

6-OHDA predominantly modulated ribosomal/proteasomal activity and neurodegeneration-related processes in C. elegans.
Reserpine primarily influenced the extracellular region, neuropeptide-mediated signaling, and metabolic processes in C. elegans.
Overlapping enriched DEGs identified by Metascape between the 6-OHDA- and reserpine-treated groups were mainly associated with cell development, reproduction, cytoskeletal organization, cell cycle regulation, metabolic pathways, and post-transcriptional regulation.
MCODE cluster analysis revealed metabolic modules encompassing regulation of translation, fatty acid metabolism, glutamate/glutamine metabolism, ceramide metabolism, sphingolipid metabolism, porphyrin metabolism, and post-transcriptional regulation.
Reserpine toxicity altered dopamine-dependent behavioral function in the ethanol avoidance assay without inducing DAergic neurodegeneration in C. elegans.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Efficacy of Potassium Silicate in Suppressing Meloidogyne enterolobii on Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.)

Supansa Pluembumler, Natthidech Beesa, Anongnuch Sasnarukkit, Buncha Chinnasri — Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Potassium silicate (PSi) is widely recognized as a biostimulant that enhances plant growth by improving nutrient uptake, promoting root development, and stimulating vegetative growth. In addition, it has been reported to exhibit nematicidal activity against root-knot nematodes (RKN). However, information regarding its application for the control of Meloidogyne enterolobii in Thailand remains limited. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of PSi in suppressing M. enterolobii under both controlled laboratory and greenhouse conditions. Second-stage juveniles (J2s) and eggs of the nematode were exposed to PSi at concentrations of 250, 500, 1,000, and 2,000 ppm, and nematode mortality and hatching were assessed after 2 and 7 days of incubation, respectively. The highest J2 mortality was observed at 2,000 ppm (56.0 ± 5.8%), showing an effect comparable to KCl (positive control). Inhibition of nematode hatching was most pronounced at 500 - 2,000 ppm, resulting in reductions of 58.4 ± 3.7% to 64.5 ± 2.8% relative to the distilled water control. Moreover, PSi concentrations above 500 ppm exhibited nematicidal activity by directly attracting J2 movement. Under greenhouse conditions, okra plants treated with 1,000 and 2,000 ppm prior to nematode inoculation showed the greatest suppression of M. enterolobii, reducing galls, egg masses, and eggs by 42.1% - 74.4%, 62.8% - 78.9%, and 54.2% - 80.6%, respectively, and lowering the nematode reproduction factor (Rf) by 3- to 4-fold compared with the RKN-inoculated control. Plant growth, particularly plant height, was also markedly enhanced. Overall, PSi application as a soil drench not only promotes plant development but also exhibits strong potential for suppressing
M. enterolobii on okra, highlighting its value as a promising component of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategies for sustainable RKN control.

HIGHLIGHTS

This study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of potassium silicate (PSi) in controlling Meloidogyne enterolobii parasitizing okra plants under both laboratory and greenhouse conditions.
In laboratory assays, 2,000 ppm PSi exhibited the strongest nematicidal effect on juvenile mortality, while nematode hatching was most strongly suppressed at 500 ppm. Additionally, PSi concentrations above 500 ppm attracted nematode movement.
Greenhouse experiments consistently confirmed the nematicidal effects against enterolobii, reducing the number of galls, egg masses, and eggs, as well as Rf values, while promoting plant growth.
PSi demonstrates considerable potential against enterolobii and could be incorporated into IPM programs to reduce the damage caused by this nematode.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Extraction Solvent Effects on Banana Blossom Bioactive Compounds: Enhanced Bioaccessibility via Gastrointestinal Digestion

Tue, 30 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Banana blossoms are often discarded as agricultural byproducts, yet they contain bioactive compounds with potential health-promoting properties. The transformation of these underutilized materials into functional food ingredients represents an important circular economy strategy. Banana blossoms from the Musa AAA group and M. × paradisiaca cultivars were selected for analysis. Bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacity were evaluated in different anatomical parts (bracts, florets and core) through aqueous and 50% ethanol extraction. The extracts were assessed for bioaccessibility using in vitro gastrointestinal digestion following the INFOGEST protocol to determine their potential for developing functional foods. Bioactive content and antioxidant activities varied significantly across cultivars, anatomical parts, and extraction solvents. Musa AAA group showed superior performance, with aqueous core extracts achieving the highest phenolic content (1,033.57 ± 20.20 mg GAE/100 g) and aqueous bract extracts achieving the highest flavonoid content (1,529.23 ± 27.20 mg QE/100 g). Aqueous extraction was more effective than ethanol extraction. Gastrointestinal digestion produced contrasting effects: phenolic content increased substantially in certain extracts (9.1-fold in M. × paradisiaca bracts), while antioxidant activities decreased dramatically (77.4% - 99.6% reduction, p < 0.001). PCA confirmed that in vitro digestion resulted in standardized bioactive compound profiles regardless of source materials. PC-1 variance increased from 63.00% before digestion to 96.44% after digestion, demonstrating uniform bioaccessibility patterns across all samples. This study highlights banana blossoms as a promising source of bioactive compounds for functional food development, with aqueous extraction being effective and digestion ensuring uniform bioaccessibility. Their use can contribute to sustainable agricultural waste valorization.

HIGHLIGHTS

First comprehensive evaluation of bioactive compound bioaccessibility in banana blossom anatomical parts
Gastrointestinal digestion standardized bioactive profiles across different sources
PC-1 explained 96.44% variance post-digestion vs. 63.00% pre-digestion
Source selection became less critical for functional food applications
Supports circular economy through valorization of banana blossom by-products

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Effect of pH and Calcination Temperature on the Structural, Optical, Electrical, and Magnetic Properties of Co-Precipitated Iron Oxide Nanomaterials

Buppachat Toboonsung — Tue, 30 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Iron oxide nanomaterials were synthesized by co-precipitation, with pH adjusted from 9 to 12, and subsequent calcination carried out between 300 and 900 °C. The as-synthesized samples were characterized for morphology, crystal structure, and functional properties. At pH 11, nearly spherical nanoparticles with uniform size and high crystallinity were obtained, giving the highest saturation magnetization of 121.97 emu/g and a narrow indirect optical band gap of 2.03 eV, beneficial for magnetic hyperthermia and visible-light photocatalysis. Calcination at 500 °C retained the γ-Fe₂O₃ phase and yielded peak electrical conductivity (98.62×10⁻⁹ (Ω·cm)⁻¹) together with near-superparamagnetic behavior with low coercivity and remanence, making it suitable for spintronics and biomedical applications. In contrast, annealing above 500 °C triggered irreversible conversion to antiferromagnetic α-Fe₂O₃, which sharply reduced magnetization and increased electrical resistivity. Combined structural, optical, and magnetic data indicate that pH 11 with 500 °C provides the most favorable trade-off between defect density, phase stability, and interparticle connectivity. Therefore, this work demonstrates that the dual-parameter control of pH and calcination temperature allows the optimization of structural, optical, electrical, and magnetic properties, enabling the development of multifunctional iron oxide nanomaterials for catalysis, biomedicine, and next-generation electronic devices.

HIGHLIGHTS

Iron oxide nanomaterials were synthesized by co-precipitation and tuned by varying pH (9 - 12) and calcination temperature (300 - 900 °C).
pH 11 produced uniform spherical nanoparticles with reduced spin disorder, yielding the highest magnetization (121.97 emu/g).
Calcination at 500 °C was identified as the “optimum temperature,” maximizing electrical conductivity and near-superparamagnetic behavior.
Higher calcination temperatures (> 700 °C) triggered a phase transition from maghemite to hematite, causing loss of magnetism and higher resistivity.
Optical band gap tuning was achieved: Stable 2.03 eV at pH 9 - 11 and widened to 2.12 eV at pH 12 due to reduced defect states.
Dual optimization (pH 11 and 500 °C) provides a simple experimental strategy for multifunctional nanomaterials in spintronics, catalysis, and biomedicine.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Calcium Signaling Pathways in Physiological Regulation and Disease Development: A Comprehensive Review

Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Calcium ions (Ca²⁺) are universal signaling molecules that play a central role in physiological processes, including muscle contraction, hormone secretion, gene regulation, energy metabolism, and neurotransmission. This review aims to integrate the SOCE-MCU-CaM axes to provide a systems-level view of Ca²⁺ regulation from the plasma membrane to the ER/SR, mitochondria, and nucleus in physiology and pathology. The Ca²⁺ signaling pathway encompasses ion transport by Ca²⁺ pumps and Na⁺/Ca²⁺ exchangers, ion flow through plasma-membrane channels and the endoplasmic/sarcoplasmic reticulum (ER/SR), and interactions with binding proteins such as calcineurin and calmodulin (CaM), which trigger downstream programs including NFAT, CREB, and MAPK. Maintenance of cytosolic and mitochondrial Ca²⁺ homeostasis depends on pathways such as the mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU) and store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) via STIM1/Orai1; their coordinated action links Ca²⁺ transients to metabolism and gene control. Dysregulation of Ca²⁺ signaling contributes to chronic diseases, including neurodegeneration (Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s), cardiovascular disease (heart failure, arrhythmia, hypertension), cancer (breast, lung, colorectal), and metabolic/endocrine disorders (diabetes and insulin resistance). Unchecked Ca²⁺ accumulation or pathway imbalance promotes oxidative stress, apoptotic activation, impaired energy metabolism, and cellular dysfunction, while mutations in Ca²⁺-related genes alter cardiac contractility and other physiological regulation. Therapeutic approaches include Ca²⁺-channel modulation, targeting STIM1, Orai1, and MCU, and epigenetic strategies that leverage Ca²⁺’s influence on gene expression, with the goal of restoring network-level Ca²⁺ equilibrium and improving cell function. A clearer understanding of Ca²⁺ mechanisms and pathway cross-talk will support the development of more precise and effective interventions.

HIGHLIGHTS

Homeostatic Ca²⁺ signaling integrates SOCE (STIM1-Orai1), VGCCs, SERCA/PMCA, and mitochondrial MCU to coordinate excitation-secretion, metabolism, and gene programs.
Organellar Ca²⁺ dysregulation underlies neurodegeneration, cardiac remodeling/arrhythmia, endocrine-metabolic dysfunction, and cancer progression.
Calmodulin-driven transduction (CaM-calcineurin/NFAT and CaMK axes) links Ca²⁺ oscillations to transcriptional remodeling and disease-specific vulnerabilities.
Mitochondrial Ca²⁺ uptake via the MCU complex couple’s bioenergetics to redox signaling; imbalance promotes ROS, defective mitophagy, and cell death.
Therapeutic avenues span SOCE inhibitors and selective Ca²⁺ channel blockers to mitochondria-targeted MCU modulators with disease-tailored strategies.
Research priorities: Cell-type-resolved Ca²⁺ mapping with advanced imaging and multi-omics to identify precision targets along SOCE-MCU-CaM pathways.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Recent Advancements in Metal Ferrite Hybrid Photocatalysts for Wastewater Treatment

Thu, 25 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Environmental pollution, especially water contamination, presents significant challenges to ecosystems, public health, and sustainability. Ferrite-based nanomaterials, specifically hybrids combining ferrites with several materials, have emerged as promising photocatalysts for wastewater treatment. These hybrids leverage ferrites’ unique structural, optical, and magnetic properties while addressing challenges such as electron-hole recombination, limited visible light absorption, and agglomeration. Recent advancements in synthesis techniques, including sol-gel, co-precipitation, and green methods, have enabled precise control over ferrite hybrid properties, enhancing photocatalytic efficiency and scalability. The integration of ferrites introduces synergistic effects, such as enhanced charge carrier separation, expanded light absorption into the visible spectrum, and enhanced surface area. Innovations like doping, plasmonic enhancement, and Z-scheme heterojunctions have further optimized these materials for efficient pollutant degradation. Studies have demonstrated their potential to degrade dyes, pharmaceuticals, and other emerging contaminants under visible and solar light. Despite their promise, challenges remain in understanding the mechanisms of charge transfer, optimizing synthesis for large-scale production, and ensuring stability in real wastewater conditions. This review highlights the transformative potential of ferrite-based hybrids as scalable, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly solutions for advanced wastewater treatment. Their development marks a crucial step toward mitigating water pollution and achieving global water sustainability goals.

HIGHLIGHTS

Different synthesis methods for metal ferrites and their effects on structure and morphology
Structural, compositional, and operational factors affecting doped and undoped metal ferrite photocatalysis
Critical evaluation of charge transfer mechanisms in various ferrite hybrids
Comparative performance analysis of hybrid ferrites across various pollutants and light conditions
Stability, regeneration, and scalability challenges in ferrite-based photocatalysis

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Advances and Challenges in Serum-Free Culture Systems for Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Toward Clinical-Grade Expansion

Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are advancing rapidly towards clinical translation based on their immunomodulatory and regenerative potential. However, fetal bovine serum (FBS) dependence is still compromising safety, reproducibility, and regulatory clearance. To overcome this, serum-free and xeno-free platforms such as human platelet lysate, recombinant proteins, and chemically defined media (CDM) are strong contenders as alternatives. These media are a step up in safety, minimizing variability, and in compliance with good manufacturing practice (GMP); there are still some issues though. Costliness of recombinant supplements, donor variation in human-source additives, and lack of standardized potency assays are roadblocks in large-scale adoption. New advancements in bioreactors, omics-directed quality control, and artificial intelligence–regulated optimization hold promise for crossing roadblocks. This review is a compilation of state-of-the-art developments, critical analysis of translational roadblocks ahead, and a blueprint for making MSC expansion in serum-free settings scalable, economical, and clinically compliant.

HIGHLIGHTS

Provides a comprehensive review of serum-free, xeno-free, and chemically defined media for mesenchymal stem cell expansion, with emphasis on translational and regulatory challenges.
Summarizes the advantages and limitations of human-derived supplements, recombinant proteins, and synthetic components, highlighting their roles in replacing fetal bovine serum.
Discusses commercial serum-free/xeno-free products, comparing cost-effectiveness, GMP compliance, and clinical applicability.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Effects of Different Morus alba L. Parts on Glycemic and Lipid Profiles: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Mon, 05 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Metabolic syndrome is a growing global health challenge. Given the limitations of conventional therapies, mulberry (Morus alba L.) has gained attention as a functional food with potential metabolic benefits. This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated recent evidence on its efficacy and safety across various plant parts. The review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42024600762). Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were identified from PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and gray literature sources, up to May 2025. Risk of bias was assessed using the Risk of Bias 2 tool. Meta-analysis applied a random-effects model, with subgroup analyses to explore heterogeneity. Eighteen RCTs were included in this review. The meta-analysis showed that single mulberry intervention significantly lowered postprandial glucose (PPG) levels compared to the control group at 30 min (MD = −10.37 mg/dL; 95% CI: −19.30 to −1.45; p = 0.02) and 60 min (MD = −6.01 mg/dL; 95% CI: −11.97 to −0.05; p = 0.05). In addition, significant reductions were observed in the PPG area under the curve (AUC), PPG-positive incremental AUC, and the postprandial insulin (PPI) total AUC over 120 min. The leaf subgroup showed notable effects on both PPG and PPI levels. For long-term effects, 4 - 16 weeks of mulberry intervention significantly lowered glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) (MD = −0.30%; 95% CI: −0.56 to −0.05; p = 0.02), with no significant changes in fasting blood glucose (FBG), fasting plasma insulin (FPI), or lipid profiles. Mulberry treatment was well tolerated and considered safe for use. Mulberry, particularly the leaf, demonstrated significant efficacy in improving postprandial glycemic responses and HbA1c levels, with a favorable safety profile. Further research is called for to assess any long-term effects and the potential of other plant parts.

HIGHLIGHTS

Single administration of mulberry products significantly reduced postprandial glycemic responses, including glucose and insulin parameters.
Long-term use (4 - 16 weeks) improved HbA1c levels but showed no effect on fasting blood glucose, insulin, and lipid profiles.
Mulberry leaf subgroup demonstrated reductions in both postprandial glucose and insulin, as well as a significant decrease in HbA1c, supporting its potential as a functional food for glycemic control.
Mulberry interventions were well tolerated overall, with gastrointestinal symptoms as the most frequent adverse events. No serious adverse events were reported.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Comparison of Microalgae Harvesting Methods: Technical Efficiency and Economic Feasibility for Scalable Biofuel Production

Mon, 05 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Global warming is a critical global challenge that has accelerated the development of carbon mitigation strategies. Microalgae-based systems have emerged as a promising carbon capture and utilization (CCU) approach, often referred to as BioCCU, due to their ability to convert captured captured carbon into valuable biomass. In the energy sector, algal biomass can be converted into diverse biofuels such as high-calorie biomass, biodiesel, bioethanol, and hydrogen. Despite this potential, large-scale deployment of microalgae-based CCU systems is still constrained by the harvesting stage, which remains one of the most energy- and cost-intensive processes. This review provides a comparative assessment of microalgae harvesting techniques such as centrifugation, filtration, and coagulation/flocculation, focusing on energy consumption, operational cost, biomass quality, and technical feasibility for BioCCU applications. The analysis is based on laboratory- and pilot-scale data obtained from BioCCU unit at Paiton Power Plant Units 5 & 6, Indonesia, complemented by relevant literature. The results shows that centrifugation produces high-quality, contamination-free biomass but requires extremely high energy input, resulting in a low net energy ratio (NER) of 1.20 and a high operational cost of approximately USD 0.51/kg of dry biomass. Filtration shows improved energy performance (NER = 5.22) and low operational cost (USD 0.16/kg of dry biomass), but its application is limited by membrane fouling, operational complexity, and high moisture content of the harvested biomass. In contrast, coagulation–flocculation demonstrates the most favorable energy performance, achieving a high NER value of 21.34 with a relatively low operational cost of USD 0.21/kg of dry biomass, while offering simpler operation and more energy-efficient downstream drying. The main contribution of this review lies in quantifying the trade-offs among harvesting methods and identifying coagulation–flocculation as the most promising option for large-scale BioCCU systems targeting biofuel production, provided that future developments address the environmental impacts of chemical usage.

HIGHLIGHTS

This review evaluates three major microalgae harvesting techniques, such as centrifugation, filtration, and coagulation/flocculation for biofuel-oriented BioCCU applications.
Compares methods based on technical efficiency, energy demand, and cost-effectiveness within sustainable energy frameworks.
Identifies trade-offs between recovery efficiency and operational scalability for each harvesting approach.
Provides insights for optimizing microalgae harvesting strategies to enhance BioCCU process integration and biofuel production sustainability.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT