Trends in Sciences

α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Constituents from the Fruits of Thai Helicteres isora L.

Fri, 20 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Helicteres isora L. is a traditionally recognized medicinal plant in Asia, used for the treatment of gastrointestinal, metabolic, respiratory, and infectious diseases, with different parts exhibiting diverse pharmacological activities. In the present investigation, the fruits of H. isora L. were successfully investigated, leading to the isolation of β-sitosterol (1), betulinic acid (2), ursolic acid (3), 3b-hydroxyurs-11-ene-28(13)-lactone (4), ergosterol-5,8-peroxide (5), syringaresinol (6), β-sitosterol-3-O-β-D-glucoside (7), curcumin (8), demethoxycurcumin (9), and bisdemethoxycurcumin (10). The inhibitory effects of all isolated compounds on α-glucosidase and xanthine oxidase (XO) were assessed. Among them, compound 9 exhibited the most potent α-glucosidase inhibition (IC₅₀ 75.5 ± 0.06 µM), whereas compound 8 showed weak XO inhibition (IC₅₀ 95.0 ± 0.16 µM). In the molecular docking results, compounds 8 - 10 demonstrated strong α-glucosidase inhibition with conserved interactions at key residues (Asp203, Trp299, Trp406, Met444, Phe575, and Arg526), and their predicted physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties support their potential as orally active, locally acting antidiabetic agents.

HIGHLIGHTS

Ten compounds (1 - 10) were isolated from the fruits of Thai Helicteres isora, including 5 triterpenoids (1 - 5), 1 lignan (6), 1 triterpenoid glycoside (7), and 3 curcuminoids (8 - 10).
This study reports the isolation of compounds 2 - 10 from isora L. for the first time.
Compounds 8 - 10 exhibited potent α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, with compound 9 being the most active (IC₅₀ 5 ± 0.06 µM), surpassing acarbose (IC₅₀ 198.9 ± 0.02 µM).
Molecular docking revealed that compounds 8 - 10 shared conserved binding interactions with key α-glucosidase residues (Asp203, Trp299, Trp406, Met444, Phe575, and Arg526).
In silico ADMET predictions suggested favorable solubility and intestinal permeability profiles, supporting their potential as orally active, locally acting antidiabetic agents.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

i-PRF-Derived Exosomes Promote Hair Regeneration by Modulating Inflammatory, Oxidative, Angiogenic, and Regenerative Pathways in an Androgenetic Alopecia Mouse Model

Sun, 01 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is a progressive hair loss disorder characterized by hair follicle miniaturization resulting from androgenic stimulation, inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. Exosomes derived from injectable Platelet-Rich Fibrin (i-PRF) contain growth factors and microRNAs that may restore the follicular microenvironment and promote regeneration. This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic effects of i-PRF-derived exosomes on inflammatory, oxidative, apoptotic, and regenerative markers in a testosterone-induced AGA mouse model. Thirty male C57BL/6 mice were randomly allocated into six groups: normal control (K), negative control (KN), positive control treated with 5% minoxidil (KP), i-PRF exosome 0.1 mL (P1), i-PRF exosome 0.2 mL (P2), and a combination of i-PRF exosome 0.2 mL with 5% minoxidil (P3). Treatments were administered for 14 days following testosterone induction. Serum analyses demonstrated that all i-PRF-treated groups showed significant reductions in serum TNF-α, IL-6, MDA, and Caspase-3 levels compared with the negative control (all p-value < 0.05), confirming anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-apoptotic activities. Immunohistochemistry revealed increased VEGF and β-catenin expression across i-PRF-treated groups, with the most prominent upregulation observed in the combination (P3) group, indicating enhanced angiogenesis and Wnt/β-catenin pathway activation. Histological evaluation further demonstrated increased dermal thickness and hair follicle density, most prominently in the combination group. These findings suggest that i-PRF-derived exosomes effectively mitigate inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis while promoting angiogenesis and follicular regeneration in AGA. The synergistic combination of i-PRF-derived exosomes and minoxidil produced the most substantial regenerative outcomes, highlighting their potential as a safe, autologous, and biocompatible nanotherapy for androgenetic alopecia.

HIGHLIGHTS

i-PRF derived exosomes markedly decreased serum levels of pro-inflammatory (TNF-α, IL-6), oxidative stress (MDA), and apoptotic (Caspase-3) biomarkers in testosterone-induced AGA mice.
Treatment significantly enhanced VEGF and β-catenin expressions, indicating activation of angiogenic and Wnt/β-catenin regenerative pathways.
Combination therapy of i-PRF exosomes and 5% minoxidil produced the strongest improvement across all parameters.
Histopathological analysis revealed substantial increases in dermal thickness and hair follicle density following PRF exosome administration.
The findings demonstrate the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, and pro-regenerative potential of i-PRF-derived exosomes as a promising autologous therapy for androgenetic alopecia.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Structural-Functional Analysis and Response Surface Methodology (RSM) Modelling of Chitosan-Botanical Extract Edible Coatings and Films

Edo Saputra, Rokhani Hasbullah, Emmy Darmawati, Mala Nurilmala — Sun, 15 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Demand for bioactive edible coatings and films from renewable biopolymers is increasing due to the need for sustainable alternatives to synthetic plastics. However, achieving formulations that simultaneously optimize mechanical strength, flexibility, and stability of bioactive compounds remains a challenge. This study introduces a novel approach by integrating 3 spice extracts-garlic, red ginger, and red galangal as synergistic reinforcers within a chitosan matrix for edible coating and film systems, modelled through a custom Response Surface Methodology (RSM) design. This study aims to investigate interactive effects between chitosan concentration, extract proportion, and glycerol plasticization on structural performance and bioactive functionality. Fresh extracts of garlic, red ginger, and red galangal were prepared without solvents and combined with chitosan solutions at varying concentrations. Formulations for films included glycerol as a plasticizer, whereas coating formulations excluded glycerol. Results demonstrated that variations in chitosan and extract concentrations significantly influenced pH, antimicrobial activity, tensile strength, and elongation. FTIR analysis confirmed enhanced hydrogen bonding and matrix reinforcement through phenolic-based interactions, explaining improved flexibility and mechanical stability. Conversely, antioxidant activity and inhibition against S. aureus showed non-significant differences across formulations, indicating different sensitivity mechanisms. The RSM model produced highly valid predictive equations for linear, quadratic, and 2FI interaction responses, with strong goodness of fit parameters. The optimal formulation, consisting of 1.33% chitosan and 33.3% extract, generated a balanced performance indicated by pH 4.31, IC₅₀ 4.43 ppm, inhibition zones against E. coli 2.32 mm, S. aureus 4.70 mm, Salmonella 5.23 mm, thickness 0.18 mm, tensile strength 5.01 MPa, elongation 6.00%, and WVTR 252.74 g·day⁻¹·m⁻². These findings provide strong evidence that combining multiple spice extracts within a chitosan matrix improves antimicrobial strength and mechanical flexibility without compromising stability. This study establishes an innovative formulation strategy with significant potential for scalable production of sustainable edible coatings and films as eco-friendly packaging materials.

HIGHLIGHTS

Chitosan-extract-based coatings and edible films are well formulated and proven to affect pH and inhibit the growth of E. coli and Salmonella.
The formulation of chitosan, extract, and glycerol affects the thickness, tensile strength, elongation, and WVTR of edible films.
Chitosan extract expands the inhibition zone, lowers IC50, increases thickness, lowers WVTR, but reduces tensile strength; glycerol increases elongation and flexibility.
FTIR analysis confirms hydrogen bonding and the contribution of stable active compounds in the coating matrix.
Custom RSM modelling produces accurate linear, quadratic, and 2FI models that predict responses, confirming the potential of edible coatings and chitosan-extract films as environmentally friendly food packaging.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Therapeutic Effects of Bromelain on Diabetic Wound Healing: Analysis of Cytokine Levels TNF-α, IL-10, Collagen, Epithelial Thickness, and Angiogenesis in Wistar Rats

Fri, 30 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus (DM) can cause resident microglial cells to become activated and transform into an amoeboid form. Activated microglial cells then produce reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species, interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and other pro-inflammatory and cytotoxic substances, significantly promoting the progression of DM. Bromelain, a proteolytic enzyme derived from Ananas comosus, has demonstrated anti-inflammatory and wound-healing properties, indicating its potential as a topical therapeutic agent for diabetic wounds. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of topical bromelain on diabetic wound healing in Wistar rats by assessing TNF-α, IL-10, collagen deposition, epithelial thickness, and angiogenesis. Materials and methods: A post-test-only controlled experimental design was employed. Twenty-four male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus), aged 2 - 3 months and weighing 150 - 200 g, were randomly assigned to 6 groups. Data were analyzed statistically, and hypothesis testing using 1-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results and discussion: The calculation of the average value of the DM group with bromelain enzyme cream intervention compared to the DM group without intervention which was used as a negative control resulted in a decrease in TNF-α of around 15.66% and an increase in IL-10 of around 31.26%. Histopathological analysis showed greater collagen deposition, thicker epithelium, and enhanced angiogenesis in bromelain-treated groups compared with controls (p < 0.05). These results indicate that bromelain accelerates diabetic wound healing through immunomodulation and tissue regeneration. Conclusions: Bromelain enzyme has potential as an alternative topical therapy for anti-inflammatory and wound healing in DM.

HIGHLIGHTS

Topical bromelain reduced TNF-α levels and increased IL-10 levels in diabetic wound tissue
Bromelain treatment increased collagen deposition and epithelial thickness in Wistar rats with diabetic wounds
Angiogenesis was significantly enhanced in bromelain-treated diabetic wounds compared to controls
Bromelain accelerated diabetic wound healing through immunomodulatory and tissue regenerative mechanisms
Bromelain demonstrated potential as a topical therapeutic agent for diabetic wound management

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Effect of Non-thermal Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Activated Water Against Candida albicans Biofilms on Acrylic Surface

Tue, 10 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Denture stomatitis, often caused by C. albicans biofilm formation on acrylic surfaces, presents a challenge in dental care. This study investigated the optimal conditions for generating non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma-activated water (PAW) and its antifungal efficacy. Through a series of optimization experiments, the optimal parameters for yielding the highest concentrations of hydrogen peroxide and nitrate were found to be a 500 W of power input and a reduced distilled water volume of 500 mL. In subsequent analysis of PAW’s effect on planktonic C. albicans, a 12-minutes PAW demonstrated yielded the highest percentage of C. albicans inhibition, although it was not significantly different from the inhibition achieved at the 10-minutes PAW. Furthermore, immersing C. albicans biofilms on an acrylic surface for 10 min in 10 and 12-minutes PAW resulted in comparable mean C. albicans inhibition percentages of 82.0 ± 1.61% and 82.0 ± 3.50%, respectively. While the anti-biofilm efficacy of PAW was lower than that of 1% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), which was 98.6 ± 1.82% (p < 0.005). The 10 and 12-minutes PAW both markedly reduced biofilm viability across all immersion times with no significant differences observed between them at shorter durations (10, 30 min and 1 h). However, after 8 h of immersion, the 12-minutes PAW demonstrated a significant difference in biofilm inhibition from the 10-minutes PAW (p < 0.05). PAW is a chemically gentler alternative and indicates a promising, non-corrosive approach for future denture cleaning agents. Subsequent investigations should concentrate on augmenting PAWʼs anti-biofilm characteristics and examining its viability for clinical implementation in the prevention and management of denture stomatitis.

HIGHLIGHTS

Optimal non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma (NTAPP) parameters (500 W, 500 mL of distilled water, 12 minutes activation time) maximized reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) generation and antifungal efficacy.
Optimized plasma activated water (PAW) effectively inhibits establishedCandida albicans (C. albicans) biofilms on polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) surfaces.
PAW offers a gentler, non-corrosive antifungal alternative to sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl)for denture disinfection applications.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

LC–HRMS Metabolomics Fingerprints and Pathway Signatures Authenticate Geographic Origin of Pempek (Channa striata)

Fri, 30 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0700

This study demonstrates that non‑targeted liquid chromatography–high‑resolution mass spectrometry (LC–HRMS) metabolomics provides a robust framework for authenticating the geographic origin of pempek, a traditional fish‑based food prepared from Channa striata. The work addresses the limited application of untargeted LC–HRMS to processed freshwater fish products across multiple regions by explicitly testing whether molecular fingerprints capture ecological and artisanal differences between Jambi and South Sumatra. Samples were processed under standardized protocols and analyzed with LC–HRMS, followed by variance stabilization and chemometric modeling in MetaboAnalyst (a web-based platform for metabolomics data analysis). Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed origin‑based clustering, and orthogonal projections to latent structures–discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA), supported by extensive permutation validation, confirmed significant separation. Discriminatory metabolites included carnitines, choline, and creatinine enriched in Jambi products, contrasted with ether‑linked phosphatidylcholines and sphingomyelins enriched in South Sumatra products. Pathway enrichment analyses linked these differences to membrane lipid biosynthesis and fatty‑acid beta‑oxidation, while receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves based on a multi‑marker panel demonstrated near‑perfect discrimination. These findings indicate that both endogenous metabolic traits and exogenous processing signatures jointly shape pempek metabolomes. The study advances food authenticity science by moving beyond descriptive profiling toward mechanistic interpretation and translational application. By establishing evidence‑based fingerprints for pempek, it provides a scientific foundation for protecting the cultural and economic value of this traditional Indonesian food. Future directions should include cross‑season and interlaboratory validation, targeted assays with authentic standards, and expanded regional comparisons to strengthen regulatory translation and consumer trust.

HIGHLIGHTS

LC–HRMS fingerprints distinguish pempek origins (Jambi vs. South Sumatra)
Chemometric modeling (PCA, OPLS-DA, ROC) ensures robust authentication.
Key markers: carnitine, choline (Jambi) vs. phosphatidylcholines (South Sumatra)
Pathway enrichment links origin to lipid and energy metabolism differences
Validated marker panel enables accurate and culturally significant authentication

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Enhancing the Functional and Sensory Properties of Yogurt with Red Fruit Oil (Pandanus conoideus L.): Antioxidant and α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activities

Nur Haerati, Rimbawan Rimbawan, Eny Palupi, Ribka Tande — Thu, 05 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Red fruit oil (Pandanus conoideus L.) is rich in bioactive compounds with antioxidant and antidiabetic activity. However, its application in food remains limited due to its unfavorable taste and aroma. Meanwhile, yogurt is a widely consumed fermented dairy product known for its distinctive physical and sensory characteristics. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of red fruit oil addition on the physical properties, sensory quality, bioactive compound content, antioxidant activity, and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of yogurt. Four formulations (F0, F1, F2 and F3) were prepared by adding red fruit oil at levels of 0%, 5%, 10% and 15%, respectively. Parameters analyzed included pH, viscosity, titratable acidity (TA), color, hedonic test, QDA, antioxidant activity (CUPRAC), total flavonoid and phenolic contents, and in vitro α-glucosidase inhibition. Yogurt without red fruit oil (F0) showed antioxidant activity of 130.99 ± 7.48 μmol TE/g, flavonoid content of 20.04 ± 0.95 mg QE/g, phenolic content of 24.08 ± 0.36 mg GAE/g, and α-glucosidase inhibition of 64.46 ± 1.56%. The addition of 10% red fruit oil (F2) significantly increased these values to 369.47 μmol TE/g, 29.00 ± 0.62 mg QE/g, 155.54 ± 0.95 mg GAE/g, and 78.08 ± 0.37%, respectively. The addition of the oil also improved the sensory perception of red fruit oil itself, making it more organoleptically acceptable. F2 exhibited a balance between biological functionality and sensory acceptance, with an overall liking score of 5.38 ± 1.7 and the highest color score of 7.30 ± 1.4. These findings support the potential of red fruit oil yogurt as a functional food with antioxidant and antidiabetic effects.

HIGHLIGHTS

Addition of red fruit oil (Pandanus conoideus) significantly enhanced the antioxidant capacity of yogurt.
Yogurt enriched with red fruit oil showed increased levels of bioactive compounds (phenolics, flavonoids, and carotenoids).
Functional enrichment improved health-promoting potential, particularly in inhibiting α-glucosidase activity.
Sensory evaluation indicated that red fruit oil affected color, aroma, and flavor, with moderate acceptability at optimal concentrations.
The study demonstrates the potential of red fruit oil as a natural functional ingredient for yogurt innovation.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

In Vivo Analysis of Anti-inflammatory, Analgesic, and Antipyretic Activities of Litsea elliptica Blume Leaf Extracts

Raudhatun Samsul, May Goh, Hussein Taha, Norhayati Ahmad — Sun, 01 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0700

The leaves of Litsea elliptica have been traditionally claimed to be beneficial for the treatment of headaches, fever, itch, stomach ulcers, and cancer. This present study investigates the anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic activities of the mature and young leaves of L. elliptica extracted via maceration (MACE) and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) in animal models using adult male Wistar albino rats. Anti-inflammatory activity was assessed via carrageenan-induced paw oedema and xylene-induced ear oedema assays. Analgesic activity was determined using formalin-induced paw flinching test and acetic acid-induced writhing test. The brewer’s yeast-induced pyrexia assay was employed to determine the antipyretic properties of the extracts. The extraction methods did not influence the activity of mature leaf extracts across all the assays conducted. However, MAE seemed to enhance the anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of young leaf extracts. Treatment with both mature and young leaf extracts attenuated inflammation, pain, and fever in the animal models at varying degrees of inhibition. Overall, our current findings highlighted the potential of L. elliptica leaves as novel anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic agents.

HIGHLIGHTS

Litsea elliptica has been traditionally utilised across the countries of Southeast Asia as a remedy for many ailments, including headaches, fever, itch, stomach ulcers, and cancer.
Pre-treatment with ethanolic mature and young leaf extracts reduced redness and swellings in the carrageenan-induced paw oedema and xylene-induced ear oedema. YMAE50 suppressed paw oedema by 96% while YMACE400 inhibited ear oedema by 72% relative to NC by the end of the assay.
Young leaf extracts exhibited a potent analgesic effect, as evidenced by the marked reduction in the number of paw flinches and body writhes compared to NC.
The progression of fever induced by brewer’s yeast was successfully mitigated following treatment with mature leaf extracts of elliptica, with an increase in rectal temperature remaining below 1 °C by the end of the assay.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Development and Comparison of Drying Tropical Herbal Strategies for Annona muricata Leaves: Integrating of Effective Moisture Diffusivity Using Antioxidant Activity, FTIR Ratios, and Color Attributes

Fri, 30 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Drying strategy employed exerts a significant influence on the kinetics and functional quality of Annona muricata (soursop) leaves. However, the current literature offers a paucity of practical, non-destructive indicators to inform process decisions. The present study sets out to compare sun drying (SD), room-temperature drying (RTD), convective tray drying (CTD; 40 - 60 °C), and microwave drying (MWD; 120 - 380 W), models thin-layer curves, and integrates effective moisture diffusivity (D_eff) with quality metrics - antioxidant activity (IC₅₀, DPPH), FTIR ratios (R_Q, R₁ - R₃), and color attributes (ΔE, a*). Multi-parameter models have been shown to outperform simpler forms. The Midilli model provided the most precise global fit (R² > 0.95; RMSE < 0.05), while Jenna-Das performed well in specific convective subsets. As the temperature/power were increased, D_eff increased and reached a peak at an MWD of 380 W. This resulted in an approximate acceleration of ~225× compared to the CTD 50 °C and a drying time of approximately ≈ 4 min. A clear trade-off emerged: CTD 40 °C exhibited a preserved appearance (ΔE ≈ 2.7) but under-retained phenolics (weaker IC₅₀), whereas CTD 60 °C and MWD 380 W produced higher ΔE (> 8) yet superior FTIR ratios (R_Q, R₁ - R₃) and stronger antioxidant activity; mid-power MWD (120 - 250 W) was detrimental. The colorimetric - spectroscopic linkages were found to be quantitative, with ΔE-IC₅₀ exhibiting a weak-moderate relationship, and a* demonstrating a strong colleration with R_Q (R² ≈ 0.73). Chemometrics (PLSR with VIP) identified R_Q/R₃ as dominant predictors (R²_{LOOCV} ≈ 0.33), thereby converting FTIR from descriptive readout to an actionable inline/at-line QC. Collectively, these results establish a predictive quality-control framework - using ΔE and a* with R_Q - for efficient selection, development, and implementation of tropical herbal drying technologies, and provide actionable set-points (optimal: MWD 380 W; convective alternative: CTD 60 °C) that balance speed and bioactive retention.

HIGHLIGHTS

Drying methods (sun, room temperature, convective tray, and microwave) were proven to significantly determine the kinetics and bioactive quality of Annona muricata
The Midilli model was proven to be the most accurate global predictor (R² > 0.95; RMSE < 0.05). Meanwhile, the Jenna-Das model exhibited optimal performance within the confines of the convective subset.
Microwave drying at 380 W accelerated the drying process by approximately 225 times compared to CTD 50 °C and maintained antioxidant activity approximately 5 times stronger than fresh leaves.
A clear trade-off was identified: low ΔE (~2,7 at 40 °C CTD) maintained appearance but reduced phenolic content, while high intensity (60 °C CTD, 380 W MWD) caused color shift (ΔE > 8) but maintained better IC₅₀ values and FTIR ratios.
Colorimetric parameters (ΔE, a*) have been shown to strongly correlate with FTIR ratios and IC₅₀, thus forming a rapid and non-destructive prediction framework for tropical herbal drying.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Unveiling the Significant Role on Synthesis of Magnetic CuFe2O4 Photocatalyst for Dye Degradation

Thu, 05 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Metal ferrites have been known and utilized in various applications, including as photocatalyst for organic contaminated water treatment. In this work, exploration on synthesis of copper ferrite (CuFe₂O₄) by evaluating the role of synthesis method and the use of surfactant on physicochemical characteristics has been performed. Effect of hydrothermal (HT) and ultrasound-irradiation methods with and without the addition of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as templating agent on physical and optical features was analysed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy, Fourier-Transform Infra-red, particle’s size analysis, diffuse reflectance UV-Visible spectrophotometry (UV-DRS), and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). Photocatalytic activity of the prepared samples was examined in methyl violet photocatalytic degradation under UV and visible lights exposure. The HT treatment produced higher crystallite and particle’s size, and the increased size is correlated to decreased band gap energy of nanomaterials. In addition, the particle size which also influenced to magnetism. The band gap energy of materials are ranging at 1.71 - 2.01 eV, while magnetism ranging at 14.45 - 18.41 emu/g with the highest value gained by HT-prepared nanomaterial, while the lowest value is observed by ultrasound-irradiated method. Photocatalytic performance of the prepared materials is excellent as shown by an efficient methyl violet degradation under UV and visible light exposure. The maximum degradation of 99.9% was achieved by CuFe₂O₄ with the lowest band gap and largest crystallite size prepared under hydrothermal method without CTAB addition.

HIGHLIGHTS

Crystallite size of CuFe₂O₄ is determined by synthesis procedure and influenced by the presence of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide as templating agent physicochemical character and photocatalytic activity
Band gap energy and magnetism of CuFe₂O₄are correlated to the crystallite size, which depends on synthesis procedure.
CuFe₂O₄ showed a high potentiality to be photocatalyst in methyl violet removal under UV and visible lights.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

A Chronological Record of Contamination: Coral Skeletons Reveal Increasing Microplastic Diversity in Central Tapanuli, Indonesia

Sun, 01 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Microplastic pollution has increasingly been recognized as a critical environmental threat to coral reef ecosystems, known to disrupt feeding behavior, hinder skeletal deposition, and induce bleaching events. Despite growing awareness, little is known about how such stressors are chronologically archived within coral growth bands, particularly in regions exposed to simultaneous anthropogenic and natural pressures. This study investigates the relationship between coral growth dynamics and microplastic contamination in the coastal waters of Central Tapanuli, Indonesia an area characterized by dense human settlements (population 250,017 - 394,910), active shipping routes, and industrial growth (1,802 - 2,568 units). The research was conducted at 2 reef sites representing gradients of human influence, Karang Island and Ungge Island; coral cores were sectioned, X-rayed to visualize annual growth bands, and analyzed for embedded microplastics using stereo microscopy and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Growth rates at Karang Island (2015 - 2024) ranged from 11 - 26 mm yr⁻¹, while rates at Ungge Island (2019 - 2024) were 8 - 20 mm yr⁻¹; microplastic concentrations were 3 - 20 particles g⁻¹ (Karang, 2015 - 2024) and 3 - 16 particles g⁻¹ (Ungge, 2019 - 2024). Fibers (58% - 63%) were the dominant morphology, with particle sizes ranging from 25 - 873 µm. FTIR analysis (peaks: 555 - 3,409 cm⁻¹) identified a complex polymer mixture dominated by Polystyrene (19.9%), Polypropylene (16.2%), and Polyvinyl Chloride (13.4%). Crucially, chronological analysis revealed a significant temporal trend: polymer diversity increased from 11 unique types in 2015 to 15 unique types in 2024, including new engineered plastics. The dominance of packaging-derived polymers reflects strong anthropogenic input, and this study provides the first evidence of microplastic incorporation within coral growth bands in Central Tapanuli, demonstrating that coral skeletons not only archive contamination but also record its increasing compositional complexity over time. These findings emphasize the urgent need for integrated coastal management and stricter plastic-waste regulation in Indonesia’s reef ecosystems.

HIGHLIGHTS

Coral bleaching on coral reef growth is influenced by anthrophogenic cause and natural cause factor.
Recent research indicates that microplastics have a significant impact on coral bleaching.
Microplastic particle abundance was found to be 3 - 20 particles/g on Karang Island and 3 - 16 particles/g on Ungge Island.
Polystyrene (PS, 19.9%), Polypropylene (PP, 16.2%), and Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC, 13.4%) polymers who consistently become the main source of microplastics.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Blumea balsamifera Extract Induces Apoptosis and Inhibit Cell Migration on HepG2 Hepatocellular Carcinoma: An Integrated Experimental and Computational Study

Sun, 15 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most aggressive types of cancer and requires alternative therapeutic strategies beyond current treatments. Blumea balsamifera is a medicinal plant with potential anticancer properties that may offer a novel approach for HCC treatment. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-HCC activity of B. balsamifera extract through an integrated experimental and computational approach. Experimental assays were performed to assess cytotoxicity, apoptosis induction, mitochondrial membrane potential, and cell migration, while computational analyses were applied to predict the molecular mechanisms involved using network pharmacology, molecular docking, and molecular dynamic simulation. The extract demonstrated cytotoxic activity against HepG2 cells (IC₅₀ = 199.09 ± 11.86 µg/mL) and significantly induced apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner, with the IC₅₀ concentration triggering apoptosis in more than 80% of cells. In addition, B. balsamifera extract markedly inhibited HepG2 cell migration, with 74% of the wound gap remaining open at the IC₅₀ concentration. Network pharmacology analysis further predicted that the bioactive compounds of B. balsamifera may act by targeting key HCC-related proteins involved in cell death and migration pathways, including TOP1, AKT1, PPM1D, SRC, AKR1C2, DNMT1, and PTH. Collectively, these findings provide both experimental evidence and computational insights supporting the potential of B. balsamifera as a promising natural therapeutic candidate for hepatocellular carcinoma.

HIGHLIGHTS

Blumea balsamifera extract induces apoptosis and inhibits migration in HepG2 cells.
Network pharmacology identified nine active compounds targeting 190 HCC-related proteins.
Docking and MD simulations confirmed stable binding to key targets (TOP1, AKT1, PPM1D, SRC, AKR1C2, DNMT1, PTH).
Findings support balsamifera as a potential multi-target natural therapeutic for HCC.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

In vitro Antibiofilm and Anti-Quorum Sensing Effects of Bromelain against Dual-Species Biofilms of Streptococcus mutans and Fusobacterium nucleatum

Sun, 15 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Periodontitis is a prevalent chronic oral disease strongly associated with biofilm formation and quorum sensing (QS) among pathogenic bacteria. Current therapeutic approaches rely on mechanical removal and antibiotics but resistance and side effects highlight the need for alternatives strategies. In this study, bromelain, a cysteine protease derived from pineapple (Ananas comosus) core was evaluated as a potential natural bioactive agent against biofilm-associated oral infections. Ultrafiltrated bromelain (UFB) was obtained by ammonium sulphate precipitation and ultrafiltration with SDS-PAGE confirming a bromelain protein band at 25 kDa. Antibiofilm activity was assessed using dual-species biofilms of Streptococcus mutans and Fusobacterium nucleatum. Crystal violet assays revealed concentration-dependent inhibition with biofilm biomass reduced by 23.6% at 31.25 μg/mL and up to 63.8% at 1,000 μg/mL. SEM confirmed decreased biofilm density and disrupted EPS while bacterial cell morphology remained intact suggesting matrix destabilisation rather that bactericidal effect. Furthermore, QS inhibition was evaluated using Chromobacterium violaceum as a biosensor. UFB significantly reduced violacein production in a concentration-dependent manner, with noticeable inhibition from 500 µg/mL (3.16%) and significant QS-inhibition of 43.23% at 1,000 μg/mL which indicated interference with QS-regulated bacterial communication and virulence. These findings demonstrated that bromelain not only disrupts biofilm formation but also impairs QS pathways, highlighting its dual role as antibiofilm and anti-QS in attenuating microbial pathogenicity. Together, this study supports the potential application of bromelain derived from pineapple core as a sustainable and natural adjunct for periodontitis management.

HIGHLIGHTS

Ultrafiltrated bromelain (UFB) was successfully isolated from pineapple core waste through a combined ammonium sulfate precipitation and ultrafiltration approach.
This study demonstrated the successful development of a dual-species oral biofilm integrating Streptococcus mutans and Fusobacterium nucleatum.
UFB demonstrated an anti-biofilm activity of up to 63.8% and an anti-quorum sensing activity of 43.24% at the concentration of 1000 µg/mL.
UFB exerted dual functional activity by reducing biofilm matrix stability and inhibiting violacein pigment formation.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Enhanced Structural Stability of Fe₃O₄/GO–PEG Nanocomposite for Ultrasonic Pretreatment Applications

Hanif Ardhiansyah, Tutuk Djoko Kusworo, Andri Cahyo Kumoro — Tue, 10 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0700

The development of magnetically recoverable nanocomposites with high structural stability and surface functionality is crucial for catalytic and biocatalytic processes in aqueous environments. In this work, a Fe₃O₄/GO–PEG nanocomposite was synthesized via a co-precipitation route followed by PEG functionalization to improve dispersibility, chemical robustness, and reusability. Comprehensive characterization using XRD, FTIR, TEM, BET, VSM, DLS, TGA, and ICP–OES confirmed the formation of monodisperse Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles (7 - 15 nm) uniformly anchored on GO sheets. XRD and FTIR analyses verified the Fe–O–C coordination and amide (–CO–NH–) linkages, indicating successful PEG grafting. The nanocomposite exhibited a mesoporous structure (6 - 9 nm) with a high surface area (137.4 m²·g⁻¹) and retained superparamagnetic behavior (Mₛ = 55.8 emu·g⁻¹), enabling rapid magnetic separation. DLS and zeta potential measurements demonstrated that PEG-induced steric stabilization effectively suppressed aggregation and reduced Fe leaching by 53% under ultrasonic conditions. The synergistic effect of GO support and PEG coating provides enhanced colloidal stability, chemical durability, and magnetic recyclability, making the material a promising platform for ultrasonic-assisted delignification and enzyme immobilization. This study establishes a clear structure–stability–function correlation in Fe₃O₄/GO–PEG systems, elucidating the critical role of PEGylation in preserving magnetism while mitigating degradation during sonochemical and biocatalytic operations.

HIGHLIGHTS

Fe₃O₄/GO–PEG nanocomposite synthesized via co-precipitation with PEGylation
PEG functionalization enhanced dispersion stability and reduced Fe leaching
FTIR confirmed Fe–O–C coordination and amide linkages in the hybrid structure
VSM and BET revealed superparamagnetism and mesoporous surface retention
Composite applicable for ultrasonic delignification and enzyme immobilization

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

New Onoceranoid-Triterpenoids from the Stem Bark of Lansium domesticum Corr. cv. Piedjietan: Structural Characterization and Their Cytotoxic Activity Evaluated by In Vitro and In Silico Approaches

Fri, 20 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0700

This study presents the isolation, characterization and cytotoxic potential of four onoceranoid triterpenoids from the stem bark of Lansium domesticum Corr. cv. Piedjietan, including a newly identified compound, methyl lansic (1), and three known compounds: α,γ-onoceradienedione (2), methyl ester lansiolate (3), and lansiolic acid (4), but reported for the first time in this cultivar. Methyl lansic was tested for cytotoxicity against MCF-7 breast cancer cells. The Results showed that methyl lansic exhibited strong cytotoxic activity with an IC₅₀ value of 7.78 µg/mL, while its IC₅₀ on normal CV-1 cells was substantially higher (620.30 µg/mL), indicating good selectivity toward cancer cells. Molecular docking analysis indicated that methyl lansic and α,γ-onoceradienedione had strong binding affinities to ERα, suggesting their potential as estrogen receptor inhibitors. Molecular dynamics, RMSD/RMSF profiles, persistent key interactions, and favourable MM/GBSA binding energy collectively demonstrate that the methyl lansic–ERα complex is structurally stable and exhibits characteristics consistent with a promising candidate for further evaluation in ERα-positive breast cancer models. These findings expand the phytochemical and pharmacological understanding of Lansium domesticum cv. Piedjietan and highlight its promise as a source of bioactive compounds for the development of anticancer agents.

HIGHLIGHTS

Methyl lansic was isolated for the first time from Lansium domesticum cv. Piedjietan, expanding the onoceranoid triterpenoid class.
This study provides the first phytochemical investigation of the Piedjietan cultivar and reports four onoceranoid compounds.
Methyl lansic demonstrated strong cytotoxicity against MCF-7 cells with an IC₅₀ value of 7.78 µg/mL, indicating its potential as an anticancer agent. The comparison of IC₅₀ values between breast cancer cells MCF-7 and normal CV-1 cells (620.30 µg/mL) shows that methyl lansic is selectively cytotoxic toward breast cancer cells.
In silico studies including molecular docking, molecular dynamics, and ADMET analyses demonstrated strong binding to ERα and favorable pharmacokinetic properties.
Bioavailability and safety predictions indicate that methyl lansic is a promising lead compound for the development of therapies targeting estrogen-receptor-positive breast cancer.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

In vitro Inhibition of Protein Glycation, Methylglyoxal, α-Glucosidase, and Metal Ions by a Thai Polyherbal Formulation

Fri, 20 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Glycation processes generate advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and intermediates, such as methylglyoxal (MGO), which contribute to non-communicable diseases like diabetes and cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disorders. This study explores the antiglycation, carbohydrate-hydrolyzing enzyme inhibition, MGO-trapping, and metal-chelating properties of hydroethanolic extracts of Benchalokawichian (BLW) and its individual herbal components. The total flavonoid content was assessed using the aluminum chloride method, revealing Tiliacora triandra and Ficus racemosa as rich flavonoid sources. Antiglycation activity was evaluated using bovine serum albumin (BSA)/fructose and BSA/MGO models, with aminoguanidine (AG) as a positive control. All extracts demonstrated concentration-dependent antiglycation effects. Notably, Harrisonia perforata at 1 mg/mL significantly inhibited AGE formation by 73.79 ± 1.55% in BSA/fructose and 99.58 ± 0.11% in BSA/MGO models, and exhibited a substantial MGO-trapping efficiency of 98.19 ± 0.02%, surpassing the standard agent AG at 92.24 ± 0.12%. The extracts’ capacity to inhibit carbohydrate-hydrolyzing enzymes was assessed through α-glucosidase activity. H. perforata and F. racemosa showed significant inhibitory effects, with IC₅₀ values of 36.44 ± 8.38 and 81.67 ± 16.74 μg/mL, respectively, outperforming the standard drug acarbose (IC₅₀ 104 ± 17.91 μg/mL). Metal chelation capacity, measured through an iron-ferrozine assay, was consistently lower than that of the standard chelating agent EDTA across all tested extracts. In conclusion, H. perforata demonstrates promising potential in reducing glycation and inhibiting α-glucosidase enzymes involved in glucose metabolism, indicating its possible application in functional foods or as a therapeutic agent for diabetes management. Further research is warranted to explore its clinical benefits.

HIGHLIGHTS

Benchalokawichian (BLW) and its herbal components demonstrate concentration-dependent antiglycation activity.
Ethanol root extracts of Harrisonia perforata (HP), Ficus racemosa (FR), and BLW effectively trap methylglyoxal and inhibit AGE formation.
HP and FR exhibit superior α-glucosidase inhibitory IC₅₀ values compared to the standard drug acarbose.
Tilacora triandra root extract has the highest flavonoid content but lacks significant antiglycation or antidiabetic effects.
HP, FR, and BLW hold promise as antiglycation agents for functional foods or therapeutic use.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Optimization of Laccase Production by Megasporoporia sp. for Bioremoval of Methyl Orange and Cr(VI)

Titan Dwikama Putra, Wichanee Bankeeree, Sehanat Prasongsuk — Sun, 15 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Industrial expansion has accelerated the discharge of hazardous pollutants, particularly azo dyes such as methyl orange (MO) and heavy metals such as hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)], which pose serious environmental and health risks, especially when both contaminants coexist in wastewater. Enzymatic bioremediation offers a sustainable alternative to conventional physicochemical treatments, and this study aimed to optimize laccase production by the white-rot fungus Megasporoporia sp. and evaluate its ability to simultaneously remove MO and Cr(VI). Laccase biosynthesis was optimized using a One-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) approach by systematically varying nutritional and physicochemical factors, including carbon sources, nitrogen sources, copper concentration, pH, temperature, agitation speed, and incubation time. The highest yield was achieved under optimal conditions: glucose or sucrose as the carbon source, a combination of yeast extract and ammonium sulfate as the nitrogen source, 1.5 - 2.0 mM CuSO₄, pH 5.0, incubation at 28 °C for 5 days, and static cultivation. The crude enzyme exhibited strong pollutant removal in the single-pollutant systems, achieving 74.17% MO removal and 98.67% Cr(VI) removal, whereas its performance declined in the dual-pollutant system due to inhibitory interactions between the two contaminants (42.46% MO removal and 87.57% Cr(VI) removal). Phytotoxicity assays using Vigna radiata demonstrated that laccase substantially mitigated toxicity in the single-pollutant treatments, improving germination from 22% to 64% for MO and from 16% to 82% for Cr(VI), whereas only partial recovery was observed in the dual-pollutant system. These findings indicate that Megasporoporia sp. can efficiently produce high laccase yields under mild, low-cost conditions, and that the crude enzyme is highly effective for individual MO and Cr(VI) remediation, although simultaneous removal remains constrained by pollutant interactions. The study highlights the potential of laccase-based bioremediation for wastewater treatment while underscoring the need for further strategies, such as enzyme immobilization, to enhance performance in complex contaminant systems.

HIGHLIGHTS

Laccase production by Megasporoporia sp. was effectively optimized under the following conditions: Glucose or sucrose as the carbon source, yeast extract combined with ammonium sulfate as the nitrogen source, 1.5 - 2.0 mM CuSO₄, pH 5.0, temperature of 28 °C, 5 days of incubation, and static cultivation.
In the single-pollutant system, the crude enzyme achieved 74.17% MO removal and 98.67% Cr(VI) removal, demonstrating strong dual catalytic activity toward organic dyes and heavy metals.
Simultaneous remediation of MO and Cr(VI) was achieved using Megasporoporia sp. laccase, although the removal efficiencies declined due to inhibitory interactions between the pollutants, highlighting mechanistic limitations in the dual-contaminant systems.
Phytotoxicity evaluation showed substantial detoxification, where laccase treatment increased Vigna radiata germination from 22% to 64% for MO and from 16% to 82% for Cr(VI) in the single-pollutant system. In the dual-pollutant system, germination increased from 8% to 60%, confirming the reduced ecological toxicity of the treated synthetic wastewater.
The findings support the potential of laccase-based bioremediation as an eco-friendly solution for industrial wastewater containing azo dyes and Cr(VI), and suggest enzyme immobilization as a promising strategy to improve performance under complex pollutant conditions.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Mechanistic Insights into the Enhancement of Natural Dyeability of PLA Fabrics via Atmospheric DBD Plasma Treatment

Jadsadaporn Chouytan, Arisara Suwankosit, Suwat Rattanapan, Somchai Udon — Tue, 10 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is a biodegradable and environmentally sustainable material, although its ability for dyeing is limited, especially with natural dyes. This study examined the application of dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma in atmospheric conditions to enhance the surface features of PLA fabrics without using wetting agents. Experiments utilized the response surface methodology (RSM) analysis for determining the proper condition, including power and plasma exposure time. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis revealed an increase in the O/C ratio from ~0.42 to ~0.59 after 30 s of plasma exposure, while field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) images expressed the appearance of nanoscale roughness over the entire fiber surface due to plasma etching. Furthermore, the water uptake increased about 2.5 times, indicating a change in the surface characteristics toward increased hydrophilicity. To analyze the dyeing performance, the Fickian model was used to evaluate the dye diffusion coefficient (D), along with calculating the color strength (K/S). It was found that relatively higher polar dyes like henna and lac exhibited significantly improved dye adhesion, while turmeric and annatto showed only minor changes. The washing fastness results supported this observation; henna and lac maintained stronger color adhesion after treatment, whereas turmeric and annatto showed only modest improvement. Mechanical property tests revealed a slight decrease in yarn strength with prolonged plasma treatment. In conclusion, the pretreatment of PLA fabric with DBD plasma is a clean, chemical-free, and effective method to enhance the dyeing properties of PLA fabric with natural dyes, especially those with relatively higher polarity, if exposure time is controlled within an appropriate range.

HIGHLIGHTS

Atmospheric DBD plasma unlocked the inert surface of PLA, resulting in functional sites that allow natural dyes to penetrate and bond without the use of mordants.
The treatment achieved a balance between nanoscale etching and oxidation, reaching a critical activation point where hydrophilicity and mechanical strength coexist.
This work bridges the gap between green processing and performance, providing a scalable route for naturally dyed biobased textiles with long-term color stability.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Optimized In Vitro Culture Media and Plant Growth Regulators Enhance Propagation and Steviol Glycoside Yield in Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni

Kittiya Thongjan, Tassanai Jaruwattanaphan, Benya Manochai — Sun, 15 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Thailand has great potential for growing Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni, a zero-calorie sweetener. Traditional stem cutting propagation is inefficient, laborious, and susceptible to disease. Microbial contamination, hyperhydration, and poor seed germination limit tissue culture’s efficiency. This study, conducted between January 2023 and November 2024 at Kasetsart University in Thailand. The goal was to evaluate the plant growth regulators (PGRs) affected in vitro culture conditions to improve seed germination, shoot multiplication, and plant performance. Seeds cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium with 3% sucrose achieved 9.5% germination within 4 weeks, which may reflect the small seed size and the self-incompatibility commonly reported in Stevia rebaudiana. Benzyl adenine (BA) supplementation at 2 mg/L increased shoot proliferation, creating robust plantlets with higher height and biomass potential. After one month on BA-enriched medium, plantlets were moved to hormone-free MS medium for roots and greenhouse adaptation, resulting in 100% survival. Mature plants yielded an average of 12 g fresh weight and 1.78 g dry weight per plant, with favorable steviol glycoside levels (stevioside 2.37%; rebaudioside A 2.10%), analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) following the FAO (2010) method. These results demonstrate that BA supplementation is critical for efficient in vitro multiplication of stevia, while subsequent hormone-free rooting ensures high survival and stable growth. The developed protocol improves propagation efficiency, enhances plant quality, and supports reliable steviol glycoside accumulation, suggesting its potential application as a scalable method for commercial stevia production.

HIGHLIGHTS

Optimized in vitro culture media significantly improved Stevia rebaudiana propagation from seed to mature plant.
MS medium with 3% sucrose enhanced seed germination efficiency to 9.5% within 2 weeks.
2 mg/L benzyl adenine (BA) promoted robust shoot multiplication and plantlet vigor.
Rooting in hormone-free MS medium followed by acclimatization yielded a 100% survival rate.
Mature plants exhibited high biomass yield and favorable steviol glycoside content (stevioside 2.37%; rebaudioside 2.10%).
The protocol offers a scalable strategy for commercial stevia production with improved plant quality and sweetener profile.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Development of Kraft Paper Type of Liner Board from Pineapple Leaves to Suitable for Printing of Packaging

Nongnuch Klinpikul, Jantharat Wutisatwongkul, Wannisa Keawbankrud — Sun, 01 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Handmade modified Pineapple-Pine pulp paper hand sheets were prepared by combining pine pulp with pineapple pulp in different proportions, such as 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75 and 0:100. The physical and mechanical properties, such as tensile index, burst index and brightness of the paper made have been tested under laboratory conditions. It is observed that the best blending percentage is 50:50 having a tensile index of 21.34 ± 0.07 MPa, a burst index of 2.18 ± 0.01 Nm/g, water absorption index 185.13 ± 0.05 g/m², brightness 66.60 ± 0.04 °Elrepho. This ratio exhibits the most suitable compromise for mechanical strength, absorbency and visual level needed for paper use. For printing suitable coating materials, five formulations were tested by adjusting the AKD: Cationic polymeric blend ratio from about 1:1 to 5:1 and holding silica constant at 2.5 mL. The best formulation according to TIS 170-2550 was found in a ratio of AKD:Cationic polymer blend is 3:1 with standard weight equals 127.31 ± 0.06%, moisture of value 4.40 ± 0.1% and lowest water absorption (Sekkad side = 30.20 ± 0.08 g/m²; gravure side = 36.42 ± 0.21 g/m²). Further, the ring crush strength and edge crush strength were 1.53 ± 0.02 kN/m and 1,417.61 ± 0.53 N/mm and tensile strength was 3.82 ± 0.17 MPa for this new formulation respectively. These properties balance water resistance, printability and mechanical properties together and it is fit for high quality packaging and printing paper.

HIGHLIGHTS

The best pineapple fiber extraction result was obtained by using 4% sodium hydroxide decoction for 1 h with pulp efficiency of 95.58 ± 0.63% cellulose-rich fibers in cosmetic packaging applications.
Sample made up of 50:50 pineapple and pine pulp were observed to give optimum tensile strength (21.34 ± 0.07 MPa), burst index (2.18 ± 0.01 Nm/g) water absorption (185.13 ± 0.05 g/m²), brightness (66.6 ± 0.04 °Elrepho).
Optimum ratio of AKD to cationic polymer for print quality was 3:1 leading to good GSM with low Moisture and uniform Strength values for Printing and packaging.
In the case of rub-off printability, the best ink adhesion was obtained at an AKD: Cationic polymer ratio range between 1:1 and 4:1, particularly below 200 rub cycles with a 5:1 ratio showing rapid degradation in print quality.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Ethanol Extract of Ocimum Sanctum Leaves Exerts Apoptotic Activity on A549 Non-Small Lung Adenocarcinoma Cell Line through Down-Regulated of Nf-kb and Activated of Apaf-1

Fri, 20 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Lung cancer was among the primary contributors to mortality within the realm of cancer-related ailments. Multiple research projects had demonstrated Ocimum sanctum’s diverse biological and pharmacological characteristics, including its antioxidant, neuroprotective, and anti-cancer capabilities. However, limited evidence supported the assertion that O. sanctum on human lung adenocarcinoma cancer cells. Here, we inspected ethanol extract O. sanctum’s (EEOS) impact on cellular apoptosis and the suppression of Nuclear Factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) in A549 human lung adenocarcinoma cancer cells. The chemical composition of EEOS was analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), while antioxidant potential was assessed via the DPPH radical scavenging assay. Apoptotic activity was evaluated through Hoechst 33342 nuclear staining, mitochondrial membrane potential (JC-1) assay, and Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) detection using DCFH-DA. Protein expression of NF-κB, Apoptotic Protease Activating Factor 1 (Apaf-1), caspase-9, and caspase-3 was quantified by ELISA. Molecular docking was performed to explore the interactions between linoleic acid - the predominant compound identified in EEOS - and key apoptotic proteins. Additionally, the in vivo chemoprotective effect of EEOS was evaluated in benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P)-induced lung toxicity in C3H mice. GC-MS profiling identified 33 compounds in EEOS, with linoleic acid, phytol, and β-sitosterol as the major constituents. EEOS exhibited moderate antioxidant activity (IC₅₀ = 46.42 µg/mL). Treatment with EEOS significantly induced apoptosis in A549 cells, disrupted mitochondrial membrane potential, and elevated intracellular ROS levels. ELISA analysis showed downregulation of NF-κB and upregulation of Apaf-1, caspase-9, and caspase-3 in a dose-dependent manner. Molecular docking revealed strong binding affinity of linoleic acid to NF-κB and caspase proteins, comparable to cisplatin. In vivo, EEOS mitigated B[a]P-induced lung tissue damage. In conclusion, EEOS exerts potent pro-apoptotic effects through NF-κB inhibition and activation of the intrinsic Apaf-1/caspase-dependent pathway, supporting its potential as a promising adjunct therapy for lung cancer treatment.

HIGHLIGHTS

This study investigates the potential of sanctum ethanol extract (EEOS) as a new therapy for lung cancer, given that lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths.
Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis showed that linoleic acid is the most abundant component in EEOS, and this extract also has strong antioxidant activity.
EEOS was found to inhibit Nuclear Factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) and simultaneously increase the expression of (Apoptotic Protease Activating Factor 1) Apaf-1, Caspase 9, and Caspase 3. This process leads to the activation of apoptosis (programmed cell death) in A549 lung adenocarcinoma cancer cells.
This study observed that EEOS reduced nuclear morphology and mitochondrial function in A549 cells, which are indicators of cancer cell damage.
EEOS shows promise as an innovative therapy for the future treatment of lung cancer, paving the way for further medical interventions.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Microstructural Characterization of Cassava Flour Biscuit: Effect of Cassava Cultivar and Flour Particle Size

Sun, 01 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Cultivar and particle size of cassava flour are two important factors that greatly influence the characteristics of the resulting biscuits. This study proposes to evaluate the effect of cultivar and particle size of cassava flour on the microstructural characteristics of the biscuits it produces. Research was carried out using a 4×2 Factorial-Completely Randomized Design, with 4 cassava cultivars and 2 particle sizes. It was found that Kamling cultivar with 100-mesh sieve produced the smallest biscuit granules (18.99 µm), while Slenteng cultivar with 140-mesh sieve yielded the smallest biscuit pores (13.20 µm). Cassava cultivar, flour particle size, and their interaction significantly and distinctly affected biscuit granule diameter, pore diameter, surface roughness (Ra, Rq, Rz), topography (height distribution), and elemental content of carbon and oxygen, but showed no significant effect on nitrogen atom levels. The lowest roughness parameters were found in Slenteng cultivar with mesh 140, showing Ra (0.22), Rq (0.30) and Rz (2.52). The EDS analysis results of cassava biscuit indicated the presence of carbon (C) > oxygen (O) > nitrogen (N) in the majority of biscuit evaluated.

HIGHLIGHTS

Modified cassava flour has enormous potential as a substitute ingredient in making biscuits
Novel SEM and EDS analysis on biscuit microstructure and elemental composition
Cultivar and mesh size significantly affect biscuit pore and granule diameter
Surface roughness lower in finer mesh cassava flour
Carbon > Oxygen > Nitrogen detected in cassava biscuit via EDS spectroscopy

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Antimicrobial Potential and Metabolite Profiling in the Bioprospecting of Endophytic Botryosphaeria rhodina from Mangrove Xylocarpus granatum

Tue, 10 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0700

This research examines the antibacterial properties and metabolite diversity of Botryosphaeria rhodina, an endophytic fungus sourced from mangrove environments in Riau, Indonesia. The aim was to assess its antibacterial and antifungal properties and to characterize its metabolite composition for bioprospecting purposes. Solid-state fermentation was performed on a rice substrate, and crude extracts were partitioned into methanol and n-hexane fractions. The antimicrobial effectiveness was evaluated against eight bacterial and three fungus strains utilizing well diffusion and broth microdilution techniques. The methanol extract showed strong antibacterial activity against Listeria monocytogenes (inhibition zone: 28.2 mm; Minimum Inhibition Concentration (MIC): 31.25 ppm) and moderate antifungal effects against Candida albicans, C. glabrata, and C. krusei. The n-hexane extract exhibited minimal action. Metabolite profiling of the methanol extract via liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry identified over sixty compounds, including kojic acid, glycitein, fraxetin, deoxybrevianamide E, and usnic acid, whereas gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of the n-hexane extracts predominantly revealed fatty acids and sterols. Over twenty-five metabolites are uncharacterized, indicating the existence of unique chemical scaffolds. Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis established that polar metabolites were the principal contributors to antibacterial action. These findings underscore B. rhodina as a renewable microbial resource with considerable potential for sustainable drug discovery.

HIGHLIGHTS

Endophytic B. rhodina from mangroves exhibits strong antibacterial activity
Methanol extract active against Listeria monocytogenes (MIC: 31.25 ppm)
LC-HRMS revealed 60+ metabolites including kojic acid, usnic acid, fraxetin
25+ uncharacterized compounds suggest novel antimicrobial scaffolds
Solid-state fermentation supports green chemistry and sustainability goals

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent (NADES) Extract of Curcuma Xanthorrhiza Roxb Attenuates Physical Fatigue and Increases Exercise Tolerance in Mice

Fri, 20 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Background: Fatigue, a common problem in modern society, reduces quality of life and productivity, highlighting the need for natural remedies. Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb., a well-known Indonesian plant medicine, is recognized for its diverse bioactivities, mainly attributed to its marker compound xanthorrhizol (XTZ). Aim: This study investigated the antifatigue activity of C. xanthorrhiza extracts extracted by an eco-friendly natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES), composed of choline chloride and sucrose (CC-Suc 3:1, 10% water). Methods: Male Balb/c mice were randomly divided into seven groups (n = 4). Each group was orally administered for 28 days vehicles (carboxymethyl cellulose and CC-Suc), the positive control (taurine 700 mg/kg/BW), C. xanthorrhiza extracted by CC-Suc or ethanol equivalent to 10 or 25 mg XTZ/kg BW. The effect of treatment on exercise performance was evaluated by forced swimming test (FST) and changes in fatigue-related parameters. Results: C. xanthorrhiza extracts prolonged FST time in a dose-dependent manner, increased muscle ATP and adenosine 5-monophosphate- (AMP-) activated protein kinase (AMPK) levels. Treatment with ethanol extracts of C. xanthorrhiza reduced serum urea nitrogen in a dose dependent trend compared with the vehicle group. No significant differences were observed in hepatic alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), indicating absence of liver toxicity. Conclusions: These findings demonstrate that NADES-based C. xanthorrhiza extract improves exercise endurance, possibly through modulation of energy metabolism. Moreover, the choline chloride–sucrose NADES serves as a safe and sustainable extraction solvent and delivery medium, supporting potential use of C. xanthorrhiza as a functional food ingredient against fatigue.

HIGHLIGHTS

This study presented a pre-clinical study of the antifatigue effect of Curcuma xanthorrhiza extracted using natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES).
NADES composed of choline chloride and sucrose was used to extract xanthorrhizol (XTZ), a key marker of xanthorrhiza.
Treatment of Balb/c mice with XTZ-rich extract improved swimming performance, increased muscle ATP and AMPK levels when compared to taurine.
Findings suggest NADES-based extract of xanthorrhiza is a potential antifatigue agent to prolong endurance, highlighting dual roles of NADES as extraction media and formulation system.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Investigation of Aluminum in Symplocaceae: Total Content, Histological Structure, and Enzyme Activities from Different Leaf Ages

Dewi Puspita Sari, Bambang Retnoaji, Nastiti Wijayanti, Purnomo — Sun, 01 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Since Symplocaceae is known to be a hyperaccumulator of Aluminum (Al), studies on its accumulation capacity and physiological responses have not been widely investigated. The objectives of this research are to investigate the Al content of different leaf ages of Symplocos fasciculata and Symplocos cochinchinensis using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP OES). Moreover, the Al localization within tissues was determined using hematoxylin staining, followed by Scanning Electron Microscopy coupled with Energy-Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) mapping to address the ultrastructural form and determine elemental distribution in the cross-section of the leaf. Additionally, confirmation of the mechanism of Al toxicity in relation to stress-induced oxidative enzymes, including Catalase (CAT), Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), and Peroxidase (POD), as well as the lipid peroxidation product Malondialdehyde (MDA) and Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), serves as stress markers. ICP OES assay reveals a significant influence of leaf age on Al content. S. fasciculata old leaves had the highest Al concentration (39,001 ± 343.48 mg kg⁻¹), while S. cochinchinensis young leaves had the lowest (16,788 ± 187.98 mg kg⁻¹). The histological and SEM-EDX mapping evidence shows Al accumulation in S. fasciculata and S. cochinchinensis increases significantly with leaf age. Al³⁺ accumulation is found in cell walls, epidermal tissue, and the palisade layer, with the highest Al distribution in the old leaf lamina. The leaf ages of both Symplocos species exhibit a significant influence on CAT, POD, MDA, and H₂O₂, whereas SOD activity shows no significant variation. A positive correlation is observed between SOD, POD, MDA, and H₂O₂ in S. fasciculata (r > 0.7), similar to S. cochinchinensis, except for MDA (r = −0.6). This research presents a valuable investigation into the Al accumulation strategies and physiological responses of 2 Symplocos species.

HIGHLIGHTS

Investigate the total aluminium (Al) content of Symplocos fasciculata and Symplocos cochinchinensis across leaf ages using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP OES).
Comparative histological analysis in leaf tissue from both Symplocos species in young, mature, and old leaf ages.
Investigate the Al element and its distribution using Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) with mapping in three different age groups of leaves.
Analyze the enzymatic activity of two Al- accumulating Symplocos species across leaf ages.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Alginate-Coated Astaxanthin Liposomes: Enhance Antioxidant Activity and Storage Stability

Thu, 05 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a key role in aging and various degenerative diseases such as cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, and chronic inflammatory diseases. Astaxanthin (ATX) has antioxidant activity but is limited in terms of solubility and stability. Liposomes are promising drug carriers but suffer from instability and leakage issues in terms of stability that causes leakage in vesicles and also low entrapment efficiency. This study aims to investigate the potential of a liposome coating system containing astaxanthin using alginate to improve antioxidant activity and stability. Preparation ATX loaded liposomes (ATX-Lip) using thin film hydration and then modified with alginate coating. The formulation was characterized based on particle size, zeta potential, % entrapment efficiency (% EE), and morphology. Furthermore, in vitro release dynamics, antioxidant activity occurred and storage stability test. ATX-Lip with a ratio of soy lecithin: Cholesterol (9:1) gave the best characterization results so that it was continued with coating using alginate. Modification of alginate coating on ATX-Lip (NA-ATX-Lip) successfully increased the zeta potential value from –8.57 ± 0.61 to –44.90 ± 0.1 mV and an increase in %EE with a difference of 9.32%. This is in line with the results of in vitro antioxidant activity where there was a decrease in the IC50 value of ATX by 27.49 to 20.12 ppm in the NA-ATX-Lip formula. This study proves that the modification of the alginate layer on ATX was successful and NA-ATX-Lip was proven to increase antioxidant activity. Surface modification of alginate also enhanced the protective capacity of the system of ATX-Lip, reducing degradation and structural alterations during storage.

HIGHLIGHTS

Astaxanthin liposomes (ATX-Lip) were synthesized by the thin film hydration method and then coated with alginate (NA-ATX-Lip) through a polymer adsorption mechanism
NA-ATX-Lip successfully increased the zeta potential value from –8.57 ± 0.61 mV to –44.90 ± 0.1 mV and an increase in %EE with a difference of 9.32%.
NA-ATX-Lip reduced the IC₅₀ value from 27.49 ppm to 20.12 ppm, confirming improved antioxidant activity
Alginate surface modification improved both the antioxidant performance and storage stability of ATX-Lip by protecting the liposomal structure from degradation and oxidative damage during storage at 4 °C

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Rational Design of Micromesoporosity ZSM-5 Incorporated with NiO for the Deoxygenation of Reutealis trisperma Oil

Fri, 30 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0700

The porosity and acidic properties of ZSM-5 are crucial factors for its ability to catalyze reactions with large molecules, such as Reutealis trisperma oil (RTO). In this work, the textural properties of ZSM-5 were rationally designed by controlling the crystallisation time during synthesis, while the acid content of ZSM-5 was increased by incorporating nickel (Ni) species on the surface of ZSM-5. All the samples exhibited microporous and mesoporous features with many Lewis acid sites. These properties increase the catalytic activity of the conversion of RTO into biofuel. The high composition of micromesoporous and Lewis acid sites in NiZ1 and NiZ1.5 promoted the generation of heavy oil. NiZ3, which has moderate micromesoporous and Lewis acid sites, facilitates the production of diesel hydrocarbons. The low micromesoporous feature and few acid sites in NiZ9 make gasoline hydrocarbons production more feasible. This finding provided the regulation of acid site number and micromesoporous features to facilitate the conversion of RTO into green diesel.

HIGHLIGHTS

The regulation of microporous and mesoporous features in ZSM-5 was successfully done by controlling the crystallization time
Increasing the crystallization time leads to decrease the interaction between NiO and ZSM-5 and decrease the acid sites amount
The selectivity of DO reaction of Reutealis trisperma oil depends on the composition of micro-mesoporous properties and acid sites amount
NiZ3 is feasible to produce green diesel

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Fabrication and Cytotoxicity Testing of Silver Nitrate Modified PETG Scaffolds for Bone Applications

Hussein Mishbak, Evangelos Daskalakis, Mohamed Hassan — Fri, 30 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0700

This study examines the surface modification of 3D printed polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG) scaffolds by a simple and reproducible coating method using silver nitrate (AgNO₃) and the cytotoxicity of the modified scaffolds is assessed. The main aims of the study were characterization of the structural and morphological changes on the surface of the scaffold after the treatment, more precisely the thickness of the deposited silver coating, and assessment of the biological effect on the HBL100 normal cell lines. The chemical protocol for scaffold modification was a multi-step process including the preparation of silver nitrate solution, a necessary pre-treatment of PETG scaffold using a sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution, immersion of scaffold in the AgNO₃ solution, sonication and final drying process. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) analysis was performed to measure the thickness of the coating, finding a high dependence of the coating on the 3D printing angle of the scaffold. The PETG scaffold with 0°/45° had a coating thickness of about 566 nm, which was much thicker than coatings on scaffolds with 0°/60°/120° and 0°/90° printing laydown patterns. The cytotoxicity of the scaffolds was tested by the standard MTT assay. The results of the assay including mean absorbance, mean inhibition percentage and standard deviation showed no significant cytotoxic effect from the coated scaffolds with the mean inhibition percentages ranging from a minimal 0.74% to 10.91%. This study demonstrates a viable and biocompatible method to functionalize 3D-printed PETG scaffolds which could have significant implications for various applications including tissue engineering and medical devices where the need to both structural integrity and non-toxic surface properties is paramount.

HIGHLIGHTS

The laydown pattern of 3D printing has a substantial impact on the thickness of silver nitrate coating on PETG scaffolds, varying from 89 nm (0°/60°/120°) to 566 nm (0°/45°) that allows rational surface functionalization.
It is demonstrated that NaOH pretreatment and AgNO₃ immersion is a simple and reproducible chemical coating method for functionalization of 3D printed PETG scaffolds with antimicrobial capabilities without significant structural degradation.
Silver-coated PETG scaffolds have shown great biocompatibility with normal HBL100 cell lines with low cytotoxicity (0.74% - 10.91% inhibition) for all different printing geometries.
Characterization AFM The geometry-dependent surface morphology of 0°/45° scaffolds reveal thick and rough coatings with aggregation of nanoparticles whereas and 0°/90° scaffolds reveal thin and uniform coatings ideal towards mechanical stability.
Multifunctional bone scaffolds by combining the mechanical properties of PETG with the antimicrobial activity of silver have promising potential for use in bone regeneration applications where infection is a common problem without any decline in cellular compatibility.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

The Influence of the Simultaneous Addition of Fe2+ and Fe3+ on Changes in the Structural, Optical, and Electronic Properties of TiO2 Powder

Candra Purnawan, Endang Tri Wahyuni, Indriana Kartini, Suherman — Fri, 30 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Modification of TiO₂ powder to form TiO₂-Fe/Fe₂O₃ composites with simultaneous incorporation of Fe²⁺ and Fe³⁺ ions via a simple approach has been conducted. The characterization of photocatalyst composites has been carried out using FTIR, Raman, XRD, SAA, TEM, DRS, XPS, and VSM. The simultaneous incorporation of Fe²⁺ and Fe³⁺ ions has modified the structural, optical, and magnetic properties of TiO₂ powder. Systematic variation of Fe²⁺: Fe³⁺ compositions (mole/mole) revealed that Fe³⁺ had a stronger impact than Fe²⁺. At low Fe³⁺ and Fe₂O₃ composition, interfacial interaction and heterojunction formation dominated, whereas higher levels promoted substitutional doping. At low Fe³⁺ composition (Fe²⁺: Fe³⁺ = 1:0.3 - 1:1), crystallite size increased (29.95 - 34.65 nm) but crystallinity decreased (62.34% - 57.99%), surface area increased (25.90 - 29.71 m²/g) but pore size decreased (0.097 - 0.085 cc/g), the bandgap narrowed (3.14 - 2.98 eV), and maghemite formation and magnetic moment decreased (36.83 - 17.66 emu/g). Whereas at Fe³⁺ higher ratio (Fe²⁺: Fe³⁺ = 1:1 - 1:3), the bandgap significantly narrowed (2.98 - 2.80 eV), crystallite size (34.65 - 27.30 nm) and crystallinity (57.99% - 49.27%) decreased, surface area (29.09 - 43.49 m²/g) and pore size (0.085 - 0.139 cc/g) increased, and hematite formation increased and magnetic moment decreased (17.66 - 14.86 emu/g). Furthermore, increasing the proportion of Fe₂O₃ in TiO₂ powder (TiO₂: Fe₂O₃) has enlarged the surface area and pore size, narrowed the bandgap, decreased the crystallite sizes and crystallinity, and improved magnetic properties. Photocatalytic evaluation under visible light showed that increasing Fe³⁺ and Fe₂O₃ enhanced both Methyl Violet (MV) degradation up to 84.54% and Cr(VI) reduction up to 36.55%, with stronger MV degradation indicating that Fe³⁺ mainly serves as an electron trap.

HIGHLIGHTS

Simultaneous addition of Fe²⁺ and Fe³⁺ ions in basic conditions to TiO₂ powder has resulted in interesting changed properties, in which the Fe³⁺ effect is stronger than Fe²⁺.
At low Fe³⁺ composition (Fe²⁺:Fe³⁺ = 1:0.3 - 1:1), the interfacial interaction and heterojunction formation dominated, bandgap narrowed, crystallite size increased but crystallinity decreased, surface area increased but pore size decreased, and maghemite formation and magnetic moment decreased.
Whereas at Fe³⁺ higher ratio (Fe²⁺:Fe³⁺ = 1:1 - 1:3), the substitutional doping increased, bandgap significantly narrowed, crystallite size and crystallinity decreased, surface area and pore size increased, hematite formation increased and magnetic moment decreased.
Increasing the proportion of Fe₂O₃ in TiO₂ powder (TiO₂:Fe₂O₃) has enlarged the surface area, narrowed the bandgap, decreased the crystallite sizes and crystallinity, and improved magnetic properties.
Increasing Fe³⁺ and Fe₂O₃ enhanced both Methyl Violet (MV) degradation and Cr(VI) reduction under visible light.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Effect of Sonneratia alba Fruit Extract on LOX-1 and Nrf2 Expression in the Aortic Arches of High Fat Diet Induced Rats

Sun, 15 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Atherosclerosis, the primary cause of ischemic heart disease, is a major contributor to global mortality. This highlights the urgent need for therapeutic strategies that are not only beneficial and safe but also economically sustainable, such as those derived from natural bioactive compounds. This study investigated the anti-atherogenic effect of mangrove Sonneratia alba, a source of bioactive compounds with known antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The objective was to determine the extract’s effect on the pro-atherogenic receptor LOX-1 and its subsequent effect on foam cell formation and the endogenous antioxidant axis Nrf2-MnSOD in the aortic arch of male Wistar rats exposed to a 10-week high-fat diet. A total of twenty-four rats were randomly divided into six groups; normal control, HFD control, atorvastatin control (10 mg/day) and HFD groups treated with S. alba extract at 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg/day. The expression of LOX-1, Nrf2, and MnSOD was assessed using immunohistochemistry, while foam cells were identified through H&E staining. The results showed S. alba fruit extract at the dose of 800 mg/kg/day significantly reduced circulating LDL-C levels. Within the aortic arch, the S. alba extract at the same dose significantly suppressed LOX-1 expression, significantly reduced approximately 82% of foam cell formation and significantly elevated Nrf2 expression. The expression of MnSOD was enhanced however this change did not reach statistical significance. These data collectively suggest that S. alba fruit extract ameliorates early atherogenic features, associated with the modulation of key regulatory proteins LOX-1 and Nrf2, and subsequent reduction in foam cell formation. Thus, the extract seems promising as a natural agent for vascular protection, but further functional investigations are needed to definitively confirm the underlying mechanism.

HIGHLIGHTS

Sonneratia alba fruit possesses diverse secondary metabolites and exhibits strong antioxidant activity.
The extract was administered to male Wistar rats to counteract high-fat diet-induced atherogenesis.
Treatment significantly reduced circulating LDL, suppressed LOX-1 expression and inhibited foam cell formation in the aortic arch of hyperlipidemic rats.
The therapeutic protection is likely mediated through the upregulation of Nrf2 expression.
Sonneratia alba extract exhibits potential as a novel Nrf2 activator for mitigating vascular oxidative stress.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Unravelling the Bifunctional Potential of Phylloplane Yeasts from Rose Flowers: Zinc Solubilization and Biocontrol of Fungal Phytopathogens

Sun, 15 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Plants cultivated on calcareous soils frequently show symptoms of zinc deficiency, which can increase their susceptibility to fungal phytopathogen infections and adversely impact plant growth and productivity. One potential approach to mitigate these issues is the application of zinc-solubilizing microbes with antagonistic activity against fungal phytopathogens. Therefore, the objective of this study was to isolate and screen yeasts from rose flowers for their ability to solubilize zinc and suppress fungal phytopathogens. Ninety-two phylloplane yeasts were screened for zinc-solubilizing efficiency using modified Pikovskaya’s agar individually supplemented with 0.1% ZnO, ZnCO₃, and ZnS. Among these isolates, we selected 5 zinc-solubilizing yeasts that exhibited high zinc-solubilizing efficiency (ZSE), ranging from 3.73 to 5.38 and from 3.80 to 5.12 on media supplemented with 0.1% ZnO and ZnCO₃, respectively. These strains were identified as Kurtzmaniella quercitrusa and Hanseniaspora opuntiae based on the D1/D2 domain of LSU rDNA sequence analysis. Their growth, zinc solubilization at alkaline pH, acid production, and traits for promoting plant growth were investigated. Kurtzmaniella quercitrusa KPR1006 grew well in alkaline conditions and had the highest amount of soluble zinc at 73.64 mg/L at pH 7.0, followed by 53.04 mg/L at pH 8.0 and 29.75 mg/L at pH 9.0. The analysis of acids produced by K. quercitrusa KPR1006 indicated that citric acid, succinic acid, malic acid, and acetic acid were present in the culture filtrate. The cell-free supernatant from Hanseniaspora opuntiae KPR2060 significantly inhibited the hyphal growth of Sclerotium sp. and Phytophthora sp. M01 by 54.35 ± 1.54% and 81.65 ± 1.93%, respectively, and it also suppressed the germination of sclerotia and conidia. While K. quercitrusa KPR1006 inhibited the hyphal growth of Sclerotium sp. and Phytophthora sp. M01 by 29.88% and 76.94%, respectively. These phylloplane yeasts have demonstrated significant potential in simultaneously enhancing zinc solubilization and functioning as yeast-based bio-fungicides.

HIGHLIGHTS
Phylloplane yeasts with remarkably high zinc solubilization efficiency and the ability to inhibit plant pathogenic fungi were isolated from rose flowers. The acid profile produced by alkalotolerant phylloplane yeast, Kurtzmaniella quercitrusa KPR1006, for zinc solubilization was demonstrated.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Stem Cell Physiology and Cellular Differentiation: Molecular Insights and Therapeutic Potential

Fri, 30 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Stem cells are unique cells capable of maintaining self-renewal and differentiating into various specialized cell types. These properties make them crucial components in tissue physiology, homeostasis, and regeneration. Stem cell differentiation is regulated through a complex interplay of molecular signaling pathways, transcription factors, microRNAs, and epigenetic mechanisms. Key pathways such as Wnt, Notch, Hedgehog, and BMP/TGF-β play a role in determining cell fate, regulating proliferation, and balancing self-renewal and specialization. Proper regulation ensures that stem cells transition to specific phenotypes in a directed, stable, and physiologically appropriate manner, while disruption of regulation can lead to tissue degeneration or tumors. Understanding these molecular mechanisms paves the way for innovative regenerative therapies. Pluripotent and multipotent cells are used for cell replacement strategies in degenerative diseases, organ injuries, and hematopoietic disorders. iPSCs allow the engineering of a patientʼs own cells to minimize the risk of immunoreactions, while MSCs possess immunomodulatory capabilities and secrete paracrine factors that support endogenous tissue repair. Technologies such as 3D organoid culture, biomaterial scaffolds, and gene editing improve control over differentiation, tissue integration, and therapeutic safety before clinical application. Stem cells and cellular differentiation mechanisms form a solid scientific foundation for the development of modern regenerative therapies. Ongoing research in this area is expected to open new opportunities for tissue function restoration, the treatment of degenerative diseases, and the implementation of safe, effective, and precision therapeutic strategies.

HIGHLIGHTS

Mechanistic foundations: Core TFs (OCT4/SOX2/NANOG) with epigenetic bivalency, plus pathway crosstalk (Wnt, Notch, Hedgehog, BMP/TGF-β) orchestrate pluripotency and fate decisions/homeostasis.
Contextual regulation: Niche cues (ECM, mechanotransduction, hypoxia/HIF-1α) and metabolic reprogramming (glycolysis→OXPHOS) govern transitions among quiescence, activation, and differentiation.
Translation & safety: Platforms (2D culture, organoids, co-culture, lineage tracing, xenografts) underpin regenerative applications (heart, CNS, liver) while highlighting safety hurdles (engraftment, off-target differentiation, teratoma risk) and mitigation strategies.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Measurement of Alcohol Type and Concentration in Hand Gel Sanitizers During the COVID-19 Era: A Review Article for the Future World Health Pandemic Situation

Panya Khaenamkaew — Thu, 05 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0700

The COVID-19 pandemic drastically altered public health practices worldwide, highlighting the critical role of hand hygiene in controlling viral transmission. In response, alcohol-based hand sanitizers (ABHS) became essential preventive tools, prompting unprecedented global demand, regulatory adaptations, and scientific scrutiny. This review critically examines the types and concentrations of alcohol used in hand sanitizers, the analytical techniques for their measurement, and the evolving regulatory frameworks that govern their production and use. It synthesizes current knowledge on ethanol and isopropanol efficacy, explores safety considerations such as skin irritation and ingestion risks, and evaluates global compliance challenges, particularly in the wake of counterfeit and substandard products. The review also compares advanced measurement techniques - including GC, HPLC, FTIR, and NMR - for their precision, cost, and usability in different settings. Additionally, it discusses market dynamics during the pandemic, shifting consumer preferences, and key research gaps, notably in standardized testing and long-term safety. By integrating multidisciplinary insights from analytical chemistry, public health, regulatory science, and consumer behavior, this paper offers forward-looking recommendations for improving hand sanitizer quality, safety, and pandemic preparedness. The findings aim to support researchers, manufacturers, and policymakers in developing more robust, effective, and trusted hand hygiene solutions for future global health emergencies.

HIGHLIGHTS

Comprehensive review of alcohol concentration measurement techniques (GC, HPLC, FTIR, NMR) used to ensure the safety and efficacy of hand sanitizers during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Comparative analysis of ethanol and isopropanol in terms of antimicrobial effectiveness, formulation safety, and long-term dermatological impact.
Critical evaluation of global regulatory frameworks (WHO, FDA, EU) and their role in preventing counterfeit and substandard hand sanitizers in crisis conditions.
Identification of research gaps and future directions, including the need for standardized testing protocols and studies on prolonged sanitizer use.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Review on Recent Advances in Metal-substitution Modify Cobalt Ferrite Nanoparticles as Antibacterial Applications

Fri, 30 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0700

In recent decades, the modification of magnetic nanoparticles-cobalt ferrite (NPM-cobalt ferrite) for antibacterial agents has been widely studied. These NPM-cobalt ferrites have unique characteristics, making them a viable option for the development of antibacterial agents. This paper presents a thorough analysis of the metal used to modify of cobalt ferrite in order to enhance antibacterial activity. Furthermore, this review delves into the antibacterial processes of cobalt ferrite, which are contingent upon critical characteristics including particle size, surface area, and ion replacement. The key findings of this review highlight the antibacterial performance of NPM-metal-cobalt ferrite based on the zone of inhibition (ZOI) and the standard percentages. However, it is important to carry out further investigate to optimize its activity. One of which is utilizing other metal elements that have not been utilized by looking at important parameter aspects in the results reported in this paper. This review contributes to the understanding and potential utilization of NPM-cobalt ferrite as an approach that is suitable for antibacterial agents.

HIGHLIGHTS

Metal substitution in cobalt ferrite to enhance antibacterial activity.
Antibacterial performance improves with rising ZOI magnitude.
Ion substitution is a crucial component in the development of antibacterial activity.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Biochar-Based Catalysts in Hydrogen Production: Mechanisms, Activation, and Efficiency

Thu, 12 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Biochar, a carbon-rich material derived from biomass, has emerged as a promising catalytic platform owing to its low cost, wide availability, structural tunability, and environmental compatibility. This review provides a critical and mechanistically integrated assessment of biochar-based catalysts for sustainable hydrogen production across thermochemical and photochemical pathways. Rather than cataloging reported yields, the analysis adopts a standardized normalization framework, expressing hydrogen productivity primarily as mmol H₂ g⁻¹ catalyst h⁻¹ to enable reliable cross-study comparison. The review introduces a unified structure–property–performance perspective linking feedstock chemistry, activation strategy, and metal–carbon interactions to pathway-specific hydrogen productivity. Evidence indicates that feedstock-derived chemistry often exerts a stronger influence on catalytic behavior than pyrolysis temperature alone, while controlled metal doping—particularly with Ni, Fe, and Co—enhances active-site accessibility and stability. Activation treatments modulate porosity and surface functionality, yet excessive modification may induce structural degradation or catalyst deactivation. Beyond catalytic efficiency, biochar-based systems offer sustainability advantages through biomass valorization, reduced reliance on critical raw materials, and compatibility with circular carbon strategies. By integrating mechanistic insight, normalization rigor, and sustainability considerations, this review positions biochar not merely as a low-cost alternative support, but as a tunable catalytic platform for next-generation hydrogen technologies.

HIGHLIGHTS

Biochar provides a tunable catalytic platform for sustainable hydrogen production from biomass resources.
Metal–carbon interactions significantly enhance catalytic activity, stability, and coke resistance.
tructural tuning of biochar optimizes porosity, surface functionality, and thermal durability.
Normalized hydrogen productivity enables consistent comparison across heterogeneous studies.
A unified mechanistic framework guides rational design of next-generation biochar catalysts.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT