Trends in Sciences

Characterization of Calcium-Enriched Edible Films Produced from Eggshell Powder Fortification

Herly Evanuarini — 2026-04-10

The development of biodegradable film is important in order to mitigate environmental problems caused by the use of synthetic plastics, especially in meat products. This work investigates the application of calcined egg shell powder (ESP) in edible gelatin-chitosan blend-based films as a functional filler towards enhancement in physicochemical and barrier properties. The films were produced by the solvent casting technique with different ESP concentrations: 0% (control), 0.25% (w/w), 0.50% (w/w) and 0.75% (w/w) of total solids. The results revealed that the incorporation of ESP also significantly increased mechanical properties of films; the tensile strength was observed to increase from 13.24 to 21.81 MPa and elongation at break from 11.63% to 15.07% for highest concentration, indicating changes in strength of polymer matrix by advantage interaction with calcium cations. Moreover, the water barrier property of films was enhanced by supplementation with ESP, in which the Water Vapor Transmission Rate (WVTR) and Water Vapor Permeability (WVP) decreased significantly (p < 0.05), while moisture content, swelling rate and solubility also reduced. FTIR analysis confirmed the formation of hydrogen bonds and electrostatic interactions between calcium ions and biopolymer functional groups, while SEM observations revealed a compact microstructure with uniform filler distribution at low concentrations. These results suggest that gelatin-chitosan films containing 0.75% eggshell calcium exhibited higher mechanical behavior and lower moisture with better potential for meat packaging applications in sustainable manner.

HIGHLIGHTS

Calcium from calcined eggshell powder is effective in strengthening edible films based on gelatin-chitosan.
Incorporating 0.75% calcium into edible films can significantly strengthen the tensile strength and elongation at break.
Calcium fortification improves water barrier properties by reducing water vapor permeability, solubility, and swelling ratio.
FTIR and SEM analyzes confirm the formation of a dense microstructure with strong interactions between the polymer and calcium.
Edible films developed with eggshell calcium are a promising and sustainable alternative for active meat packaging applications.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Polyvinyl Chloride and Polyethylene Microplastics Promote Cardiac Oxidative Stress and Histopathological Remodeling in Wistar Rats

Muhammad Reva Aditya — 2026-04-30

Microplastic pollution is an emerging environmental concern with accumulating evidence of systemic toxicity. Polyethylene (PE) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) are persistent polymers that may promote oxidative stress and influence redox-sensitive signaling pathways such as nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB). This study investigated the cardiac effects of subacute inhalation of PE and PVC microplastics (MPs) in Wistar rats, focusing on oxidative stress, structural alterations, and NF-κB-related responses. Eighteen female Wistar rats were randomly assigned to control, PE, or PVC groups. Exposure groups underwent whole-body inhalation of 15 mg/m³ PE or PVC MPs for 4 h/day, 5 days/week, for 28 days. Cardiac tissue was examined histologically and assessed for malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and p65 NF-κB expression {a marker of NF-κB pathway activity} using immunofluorescence. Microplastic exposure resulted in significant cardiac structural alterations. Mean ventricular wall diameter increased by approximately 48% in the PE group and 75% in the PVC group compared with controls {p < 0.05}, indicating more pronounced histopathological remodeling in PVC-exposed animals. Cardiac MDA concentrations increased markedly {control: 0.0189 µmol/g; PVC: 0.272 µmol/g; PE: 0.554 µmol/g}, corresponding to roughly 14-fold (PVC) and 29-fold (PE) increases relative to controls {p < 0.001}. In contrast, p65 NF-κB expression did not differ significantly among groups {p > 0.05}, suggesting that any potential inflammatory pathway involvement remains exploratory and was not statistically demonstrated under subacute exposure conditions. Subacute inhalation of PE and PVC MPs induces oxidative stress and early cardiac remodeling in Wistar rats. Notably, PVC produced greater structural alterations, whereas PE generated higher oxidative stress, indicating distinct cardiotoxic profiles. These findings reflect early cardiac responses, and long-term studies are needed to determine whether sustained exposure leads to persistent inflammation and definitive NF-κB pathway activation.

HIGHLIGHTS

Subacute whole-body inhalation of polyethylene (PE) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) microplastics for 28 days resulted in measurable cardiac effects in female Wistar rats.
Microplastic exposure significantly elevated cardiac oxidative stress, with MDA levels increasing from 0.0189 ng/mL in controls to 0.272 ng/mL in PVC and 0.554 ng/mL in PE groups (p < 0.001), indicating stronger oxidative induction by PE.
These oxidative changes were accompanied by marked structural remodelling, as mean ventricular wall diameter increased from 37 mm (control) to 2.03 mm (PE) and 2.40 mm (PVC) (p < 0.001), confirming hypertrophic alterations after microplastic exposure.
Despite oxidative and structural changes, cardiac NF-κB p65 expression did not differ significantly among groups (p = 0.650), suggesting that early tissue injury may occur prior to detectable NF-κB activation under subacute conditions.
Collectively, these findings support airborne microplastics as a potential cardiovascular risk factor and underscore the importance of long-term exposure studies to clarify downstream signalling progression.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Process Optimization and Kinetics Study of Metals Leaching from Spent Hydrocracking Catalysts by Cell-free Medium Filtrate of Aspergillus aculeatus

Thanakorn Sawangchart — 2026-05-10

Hydrocracking catalysts (HCC) are widely used in petrochemical refinery catalytic processes. Although these catalysts are frequently reusable, the efficacy of HCC gradually declines. This procedure leads to the production of a large amount of spent hydrocracking catalyst (SHCC), which contains valuable metals as well as hazardous chemical wastes. The pyro-hydro-metallurgical approach for metal restoration from catalyst waste is insufficient for environmental sustainability. The application of biological techniques is a more environmentally friendly strategy. Fungal leaching has emerged as an alternative method for the recovery of metals. Although metal recoveries were moderate, the use of cell-free fungal filtrate enabled rapid leaching under mild conditions, highlighting its potential as a greener and operationally simpler alternative to conventional whole-cell bioleaching. Aspergillus aculeatus was isolated from contaminated soil of a gold mine located in Thailand. The filtrate of the fungal culture medium was utilized for metal leaching, and this experiment was carried out using a Box-Behnken experimental design. The optimum processes included a spent catalyst density of 10% (w/v), a temperature of 50 °C, and a shaking rate of 148 rpm for 180 min, with the catalyst powder size being less than 150 µm. The predicted highest metal recovery rates of 7.98% for Al, 5.27% for Ni, 24.55% for Mo, 11.92% for Fe, and 0.93% for Zn aligned precisely with the actual experimental results. The comprehension of kinetics through the application of the shrink core model indicates that the mechanism of reactions is predominantly influenced by the surface chemical control reaction rather than the diffusion process. The leaching rates of Mo, Fe, Al, Ni, and Zn followed a descending order from highest to lowest.

HIGHLIGHTS

Aspergillus aculeatus culture filtrate provided an environmentally friendly alternative for metal leaching from hazardous spent hydrocracking catalysts.
Organic acids (citric and oxalic acids) produced by fungal metabolism promoted metal dissolution through acidolysis and complexolysis mechanisms.
Response surface methodology optimized leaching conditions and validated reliable prediction of multi-metal recovery.
The process offers potential as a sustainable pre-treatment strategy for refinery catalyst waste valorization.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Assessment of the Cytotoxic, Antioxidant, and Antimelanogenic Properties of the Extracts of the Orchid Dendrobium

Pornwipa Phuangbubpha — 2026-04-10

Dendrobium extracts are rich sources of bioactive phytochemicals with potential applications in cosmetics and healthcare. This study investigated the phytochemical composition and bioactivities of four hybrid cut-flower Dendrobium cultivars: Sonia ‘Jo Daeng’, Suree Peach, Black Pearl, and White Pearl. The crude flower extracts were evaluated for their antioxidant and antimelanogenic properties, and cytotoxic effects against human fibroblasts, keratinocytes, melanocytes, and macrophages. Among the tested cultivars, Black Pearl flower extracts exhibited the highest contents of phenolics, flavonoids, tannins, sugars, and vitamin C, which correlated with strong DPPH and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) antioxidant activities. The extracts were noncytotoxic at concentrations ≤ 800 µg/mL, maintaining > 90% cell viability. The extracts of D. Black Pearl and D. Sonia ‘Jo Daeng’ flowers significantly reduced ROS generation in THP-1-derived macrophages. However, Black Pearl extracts decreased melanin production in α-MSH-stimulated B16F10 melanocytes by ~41.0%, comparable to control. These findings suggest Black Pearl as a promising source of natural antioxidants and antimelanogenic compounds suitable for cosmetic and dermatological applications.

HIGHLIGHTS

Methanolic extracts from flowers of four commercial hybrid Dendrobium cultivars were evaluated for phytochemical contents and skin-relevant bioactivities.
Black Pearl exhibited the highest levels of phenolics, flavonoids, tannins, and anthocyanins, and demonstrated the strongest antioxidant capacity (DPPH and FRAP assays).
All extracts were non-cytotoxic to fibroblasts, keratinocytes, melanocytes, and macrophage-like cells at concentrations ≤ 800 µg/mL (> 90% viability).
Black Pearl reduced intracellular ROS in activated macrophages, supporting antioxidant effects under inflammatory oxidative conditions.
Black Pearl suppressed α-MSH-induced melanogenesis in B16F10 cells comparable to kojic acid, emphasizing major experimental outcomes and their potential relevance for cosmetic and dermatological applications.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Geraniin-Rich Rambutan Peel Nanoemulsion: Enzyme Inhibition and Antioxidant Activities for Cosmeceutical Applications

Panita Kongsune — 2026-05-25

This study evaluated the anti-aging potential of rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) peel extract through phytochemical profiling, enzyme inhibition, molecular docking, and nanoemulsion formulation. The extract showed high phenolic content and strong antioxidant activity (DPPH IC₅₀ = 3.53 ± 0.05 µg/mL). LC-MS/MS analysis identified geraniin and ellagic acid as major bioactive compounds. The extract exhibited concentration-dependent inhibition of key skin-aging enzymes, with pronounced collagenase inhibition and moderate elastase and tyrosinase inhibition, supported by molecular docking demonstrating strong binding affinity of geraniin. Optimized oil-in-water nanoemulsions displayed nanoscale particle sizes (266.7 - 275.5 nm) with moderate polydispersity (PDI = 0.325 - 0.332) and excellent physicochemical stability over 7 days. Notably, the nanoemulsion system enhanced the stability and functional delivery of phenolic compounds, providing a practical approach for improving bioactivity in cosmeceutical formulations while promoting the valorization of rambutan peel waste within a circular economy framework. The formulations retained high antioxidant activity (91% - 95%), tyrosinase inhibition, and antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. These results demonstrate the potential of geraniin-rich rambutan peel nanoemulsions as promising candidates for cosmeceutical applications.

HIGHLIGHTS

Rambutan peel extract inhibits skin-aging enzymes, with strong collagenase inhibition
Geraniin shows strong binding to key anti-aging enzymes (−9.09 to −10.32 kcal/mol)
Phenolics reduce nanoemulsion particle size (3–5-fold)
Nanoemulsions retain antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-tyrosinase activities

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Design of A Stable Microemulsion with Phenolic Compounds from Acanthus ebracteatus for Hair Tonic Applications

Nakuntwalai Wisidsri — 2026-04-15

Botanical ingredients have been increasingly incorporated into cosmeceutical hair tonic formulations due to their potential to promote hair growth. Acanthus ebracteatus Vahl. has attracted interest as a functional natural ingredient with potential hair growth-enhancing effects. This study aims to evaluate the capacity of A. ebracteatus extract (AEE) to promote the proliferation of human hair follicle dermal papilla cells (HDPCs) and to develop a hair tonic AEE microemulsion (AEE-ME). Total phenolic content (TPC) of AEE was determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu assay. The cytotoxicity and proliferation of HDPCs treated with AEE were assessed using a resazurin reduction assay. Microemulsions were constructed using pseudo-ternary phase diagrams composed of isononyl isononanoate (oil), deionized water, and various mass ratios of laureth-9 (surfactant) and ethanol (cosurfactant) (Smix). AEE-ME was characterized by droplet size, polydisperse index (PDI), zeta potential, pH, conductivity, and viscosity, as well as TPC. The stability of AEE-ME was evaluated over 12 weeks. The results showed that AEE contained TPC at 220.71 ± 9.28 mg of gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g. AEE was safe for HDPCs at concentrations ranging from 3.125 to 200 μg/mL. HDPCs proliferation increased significantly after 48 h of incubation compared to the control. Microemulsion regions expanded as the mass ratio of Smix increased. AEE was incorporated into a suitable microemulsion base (MB1) composed of 70% Smix (2:1), 20% water, and 10% oil. The droplet size, PDI, zeta potential, pH, electrical conductivity, and viscosity were 97.37 ± 2.46 nm, 0.38 ± 0.01, −2.16 ± 0.06 mV, 6.20 ± 0.02, 24.07 ± 0.55 mS/cm, and 22.1 ± 1.5 MPa, respectively. TPC value of AEE-ME was 294.32 ± 6.44 mg GAE/g. All parameters remained stable after storage at 4 °C, ambient temperature, and 45 °C. Therefore, hair tonic AEE-ME may be used for hair loss protection with high stability.

HIGHLIGHTS

High phenolic compounds were found in Acanthus ebracteatus extract (AEE)
AEE is safe for human hair follicle dermal papilla cells (HDPCs).
AEE increases HDPCs proliferation.
The developed hair tonic AEE microemulsion (AEE-ME) exhibits good characteristics.
AEE-ME remained stable under the tested conditions for a period of 12 weeks.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Blue Emissive Carbon Quantum Dots Derived from Green Tea Leaves Cultivated from Gayo High Land for Quantification of Antibiotics

Cut Mutiah — 2026-04-20

Carbon Quantum Dots (CQDs) have emerged as highly attractive nanomaterials in recent decades due to their rapid, cost-effective performance in chemical detection through fluorescence quenching. This study aims to synthesize CQDs from green tea leaves (GTL-CQDs) and utilize them as sensors for antibiotics. The CQDs were synthesized using a hydrothermal method at 180 °C for 4 in an oven, followed by purification, and characterization. The synthesized GTL-CQDs exhibited an average particle size of approximately 10.5 nm. UV-Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy analyses revealed that the CQDs strongly absorb UV light with a maximum absorption peak at 273 nm, and emit visible light in the wavelength range of 350 - 550 nm, with an emission peak centered at 430 nm. The CQDs were employed to test their selectivity toward the detection of various antibiotics, including amoxicillin, cefixime, and ciprofloxacin. The GTL-CQDs were found to be effective in detecting the selected antibiotics but demonstrated greater selectivity toward cefixime with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.11 mg·L⁻¹ or equivalent to 243 nM. Sensing application in real samples (tap water and river water) recoveries 98.90% - 113.35% with RSD ≤ 0.19 confirmed the accuracy of cefixime quantification. The developed probe enables reliable, sustainable, and efficient on-site detection of cefixime for environmental monitoring.

HIGHLIGHTS

High-fluorescence CQDs were hydrothermally synthesized from green tea leaves
The CQDs persistently exhibit great optical stability after being exposed to intensive UV light (295 nm) for up to 8 h
A low-cost UV-Vis technique has been successfully employed to detect antibiotics at a significantly low threshold
The CQDs demonstrate sensory ability to detect cefixime with a limit of detection of 0.11 mg·L⁻¹

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Effect of Pomegranate (Punica Granatum L.) Extract on Endothelial Dysfunction, Vascular, and Renal Damage in a Rat Model of Preeclampsia

Endang Sri Wahyuni — 2026-05-10

Preeclampsia is a hypertensive disorder of pregnancy marked by elevated blood pressure, proteinuria, and involvement of multiple maternal organs, posing substantial risks to both mother and fetus. Existing therapeutic approaches mainly focus on symptom control and do not directly address the underlying pathophysiological disturbances. This study investigated the potential protective effects of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) extract in an L-NAME–induced rat model of preeclampsia. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were allocated into 5 experimental groups: Normal pregnancy control, L-NAME–induced preeclampsia (75 mg/kgBW/day), preeclampsia treated with magnesium sulfate (MgSO₄), preeclampsia treated with pomegranate extract (500 mg/kgBW/day), and combination therapy. Biomarkers of oxidative stress (MDA), inflammatory activation (NF-κB), endothelial function (NO), placental vascular remodeling (spiral artery diameter), renal injury (KIM-1), as well as blood pressure, proteinuria, and fetal weight were evaluated. Administration of pomegranate extract significantly lowered NF-κB levels and enhanced nitric oxide availability compared with untreated preeclamptic rats, suggesting reduced inflammatory signaling and improved endothelial performance. Although MDA values tended to decrease in treated groups, this change did not reach statistical significance. The intervention was also associated with enlargement of spiral artery diameter, reduction in KIM-1 expression, slower progression of hypertension and proteinuria, and improved fetal growth. Combined treatment with magnesium sulfate showed additional benefits in several vascular and renal parameters. Overall, these findings indicate that pomegranate extract may exert broad protective effects in experimental preeclampsia by influencing interconnected inflammatory and endothelial pathways, supporting vascular remodeling and renal preservation. The results highlight its potential as an adjunct therapeutic candidate aimed at improving maternal vascular function and fetal development.

HIGHLIGHTS

Pomegranate extract modulates oxidative stress markers in the preeclampsia model.
Pomegranate extract attenuates inflammatory activation by reducing NF-κB levels in the preeclampsia rat model.
Pomegranate extract increases nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability, indicating improved endothelial function.
The intervention improves spiral artery remodeling by increasing spiral artery diameter.
Pomegranate extract reduces KIM-1 expression, suggesting renoprotective effects.
Treatment moderates the progression of hypertension and proteinuria during gestation.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Neuroprotective Potential of p-MCA in Drosophila

Nur Rahma Rumata — 2026-05-10

p-methoxycinnamic acid (p-MCA), a bioactive compound from Kaempferia galanga, was evaluated for its neuroprotective effects in an Alzheimer’s disease (AD)-like model of Drosophila melanogaster, supported by in silico docking and molecular dynamics simulations. Toxicity screening identified 10 mM AlCl₃(aluminium chloride) as an effective concentration to induce neurodegenerative phenotypes without excessive mortality. p-MCA (0.01-0.1 mM) significantly improved survival, locomotor performance, and phototactic responses in AlCl₃-exposed flies. Gene expression analysis showed upregulation of antioxidant (sod1, hsp22) and anti-aging (srl) genes, along with modulation of the apoptosis-related gene grim, indicating regulation of oxidative stress and cellular homeostasis. Computational analysis demonstrated stable binding of p-MCA to acetylcholinesterase (ΔG = ‒7.2 kcal/mol), comparable to 10-40. Collectively, these findings indicate that p-MCA mitigates AlCl₃-induced neurotoxicity through multi-target mechanisms and supports its further evaluation in neurodegenerative disease models.

HIGHLIGHTS

Demonstrates neuroprotective effects in a Drosophila Alzheimer’s model.
Improves lifespan, locomotor activity, and cognitive performance under AlCl₃ exposure.
Modulates expression of sod1, srl, grim, and hsp22
Shows stable binding to AChE comparable to 10-40 in docking analysis.
Suggests multitarget mechanisms through integrated in vivo and in silico

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Comparative Effects of Commercial- and Chemical-Grade Solvent Extraction on the Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Activities of “Yaa-Thaa-Phra-Sen”, A Thai Traditional Remedy

Pattama Sriumpai — 2026-04-25

Yaa-Thaa-Phra-Sen remedy (YTPS) is a traditional Thai formulation used for relief of inflammatory symptoms and treat osteoarthritis. In traditional practice, vinegar or distilled liquor is commonly used as extraction solvents. However, limited studies have investigated the effects of commercial- and chemical-grade solvent systems on the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of YTPS extracts. Extraction of bioactive compounds is an important step that affects the quality and biological activity of herbal preparations. The objective of this study was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of YTPS extracts prepared from fresh and dried plant materials using both chemical-grade (acetic acid and ethanol at defined concentrations) and commercial-grade (vinegar and distilled liquors) solvent systems. Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated based on nitric oxide (NO), TNF-α and PGE₂ production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages, while antioxidant activity was assessed using DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays. Among the tested conditions, extracts prepared from dried plant materials using an acidic ethanolic solvent (Ch-6) exhibited the strongest inhibitory activity against NO production without cytotoxic effects. In contrast, no inhibitory activity was observed against TNF-α and PGE₂ under the tested conditions, indicating a selective anti-inflammatory profile. Antioxidant activities and total phenolic content varied across extraction systems, with intermediate ethanol concentrations generally showing higher values. These finding demonstrate that extraction conditions, including solvent composition and plant material condition, influence the biological properties of YTPS in an endpoint-dependent manner. This study provides scientific support for the optimization of extraction processes for traditional Thai herbal formulations.

HIGHLIGHTS

Extraction conditions (fresh vs dried materials and solvent systems) influenced extraction yield and bioactivity of Yaa-Thaa-Phra-Sen (YTPS) extracts.
Acidic ethanolic extraction of dried YTPS was associated with stronger nitric oxide (NO) inhibitory activity in LPS-stimulated macrophages.
YTPS extracts selectively inhibited NO production without affecting TNF-α or PGE₂ under the tested conditions.
Antioxidant activity and total phenolic content varied across extraction systems, with 30% - 40% ethanol extracts generally showing higher values.
Ellagic acid was identified as a representative phenolic marker for extract characterization, although its direct contribution to the observed bioactivities requires further investigation.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Anti-Premature Skin Aging Activities of Peptides from Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens L.) Larvae: In vitro Analysis and Network Pharmacology

Sendy Junedi — 2026-04-25

Environmental factors and modern lifestyles contribute to premature skin aging, with an increasing number of young adults exhibiting it in subtropical and tropical regions. Bioactive peptides derived from Hermetia illucens L. larvae (black soldier fly larvae, BSFL) have been reported to exhibit antioxidant and antimicrobial activities; however, no study has comprehensively evaluated BSFL-derived peptides within a defined molecular weight range using an integrated in vitro and network pharmacology framework to address multiple mechanisms of premature skin aging. This study aims to extract, fractionate, and characterize peptides from BSFL, specifically targeting bioactivities relevant to premature skin aging in vitro. The peptides were isolated via alkaline solubilization and acid precipitation, followed by ultrafiltration, resulting in a peptide fraction with molecular weights of 3 to 30 kDa (PP). The bioactivities of PP were assessed using total antioxidant capacity, anti-tyrosinase, anti-collagenase, cytoprotection, and microbial modulation assays. Results indicated that the PP exhibited significantly enhanced antioxidant activity, tyrosinase inhibition, NIH/3T3 fibroblast proliferation, and protection of fibroblast from oxidative damage compared to crude protein extract (crude PP). Both PP and crude PP exhibited collagenase inhibition and microbial modulation activities against Corynebacterium glutamicum, a microbial genus model associated with skin aging, and Staphylococcus epidermidis, a beneficial bacterium found on skin. Among 261 tryptic peptides detected in PP by a bottom-up proteomic approach using LC-HRMS, 14 peptides were predicted to be biologically active by network pharmacology analysis. Network pharmacology analysis also predicted that the bioactive tryptic peptides target key proteins involved in skin aging, mainly MMP9, STAT3, and CASP3, which may support anti-collagenase and fibroblast proliferation assays. The results indicate that BSFL-derived peptides exhibit in vitro activities relevant to processes implicated in premature skin aging. These findings support further mechanistic validation in human cellular or tissue models to clarify their biological significance and potential application in skin-related formulations.

HIGHLIGHTS

Peptides from Hermetia illucens larvae (BSFL) with molecular weights ranging from 3 to 30 kDa (PP) demonstrate potent antioxidant, antityrosinase, and anticollagenase activities, indicating the potency to donate electrons to reactive molecules, and bind to the tyrosinase and collagenase.
The BSFL-derived PP promotes fibroblast proliferation and protects cells from oxidative stress.
The BSFL-derived PP selectively modulated a simplified genus-level skin microbiota model, reducing the growth of Corynebacterium glutamicum as a representative of Corynebacterium while preserving Staphylococcus epidermidis.
LC-HRMS identified 261 tryptic peptides in the BSFL-derived PP, of which 14 peptides were predicted bioactive peptides according to network pharmacology analysis.
Network pharmacology analysis revealed that predicted bioactive peptides targeting key skin aging-related proteins mainly MMP9, STAT3, CASP3.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

High-Capacity Removal of Lead and Cadmium Using FGD Gypsum-Derived Hydroxyapatite: Kinetic and Equilibrium Adsorption Studies

Sukrit Sarati — 2026-04-30

Power plant FGD gypsum was successfully valorized into high-purity hydroxyapatite (FGD-HAP) via a hydrothermal route at 150 °C. Structural and textural analyses confirmed the formation of well-crystallized hexagonal hydroxyapatite with a phase purity of 93.9% and a mesoporous morphology favorable for adsorption processes. Batch adsorption experiments demonstrated exceptional removal efficiencies toward Pb²⁺ and Cd²⁺ ions, achieving maximum adsorption capacities of 312.5 and 57.47 mg/g, respectively. Kinetic data were best described by the pseudo-second-order model, while equilibrium data fitted well with the Langmuir isotherm, indicating monolayer adsorption. Mechanistic analysis based on the Dubinin-Radushkevich model revealed that Pb²⁺ removal was dominated by ion exchange and surface chemical interactions, whereas Cd²⁺ adsorption was governed primarily by physical adsorption. These findings highlight FGD gypsum as a sustainable and highly effective precursor for advanced adsorbents, offering a promising circular-economy solution for heavy-metal remediation in water treatment applications.

HIGHLIGHTS

Waste valorization of FGD gypsum in Thailand provides a circular economy solution that simultaneously addresses industrial waste management - reducing landfill occupation and dust emissions - and environmental remediation
The synthesized FGD-HAP exhibits a superior lead (Pb²⁺) adsorption capacity of 312.5 mg/g, which is significantly higher than many other waste-derived adsorbents, including HAP-biochar, eggshells, and bone ash.
A detailed mechanistic analysis uncovered different removal processes for each metal. It showed that ion exchange and chemical reactions are the main mechanisms for removing Pb²⁺, whereas Cd²⁺ is mainly adsorbed onto the material's surface by physical processes.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Tropical Cyclone Contribution to Rainfall in Indonesia’s New Capital City under Seasonal Variability and Madden-Julian Oscillation Modulation

Nadya Rezky Ananda — 2026-05-15

This study investigates the contribution of tropical cyclone (TC)–induced rainfall (TC rain) and the modulation of the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) on the New Capital City of Indonesia (hereafter called Nusantara City or NC), East Kalimantan. A total of 318 TCs were examined using the International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS) data during 2000 - 2024. Daily rainfall from the IMERG Final Product (IMERG-F) was analyzed using RMM-based MJO phase classification. Rainfall from within 1,100 km of the TC center was considered as TC-induced rainfall. Seasonal analysis indicates that TC rainfall contributes 11% - 12% of total rainfall during JJA and increases markedly to 19% - 23% during September - November (SON). MJO modulation demonstrated that TC dominance intensifies during convective suppression phases over Indonesia: the contribution of TC rain exceeded 20% in Phases 5 - 6 during JJA and surpassed 30% in Phases 6 - 7 during SON. This amplification occurs when the MJO convective center shifts to the Western Pacific, dynamically strengthening the monsoon trough and enhancing the interaction between TCs and regional moisture transport toward Kalimantan. A 25-year linear trend analysis indicated a slight increase in total rainfall and a slight decline in TC rain; however, neither was statistically significant, reflecting the low frequency of cyclones directly affecting Kalimantan. Despite the slight annual trend, the substantial contribution of TC during JJA and SON highlights its crucial role as a short-term trigger of extreme rainfall. These findings emphasize the need for integrating TC-related hydrometeorological hazard functions into regional disaster risk mitigation, particularly during the peak transition season.

HIGHLIGHTS

Tropical Cyclones (TC)-induced rainfall over Nusantara City is strongly modulated by the MJO during JJA and SON, based on 25-year IMERG and IBTrACS data.
The contribution of TC to SON (~19% - 23%) is almost twice as large as in JJA (~11% - 12%), making SON the most cyclone-sensitive season.
MJO amplifies the impacts of TC, with a >20% contribution in Phases 5 - 6 (JJA) and >30% in Phases 6 - 7 (SON).
Long-term trends show rising total rainfall and slightly decreasing TC rainfall.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Secretome from Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells Ameliorates Ovarian Aging in a Murine Model

Yulice Soraya Nur Intan — 2026-05-20

Ovarian aging represents a complex biological process characterized by follicular depletion, hormonal dysregulation, and chronic inflammation. We investigated the therapeutic potential of the secretome derived from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (S-HUMCMSCs) in naturally aged female mice. Administration of S-HUMCMSCs significantly reduced serum FSH levels (from 5.43 ± 1.59 to 3.07 ± 2.69 mIU/mL, p < 0.05), decreased senescent cell percentage (from 27.35 ± 0.82% to 8.37 ± 0.85%, p < 0.001), and modulated inflammatory markers with reduction in TNF-α (from 188.23 ± 83.31 to 4.55 ± 4.78 ng/mL, p < 0.001) and elevation in IL-10 (7.55 ± 7.77 ng/mL, p < 0.05). Additionally, S-HUMCMSCs treatment decreased p53 expression {179.17 ± 170.48 vs. 549.67 ± 243.62 in aged controls, p < 0.025} and preserved ovarian follicular architecture. A comparative analysis with 17β‑estradiol therapy demonstrated comparable efficacy in improving ovarian parameters. Although no formal toxicological or long‑term safety assessments were conducted, no adverse clinical signs or behavioral abnormalities were observed during the study period. These findings establish S-HUMCMSCs as a promising cell-free regenerative approach for managing age-related ovarian dysfunction by modulating multiple pathways involved in senescence, inflammation, and hormonal homeostasis.

HIGHLIGHTS

Restoration of HPO Axis Homeostasis: Administration of S-HUMCMSC secretome significantly ameliorated age-related hormonal dysregulation, evidenced by the normalization of serum FSH levels in a naturally aged murine model.
Attenuation of Cellular Senescence: The intervention demonstrated potent senolytic properties, significantly reducing the percentage of senescent cells and downregulating p53 expression in ovarian tissue.
Modulation of the Inflammatory Microenvironment: S-HUMCMSC therapy shifted the systemic cytokine profile towards an anti-inflammatory state, characterized by a significant reduction in TNF-α and upregulation of IL-10.
Comparable Efficacy to 17β‑Estradiol: The cell‑free secretome demonstrated therapeutic efficacy comparable to standard hormone replacement therapy (17β‑estradiol) in preserving follicular architecture, without evidence of adverse effects during the study period.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Chemometric Evaluation, and LC-MS/MS-Based Phytochemical Identification: Elephant Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) Ethanolic Extract

Rika Hartati — 2026-05-25

This study investigated the effects of solvent concentration and extraction technique on the antioxidant properties and phytochemical profile of elephant ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe). Extracts were prepared using maceration and reflux with 70% and 96% ethanol, and their total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant activities were evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC), β-carotene bleaching (BCB), and phosphomolybdenum (PM) assays. Extracts obtained with 96% ethanol exhibited the highest TPC, TFC, and antioxidant capacities, indicating that less aqueous solvents more effectively extract medium-polar constituents. Correlation analysis showed strong associations between phenolic levels and redox-based assays, supported by thin layer chromatogram (TLC) visualization of phenolic and antioxidant-responsive bands. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) profiling identified several bioactive metabolites, including ferulic acid, α-linolenic acid, oleamide, and glyceride derivatives. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis confirmed ferulic acid as a key phenolic marker in the optimized maceration extract. These findings demonstrated that high-ethanol concentration enhances the recovery of antioxidant-active compounds in elephant ginger.

HIGHLIGHTS

Extraction with 96% ethanol enhanced phenolic and flavonoid recovery from Zingiber officinale
Optimized maceration (96% ethanol, 40 min) produced the highest antioxidant activity across multiple assays.
Antioxidant responses varied in relation to total phenolic and flavonoid contents.
LC-MS/MS profiling revealed diverse semi-polar metabolites, including ferulic acid and fatty acid derivatives.
HPLC enabled quantitative determination of ferulic acid in the optimized maceration extract.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Mitochondrial Marker-Based EvaGreen Real-Time PCR for Specific Detection and Quantification of Exserohilum rostratum in Rice Tissues

Yatavee Boonkorn — 2026-05-10

Exserohilum rostratum is a globally distributed ascomycetous fungus with a broad host range, including rice, where it causes brown to reddish-brown leaf spots and grain discoloration. The temperature-dependent development of rice leaf spot disease highlights E. rostratum as a promising model pathogen for studying rice-fungus interactions under elevated temperature conditions. However, disease diagnosis remains challenging due to symptom overlap with other rice-associated fungi and the presence of numerous small, scattered lesions that hinder reliable disease assessment. In addition, sensitive and specific molecular tools for accurate quantification of E. rostratum in rice tissues remain limited. To address this gap, and to our knowledge for the first time, we developed a dye-based real-time PCR assay using EvaGreen chemistry for the specific detection and quantification of E. rostratum in rice tissues. Primers were designed from nuclear loci, including the actin (ACT) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) gene regions, and from mitochondrial loci, including cytochrome c oxidase subunits 1 and 2 (COX1/2), cytochrome c oxidase subunit 3 (COX3), and apocytochrome b (COB). The COX3 and COB assays showed high specificity for E. rostratum, with no amplification of other common rice-associated fungi. The COX3 assay demonstrated superior performance, with higher amplification efficiency (94.65% - 109.08%) and approximately 7.5-fold greater sensitivity (LOD₉₅ = 61.50 pg μL^-1) than the COB assay (59.04% - 75.44% and LOD₉₅= 464.50 pg μL^-1). Both assays enabled successful monitoring of fungal colonization in inoculated rice tissues and showed strong positive correlations between symptom development and pathogen DNA levels. These assays provide accurate and reliable tools for pathogen diagnosis, quantitative disease assessment, cultivar screening, and studies of disease dynamics in the rice–E. rostratum pathosystem.

HIGHLIGHTS

Established EvaGreen-based qPCR assays for accurate detection and quantification of Exserohilum rostratum in rice.
COX3 and COB mitochondrial markers provided high specificity against rice-associated fungi.
The COX3 assay showed higher sensitivity and amplification efficiency than COB.
The developed assays enables quantitative assessment of rice leaf spot progression in planta.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

AI-Enhanced RSM Optimization of Green-Treated Spent Coffee Grounds for Superior Chromium (VI) Removal

Tuan Anh Nguyen — 2026-04-20

In this study, spent coffee grounds (SCG) were chemically activated with Ca(OH)₂ to develop a sustainable adsorbent for Cr(VI) removal from aqueous solutions. Structural analyses (SEM/EDX, FTIR, XRD, and XPS) confirmed that Ca(OH)₂ pretreatment significantly enhanced surface porosity, exposed additional oxygen-containing functional groups (–OH, –COOH), and introduced Ca–O active sites, thereby improving adsorption performance. The adsorption efficiency was strongly influenced by solution pH. Although the highest removal efficiency was observed under strongly acidic conditions (pH ≈ 2), extremely low pH values are not desirable for practical water treatment due to excessive acid consumption and potential corrosion. Therefore, an operational pH range of 4.5 - 5.0 was selected as the optimal condition to balance adsorption performance and practical applicability. Under these conditions (initial concentration ≈ 50 mg L⁻¹, dosage 1.0 g/100 mL, contact time 180 min, temperature 313 K), the maximum adsorption capacity reached 21 - 22 mg g⁻¹ with a removal efficiency of 88% - 90%, compared with only 12 - 14 mg g⁻¹ for untreated SCG. Kinetic analysis demonstrated that the pseudo-second-order (PSO) model best described the adsorption process (R² ≥ 0.993), while isotherm studies revealed good agreement with both Freundlich (R² = 0.984 - 0.992) and Langmuir (R² = 0.980 - 0.993) models, suggesting heterogeneous adsorption with partial monolayer characteristics. Thermodynamic analysis indicated an endothermic adsorption process (ΔH° > 0), with qₘₐₓ increasing from 20.83 mg g⁻¹ (298 K) to 23.45 mg g⁻¹ (328 K). High-resolution XPS spectra confirmed that the adsorbed chromium existed in mixed oxidation states, with partial reduction from Cr(VI) to Cr(III), particularly in SCG4 (2.5 wt% Ca(OH)₂), where the Cr(III)/Cr(total) ratio was highest. Reusability tests showed that after ten adsorption–desorption cycles, the removal efficiency remained at approximately 44%, demonstrating the material’s stability and regeneration potential. These results indicate that Ca(OH)₂-modified SCG is a low-cost, eco-friendly, and effective adsorbent for chromium-contaminated water treatment, combining efficient Cr(VI) removal, partial detoxification, and good recyclability.

HIGHLIGHTS

Sustainable Ca(OH)₂ activation significantly improved SCG surface chemistry and adsorption performance.
High Cr(VI) removal efficiency (up to 90%) achieved at practical pH (4.5–5.0).
Hybrid RSM–AI modeling revealed nonlinear structure–performance relationships with superior prediction accuracy.
Combined adsorption–reduction mechanism enabled detoxification of Cr(VI).
Waste-derived adsorbent offers a scalable and eco-friendly solution for water treatment.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Structure Guided Natural Product Discovery: Isolation and Computational Optimization of Novel Baeckenone-Derived MurA Enzyme Inhibitors

Ilham Kurniawan — 2026-04-20

The rapid spread of multidrug-resistant bacteria has created an urgent, global need for novel antibacterial agents capable of overcoming existing resistance mechanisms. This computational study employs an integrated in silico approach to explore the potential of baeckenone compounds as MurA enzyme inhibitor. We report the isolation of 3 compounds from Baeckea frutescens: (5,7-dihydroxy-8-(1-(2-hydroxy- 4-methoxy-3,3,5-trimethyl -6-oxocyclohexa-1,4-dien-1-yl)-2-methylpropyl)-6-methyl-2-phenylchroman-4-one), Baeckenone B, and Baeckenone L (a novel phoroglucinol). These natural compounds served as starting points for in silico structure-based optimization to predict enhanced MurA binding. All derivatives were evaluated for predicted drug likeness, bioactivity scores, and toxicity profile. Molecular docking against MurA was validated by successful re-docking of fosfomycin (RMSD = 0.394 Å). Binding stability was further assessed through 20 ns molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and MM-PBSA free energy calculations. Structural optimization predicted improved drug-likeness (all modified derivatives complied with Lipinski’s Rule of Five), enhanced bioactivity scores, and suggested in silico membrane integrity antagonist potential without predicted toxicity. Docking analysis indicated higher predicted binding affinities for modified compounds (ΔG = ‒7.3 to ‒7.7 kcal/mol), surpassing the non-covalent binding component of fosfomycin (ΔG = ‒4.5 kcal/mol). MD simulations confirmed enhanced complex stability, with modified ligands exhibiting lower RMSD (0.612 - 1.120 Å), reduced residue fluctuations (RMSF), and favorable MM-PBSA binding energies. Modified Baeckenone B showed the most promising predicted profile (ΔG = ‒7.4 kcal/mol, Ki = 0.58 µM), and stable binding (RMSD = 0.612 Å). This computational study provides a framework for prioritizing baeckenone derivatives for future experimental validation as novel antibacterial agents against multidrug-resistant pathogens.

HIGHLIGHTS

A new phloroglucinol, Baeckenone L, was successfully isolated from Baeckea frutescens.
Structure-based optimization enhanced predicted drug-likeness and bioactivity profiles.
Modified derivatives showed superior predicted non-covalent binding compared to fosfomycin’s non-covalent component under the same docking protocol, though fosfomycin’s clinical mechanism involves covalent inhibition.
MD simulations confirmed superior stability and favorable energetics of optimized ligands.
Modified Baeckenone B emerged as a computationally promising candidate for MurA inhibition, with predicted sub-micromolar affinity and favorable drug-like properties, warranting experimental validation.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Evaluation of Antioxidant and Antihyperglycemic Activities in Kombucha Made from Black Turmeric (Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb.) Rhizome Extract

Uswatun Hasanah — 2026-05-05

Kombucha, a fermented beverage, has gained increasing attention because of its health benefits, particularly when it is combined with medicinal plants. One such plant with promising properties is black turmeric rhizome (Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb.), which is known for its various pharmacological effects. This study aimed to determine the total phenolic, flavonoid, and curcuminoid contents of kombucha produced from black turmeric rhizome and evaluate its in vitro antioxidant and antihyperglycemic activities. After kombucha fermentation at 25 - 30 °C for 10 days, the extract of black turmeric rhizome resulted in 85.538 mg GAE/L of phenolic content and 20.063 mg QE/L of flavonoid content, which was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than that of the unfermented black turmeric. UFLC spectrophotometry analysis showed an increase in curcumin (61.307 ppm), whereas bisdemethoxycurcumin and demethoxycurcumin contents were lower after kombucha fermentation of black turmeric rhizome. The IC₅₀ values for DPPH antioxidant activity was 34.46 ± 0.34 µg/mL (using ascorbic acid as control) and for α-glucosidase inhibition was 9.41 ± 0.76 µg/mL (using acarbose as a control). Significant increases (p < 0.05) were observed in the antioxidant capacities of kombucha fermentation compared to that of unfermented black turmeric rhizome (ABTS: 167%, FRAP: 742%, and CUPRAC: 93%). The elevated total phenolic, flavonoid, and curcumin contents of kombucha were significantly correlated (p < 0.01) with the increase in antioxidant activity and capacity after the fermentation of black turmeric. These findings suggest that kombucha fermentation enhances the potential of black turmeric as a functional food in vitro. Further research should be conducted to optimize its efficacy, such as in vivo or bioavailability studies.

HIGHLIGHTS

This study aimed to increase the potential of black turmeric rhizome (Curcuma aeruginosa ) extract by utilizing it as a substrate for kombucha fermentation in functional food.
Kombucha fermentation increased the total phenolic and flavonoid content, as well as the curcumin content of the black turmeric rhizome extract.
Kombucha prepared from black turmeric rhizome extract showed higher antioxidant activity by DPPH, higher antioxidant capacities by ABTS, FRAP, and CUPRAC, and higher antihyperglycemic activity by α-glucosidase inhibition.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Dual Quenching Fluorescent Detection of Cr(VI) Using N,S,P Co-Doped Carbon Dots Prepared via Rapid Microwave Synthesis

Feni Risma Mei Diana — 2026-04-15

A rapid and sustainable microwave-assisted method was developed for synthesizing nitrogen-, sulfur-, and phosphorus-co-doped carbon dots (N,S,P-CDs) using citric acid as the carbon precursor, along with ethylenediamine, thioglycolic acid, and phosphoric acid as dopant sources, for the early detection of Cr(VI) in aqueous environments. The process achieved highly efficient dopant incorporation in just 30 s at 450 W, demonstrating its green, energy-saving characteristics. Beyond achieving an exceptional quantum yield of 89.64%, this study provides detailed insight into the N,S,P-CDs–Cr(VI) interaction and dual quenching mechanism, explaining the synergistic roles of IFE and SQE in N,S,P-CDs, with high selectivity confirmed in the presence of various cations and anions, an aspect rarely discussed in previous research. In-depth analysis of morphological and optical features, including UV-Vis, FT-IR, Raman, XRD, HR-TEM, zeta potential analyzer, and spectrofluorometer, confirmed effective doping and co-doping, the formation of a carbonaceous core structure, and the resulting strong fluorescence emission. The synthesized N,S,P-CDs exhibited high photostability and strong stability against pH and ionic-strength variations, with a linear detection range of 0 - 100 µM, a low limit of detection of 0.07354 µM, and a limit of quantification of 0.2451 µM. The sensor demonstrated competitive sensitivity, together with high analytical accuracy and precision. Application to real water samples verified accurate Cr(VI) detection below WHO limits, confirming the N,S,P-CDs as a sustainable and sensitive fluorescent platform for monitoring toxic metal pollutants in water.

HIGHLIGHTS

N,S,P co-doped carbon dots were rapidly synthesized by a microwave-assisted method within 30 s at 450 W.
Tri-atom doping promoted graphitic core formation and surface passivation, yielding a high quantum yield of 89.64%.
Structural and optical characterizations confirmed successful heteroatom doping and graphitic core formation.
The fluorescence response toward Cr(VI) arose from the combined contribution of the inner filter effect and static quenching.
The N,S,P-CDs enabled highly selective and ultrasensitive Cr(VI) detection in real water samples with a detection limit of 0.07354 µM.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Comparative study of Sugarcane Bagasse Pyrolysis Methods on Phosphate Ion Adsorption Efficiency: Optimization with BBD-RSM

Nabila Eka Yuningsih — 2026-04-20

Utilization of sugarcane bagasse waste as an adsorbent because it has a high silica content, is environmentally friendly, and has a high surface area. Sugarcane bagasse is used as an adsorbent with oxygen pyrolysis (SB@PO) and N₂ (SB@PN) methods, both of which are applied to reduce phosphate waste in water. The adsorption method was chosen to reduce phosphate levels in wastewater. Adsorption parameters include adsorbent mass, contact time, and initial concentration of phosphate solution. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and Box-Behnken design (BBD) methods are used to optimize the process. Phosphate levels are measured using Differential Pulse Voltammetry (DPV). The characterizations carried out include: FTIR, XRD, FESEM-EDX, and N₂ adsorption-desorption. SB@PO obtained material with a crystalline structure and rich in silica while SB@PN obtained material rich in carbon and amorphous structure. The adsorption optimization results showed that SB@PO was superior to SB@PN, namely the percentage removal and adsorption capacity were 95.97% and 43.48 mg/g for SB@PO, while SB@PN was optimal with the percentage removal and adsorption capacity of 65.75% and 2.2×10⁻⁴ mg/g, respectively.

HIGHLIGHTS

Sugarcane bagasse was transformed into SB@PO and SB@PN adsorbent for phosphate adsorption.
The different pyrolysis method with variations in oxygen (SB@PO) at 500 °C and nitrogen (SB@PN) at 400 °C.
The specific surface area of SB@PO at 236.971 m²/g and SB@PN at 0.139 m²/g.
The phosphate removal uses the adsorption method with measurements using the voltammetry method, optimized using the BBD-RSM approach.
The phosphate recovery with SB@PO adsorbent of 95.97% and SB@PN adsorbent of 65.75%.
SB@PO provides the best adsorption performances with an adsorption capacity of 43.48 mg/g compared to SB@PN of 2.2×10⁻⁴mg/g.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Antidiabetic and Renoprotective Potential of Sand Sea Cucumber (Holothuria Scabra) Extract in Streptozotocin-Induced Male Rats

Ahmad Fajri — 2026-04-20

Introduction: Chronic hyperglycemia in diabetes mellitus promotes progressive renal injury leading to diabetic nephropathy. This study evaluated the antidiabetic and renoprotective effects of the ethanolic extract of Holothuria scabra in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Methods: Twenty-five male rats were divided into five groups (n = 5). Diabetes was induced in the rats with streptozotocin (55 mg/kg), and then treated orally for 28 days with H. scabra ethanolic extract (200 or 400 mg/kg) or metformin. Fasting blood glucose, serum creatinine and urea levels, and histopathological changes in pancreatic and renal tissues were evaluated. Results: Diabetic rats developed sustained hyperglycemia, weight loss, and marked renal structural damage. Treatment with H. scabra ethanolic extract at 200 mg/kg significantly reduced fasting blood glucose (p < 0.001), serum creatinine (p < 0.05), and renal histological injury scores (p < 0.001) compared with untreated diabetic controls. Pancreatic islet morphology showed partial improvement; however, islet number and area were not significantly restored. Phytochemical screening identified flavonoids, saponins, and steroidal compounds. Conclusion: The ethanolic extract of H. scabra exerts integrated antidiabetic and renoprotective effects at 200 mg/kg dose. These benefits likely result from functional metabolic regulation rather than structural regeneration of pancreatic islets. The findings highlight H. scabra as a promising marine-derived candidate for adjunctive diabetes management. Further mechanistic and dose-optimization investigations are warranted.

HIGHLIGHTS

Ethanolic extract of Holothuria scabra showed significant antidiabetic and renoprotective potential in streptozotocin-induced diabetic male rats, as shown by reductions in fasting blood glucose and creatinine serum levels.
Histopathological analysis revealed better preservation of pancreatic islets, improved pancreatic tissue architecture, and reduced renal damage scores following treatment with ethanolic extract of Holothuria scabra.
Ethanolic extract of Holothuria scabra at a dose of 200 mg/kg showed greater improvement in fasting blood glucose and creatinine serum reduction, as well as histopathological improvement in the kidneys and pancreas.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Syzygium gratum Branch Extract: Physicochemical Characterization, and Antibacterial Activities

Amornrassamee Jinnarak — 2026-04-20

Green synthesis offers a sustainable alternative for producing metal nanoparticles with controlled structural and functional properties. In this study, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were successfully synthesized using Syzygium gratum branch extract as a natural reducing and stabilizing agent. The formation of AgNPs was confirmed by the emergence of a characteristic surface plasmon resonance band at 436 nm. Systematic optimization of reaction parameters, including silver nitrate concentration, extract volume, and incubation time, enabled reproducible nanoparticle formation under ambient conditions. Comprehensive physicochemical characterization using UV–Vis spectroscopy, FT-IR, XRD, SEM, HRTEM, EDX, dynamic light scattering, and zeta-potential analysis revealed the formation of crystalline silver nanostructures with a face-centered cubic lattice. XRD analysis indicated an average crystallite size of 11.64 nm, while electron microscopy showed predominantly quasi-spherical nanoparticles with sizes ranging from 2 to 50 nm. The hydrodynamic particle size was 66.64 nm with a polydispersity index of 0.239, and a negative zeta potential value of −35 mV demonstrated good colloidal stability. FT-IR spectral shifts associated with hydroxyl, carbonyl/amide, and C–O functional groups confirmed the involvement of plant-derived phytochemicals in silver ion reduction and nanoparticle surface capping. The biosynthesized AgNPs exhibited pronounced antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains. At a concentration of 10 mM, inhibition zones ranging from 12.67 ± 1.15 to 18.67 ± 0.58 mm were observed, with statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) for five of the six tested strains. The enhanced antibacterial performance is attributed to the small particle size, high surface area, and stable dispersion of the AgNPs. Therefore, this work demonstrates that Syzygium gratum branch extract effectively governs nanoparticle nucleation, growth, and stabilization. The proposed environmentally benign synthesis route provides a reproducible strategy for producing functional silver nanomaterials with potential applications in antimicrobial and biointerface-related fields.

HIGHLIGHTS

A green and reproducible strategy was developed to synthesize silver nanoparticles using Syzygium gratum branch extract as a dual reducing and stabilizing agent.
The biosynthesized AgNPs exhibited a stable face-centered cubic crystalline structure with an average crystallite size of 11.64 nm and a negative zeta potential (−35 mV), indicating good colloidal stability.
Plant-derived functional groups (O–H, C=O/amide, and C–O) played a key role in directing nanoparticle nucleation, growth, and surface stabilization.
The AgNPs showed pronounced antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, producing inhibition zones up to 18.67 ± 0.58 mm with statistically significant effects (p < 0.05).
This environmentally benign synthesis route provides mechanistic insight and a scalable platform for producing functional silver nanomaterials for antimicrobial applications.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Phytochemical Profile and In Vitro Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, Antidiabetic, and Antibacterial Activities of Nauclea orientalis Stem Bark Extracts

Do Van Mai — 2026-04-15

Nauclea orientalis, locally known as Gao Vang in Vietnam, is widely distributed in Southeast Asia and has been traditionally used in ethnomedicine to treat fever, inflammation, and skin disorders. Although phytochemical investigations of Nauclea species and the Rubiaceae family have been reported, studies systematically linking polyphenol-enriched fractions with multiple bioactivities remain limited. This study aimed to determine the total polyphenol and flavonoid contents and to evaluate the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, and antibacterial activities of different extracts of N. orientalis, including ethanol extract, hexane, ethyl acetate, and dichloromethane fractions. Among the tested extracts, the ethyl acetate fraction exhibited the highest total polyphenol and flavonoid contents. Consistently, this fraction showed strong antioxidant activity, with IC₅₀ values ranging from 31.63 ± 0.40 to 54.61 ± 0.72 µg/mL across representative radical scavenging assays, comparable to trolox. In addition, notable anti-inflammatory activity was observed through inhibition of nitric oxide scavenging capacity, with IC₅₀ values of 84.96 ± 1.48 µg/mL, along with superior protective effects in red blood cell membrane stabilization and protein denaturation models. This fraction also demonstrated significant antidiabetic potential through effective inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase, as well as pronounced antibacterial activity. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis qualitatively identified gallic acid, quercetin, and rutin as representative constituents. Overall, these findings highlight the ethyl acetate fraction of N. orientalis as a source with multifunctional bioactivities, providing new pharmacological insight beyond previously reported phytochemical studies of this genus.

HIGHLIGHTS

Nauclea orientalis stem bark is rich in polyphenols and flavonoids
The ethyl acetate fraction shows strong in vitro antioxidant activity
Notable anti-inflammatory effects are observed via NO and protein assays
The extract inhibits α-amylase and α-glucosidase, indicating antidiabetic potential
HPLC identifies gallic acid, quercetin, and rutin as key compounds

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Bio-Coating from Chitosan-Zinc Oxide Nanocomposite for Storage Life Extension of Monthong Durians

Paweena Porrawatkul — 2026-05-10

Durian (Durio zibethinus Murray.) is a climacteric fruit prone to rapid postharvest ripening, limiting its storage life during long-distance transport. This study developed an edible bio-coating of chitosan-alginate incorporating green-synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs; 30 ± 4.6 nm) from Terminalia catappa leaf extract (ZnO NPs/CS) to delay ripening and preserve the postharvest quality of Monthong durian. Effects on weight loss, total soluble sugar content, peel color (L*, a*, b*, and ΔE), and Zn residue were evaluated over 10 days of storage under ambient conditions. ZnO NPs/CS-coated durians showed significantly reduced weight loss (< 6.19 ± 0.39% at day 10 vs. 13.76 ± 0.79% in uncoated fruit). Total soluble sugars increased more slowly in coated fruit, reaching 21.67 ± 0.40 g/100 g at day 10 compared to 23.95 ± 0.27 g/100 g in uncoated samples. Color analysis indicated coated durians retained higher lightness (L*) and greenness (a*), with slower yellowness (b*) development and lower total color difference (ΔE), consistent with delayed ripening. Atomic absorption spectrometry confirmed no detectable Zn in edible pulp across treatments, with only trace levels (0.08 ± 0.002 mg/kg) in the inner peel of coated durians, indicating surface confinement of ZnO NPs. The ZnO NPs/CS coating acted as a semi-permeable barrier, mitigating moisture loss, sugar accumulation, and ripening-related changes while ensuring food safety. This sustainable approach extends durian storage life and marketability, with potential for other climacteric tropical fruits.

HIGHLIGHTS

ZnO nanoparticles were successfully incorporated into chitosan-based edible coatings.
ZnO NPs/CS coatings significantly reduced weight loss during durian storage.
Sugar accumulation and ripening progression were effectively delayed by the coating.
Peel color changes were retarded, with lower ΔE values in coated fruit.
No detectable Zn residues were found in the durian pulp, confirming food safety.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Phytochemical Screening and Antioxidant Activities of Baeckea frutescens Branches Ethanolic Extract on RAW 264.7 Cells

Nurhanani Ayub — 2026-04-30

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) at low concentrations play an important role in cellular signaling, immune function, and cell proliferation. However, excessive ROS can damage cellular components and induce inflammation, contributing to the progression of diseases such as atherosclerosis, cancer, and rheumatoid arthritis. This study examines the phytochemical composition and antioxidant potential of an ethanolic extract from Baeckea frutescens L. branches (BFBE), using RAW 264.7 murine macrophages as the experimental model. The phytochemical screening was conducted using standard tests while the antioxidant activity of the ethanolic extract was evaluated using the DPPH and FRAP assays. Additionally, the study measured intracellular ROS levels and conducted antioxidant enzyme assays to determine the antioxidant capacity of the Baeckea frutescens branches ethanolic extract. Phytochemical screening revealed that the extract contains high levels of saponins and hydrolysable tannins, moderate levels of flavonoids, and a lower concentration of steroids. Alkaloids and triterpenoids were not detected. In the DPPH assay, the extract exhibited concentration-dependent free radical scavenging activity, with an IC₅₀ value of 86.16 μg/mL. The FRAP assay further supported its antioxidant potential, showing a gallic acid equivalent of 31.91 μM at 1,000 μg/mL of extract. Beyond these chemical assays, BFBE demonstrated a potential dual antioxidant effect within the macrophage model. It not only directly scavenged ROS but also helped maintain superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity under elevated ROS generation induced by hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), while no significant changes were observed in catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities. These findings suggest that the antioxidant effects of BFBE may involve both chemical antioxidant activity and modulation of cellular antioxidant responses. The study supports the potential of BFBE as a natural therapeutic agent for managing elevated ROS generation and oxidative stress. Further research is recommended to elucidate its molecular mechanisms and evaluate its in vivo efficacy.

HIGHLIGHTS

Ethanolic extract of Baeckea frutescens branches is rich in saponins and hydrolysable tannins, with moderate flavonoid content.
The extract exhibits strong antioxidant capacity, demonstrated by DPPH radical scavenging (IC₅₀ = 86.16 μg/mL) and FRAP reducing power assays.
In RAW 264.7 murine macrophages, the extract significantly attenuates H₂O₂-induced intracellular ROS generation in a dose-dependent manner.
The antioxidant effect appears to involve direct ROS scavenging and a protective effect on superoxide dismutase activity under elevated ROS generation.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Combustion Performance and Water Absorption of Mixed Shrub and Waste Bio-Pellets at Various Molding Temperatures and Durations

Kidung Tirtayasa Putra Pangestu — 2026-04-20

Bio-pellets represent an environmentally sustainable alternative fuel with the potential to supply fossil fuels. Raw materials considered potential for making bio-pellets should have low economic value and be abundantly available. Materials that meet these criteria include shrubs and plantation waste. This study aimed to identify the optimal material composition and molding condition (temperature and duration) in the production of shrubs and waste mixed bio-pellet based on its combustion characteristics (calorific value and burning rate) and water absorption. Bio-pellets produced form mixture of Gamal shrub (Gliricidia sepium), Lamtoro shrub (Leucaena leucocephala), and coffee husk waste (Coffea arabica), utilizing 6 distinct raw material weight ratios of 1:1:2, 1:2:1, 2:1:1, 0:1:1, 1:0:1, and 1:1:0. The bio-pellets were molded at 2 different temperatures, 180 and 225 °C, for durations of 3 and 5 min. The parameters analyzed included the combustion rate, calorific value, water uptake, and dimensional swelling. The findings of this study reveal that molding temperature exerts the most significant influence on the combustion characteristics of bio-pellets. Bio-pellets molded at 225 °C demonstrated the highest calorific value, reaching 4,767 kcal/kg, alongside the lowest combustion rate at 0.22 g/min. In contrast, the bio-pellets molded at 180 °C exhibited lower calorific values and higher combustion rates. The raw material composition and molding duration did not exhibit a significant effect on combustion rate and calorific value, although the combustion rate tended to decrease with increasing molding duration. Moisture response was strongly temperature-dependent. Increasing temperature from 180 to 225 °C reduced longitudinal swelling (43.68% to 2.95%), transversal swelling (3.73% to 0.77%), volume swelling (55.90% to 4.57%), and water uptake (73.50% to 3.95%), with strong uptake-swelling correlations. These findings suggest that the regulation of molding temperature is a critical factor in optimizing bio-pellet quality, particularly in enhancing energy efficiency, reducing combustion rate, and increasing moisture resistance.

HIGHLIGHTS

Molding temperature has the most significant influence on combustion characteristics of bio-pellets compared to molding duration and raw material composition.
Bio-pellets molded at 225 °C exhibited the highest calorific value of 4,767 kcal/kg with the lowest combustion rate of 0.22 g/min
Raw material composition and molding duration did not significantly affect combustion parameters.
Regulating molding temperature is critical for optimizing bio-pellet quality and energy efficiency.
Optimizing molding temperature can enhance energy efficiency and reduce combustion rate of bio-pellets.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Modulation of Potassium Ion Transport in Mitochondria by Kaempferol and Its Glycosides

Boburbek Yuldoshev — 2026-05-15

Several types of potassium channels are embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane and play a crucial role in cellular function. Among them, the ATP-sensitive potassium channel located in the mitochondrial inner membrane (mitoK_ATP) is known to protect organs and tissues from ischemia-reperfusion injury. In recent years, increasing attention has been devoted to investigating the effects of flavonoids-widely distributed plant-derived secondary metabolites-on various physiopathological processes occurring in the organism. Accordingly, the present study examined the effects of kaempferol and its glycosides isolated from Geranium rotundifolium on mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium channel activity in an ATP- and Mg²⁺-dependent manner, as well as their influence on K⁺ ion transport. At a constant ATP concentration of 200 μM, kaempferol and its glycosides activated mitoK_ATP activity in a dose-dependent manner, with their effectiveness decreasing in the following order: kaempferol > kaempferitrin > kaempferol-7-O-rhamnoside > afzelin. At lower ATP concentrations, kaempferol induced weaker channel activation; however, increasing ATP levels enhanced the degree of mitoK_ATP activation by kaempferol. Simultaneously, increasing the concentration of Mg²⁺ ions resulted in a reduction of kaempferol-induced mitoK_ATP activation. In the presence of the K⁺ ionophore valinomycin, kaempferol more effectively counteracted the succinate-driven reverse K⁺ influx into the mitochondrial matrix compared to other flavonoids. To gain mechanistic insight at the molecular level, in silico docking analysis was performed using the human mitochondrial ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCB8. The docking results revealed stable binding of kaempferol and its glycosides within the ligand-recognition cavity of ABCB8, with binding energies ranging from –6.9 to –8.8 kcal/mol, and indicated a higher affinity of glycosylated flavonoids compared to the aglycone. These interactions were stabilized by hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic contacts with key transmembrane residues, suggesting a potential modulatory role of flavonoids on mitochondrial transport processes. In conclusion, kaempferol and its glycosides may provide protective effects against ischemia-reperfusion injury in the liver and other organs under various stress conditions by modulating the activity of mitoK_ATP and regulating K⁺ ion transport.

HIGHLIGHTS

The activity of the mitoK_ATP channel in the presence of kaempferol and its glycosides was investigated. It was found that these flavonoids increase mitoK_ATP channel activity in a dose-dependent manner under conditions where Mg²⁺ and ATP are present.
In the presence of the K⁺ ionophore valinomycin, kaempferol more effectively counteracted the succinate-driven reverse K⁺ influx into the mitochondrial matrix compared to other flavonoids.
Docking simulations revealed stable binding of afzelin, kaempferol, kaempferitrin, and kaempferol-7-O-rhamnoside within the ligand-recognition cavity of ABCB8, with binding energies ranging from –6.9 to –8.8 kcal/mol.
This indicates that kaempferol and its glycosides, by interacting with the mitoK_ATP channel, protect against ischemia-reperfusion, at that restore mitochondrial and cellular function.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Antioxidant Capacity and Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitory Activity of Ethanolic Rhizome Extract of Curcuma xanthorrhiza: An Integrated in Vitro and in Silico Study

Faishal Ahmad Arbi — 2026-04-20

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia and is characterized by progressive memory loss and cognitive decline. A key pathological mechanism involves excessive hydrolysis of acetylcholine by acetylcholinesterase (AChE), resulting in impaired cholinergic neurotransmission. Therefore, AChE remains a major therapeutic target. Curcuma xanthorrhiza rhizome contains diverse bioactive compounds with reported neuroprotective potential. This study presents the first integrated metabolomics-bioactivity-ADMET workflow applied to ethanolic C. xanthorrhiza extract to systematically identify potential natural AChE inhibitors. Secondary metabolites, including total phenolics, flavonoids, tannins, and alkaloids, were quantified by colorimetric methods. Antioxidant capacity was evaluated using DPPH, FRAP, and lipid peroxidation inhibition assays. Metabolite profiling was conducted by UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap-HRMS, and AChE inhibitory activity was assessed using the Ellman method, with donepezil as the reference drug. Molecular docking against AChE (PDB ID: 6O4W) and in silico ADMET prediction were performed to elucidate binding interactions and pharmacokinetic suitability. The extract exhibited strong antioxidant activity and significant AChE inhibition (IC₅₀ 46.63 µg/mL), while donepezil showed very strong inhibition (IC₅₀ 0.03 µg/mL). Metabolomic analysis identified 43 compounds, predominantly curcuminoids and sesquiterpenes, with xanthorrhizol quantified as a major constituent. Docking analysis revealed several high-affinity ligands; bisdemethoxycurcumin showed the strongest binding energy (ΔGbind −11.55 kcal/mol) but less favorable ADMET properties. In contrast, xanthorrhizol (ΔGbind −8.63 kcal/mol) demonstrated balanced binding interactions and a more favorable predicted pharmacokinetic profile. Overall, this integrative approach enables rational prioritization of bioactive constituents from complex plant extracts and highlights xanthorrhizol as a promising candidate for further experimental validation as a natural AChE inhibitor.

HIGHLIGHTS

Ethanolic extract of Curcuma xanthorrhiza showed strong antioxidant capacity.
Ethanolic extract of Curcuma xanthorrhiza showed strong inhibition of acetylcholinesterase.
High levels of phenolics, flavonoids, tannins, and alkaloids are quantified prior to metabolomic profiling.
UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap-HRMS-based metabolomics identifies 43 bioactive compounds in ethanolic extract.
In silico docking reveals xanthorrhizol and bisdemethoxycurcumin as key acetylcholinesterase binders.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Drug Repurposing of Antihistamines as Antibiotic Adjuvants to Inhibit Biofilm Formation in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus: An In Silico and In Vitro Approach

Putri Nurfauziah — 2026-05-25

Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic pathogen that remains a serious threat to human health due to its high virulence, antibiotic resistance, and strong ability to form biofilms. Biofilm formation reduces the susceptibility of bacteria to conventional therapies and plays a critical role in persistent chronic infections. Drugs repurposing using antihistamines offers an efficient strategy to identify antibiotic adjuvants that can enhance antibiofilm efficacy. This study evaluates the potential of antihistamines, specifically fexofenadine, as an antibiotic adjuvant against biofilm-forming MRSA using integrated in silico and in vitro approaches. Molecular docking analysis targeting the biofilm regulator proteins AgrA (PDB ID: 4G4K) and SarA (PDB ID: 2FRH) showed that fexofenadine has high binding affinity, forming strong hydrogen and non-covalent interactions, and maintaining a stable complex during molecular dynamics simulations. In vitro checkerboard assay showed a synergistic effect between 0.5 µg/mL fexofenadine and 0.5 µg/mL cefoxitin, reducing planktonic bacterial growth by approximately 70% compared to the control. In the biofilm assay, the combination of fexofenadine 1 µg/mL and cefoxitin 16 µg/mL significantly inhibited biofilm formation by 70%, as indicated by lighter crystal violet staining. The in-silico results suggest that fexofenadine may interact with the biofilm regulatory proteins AgrA and SarA, which are anticipated to be involved in the quorum sensing system of Staphylococus aureus, while in vitro findings confirm its synergistic antibiofilm activity with cefoxitin. Overall, this study highlights the potential repurposing of antihistamines, particularly fexofenadine as an antibiofilm combination strategy to enhance therapeutic efficacy against antibiotic-resistant S.aureus infections.

HIGHLIGHTS

Antihistamine repurposing as a cefoxitin adjuvant against MRSA using in silico and in vitro
Molecular docking shows fexofenadine has high binding affinity to AgrA −6.9 and SarA −6.2 kcal/mol, with stable interactions confirmed by molecular dynamics, indicating its contribution as a cefoxitin adjuvant in antibiofilm therapy
Fexofenadine combined with cefoxitin reduces planktonic growth and biofilm formation by 10%

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Evaluation of Anti-Ulcerogenic Effect of Castanopsis costata Extract Against Experimental Gastric Ulcer in Rats

Maulana Yusuf Alkandahri — 2026-04-30

Gastrointestinal diseases, such as gastric ulcer (GU), are caused by damage to the GM, alcohol consumption, NSAIDs (specifically ketorolac), and Helicobacter pylori. Currently, several plants are effective in treating GU, including Castanopsis costata. Until now, there has been no report regarding the antiulcerogenic effects of ethanolic extract of C. costata (EECc) reported. Therefore, this research aimed to test antiulcerogenic potential of EECc in 3 rat models of GU induced by ethanol (EtOH) 1 mL orally, ketorolac (30 mg/kg orally), and H. pylori (1.0×10⁹ CFU intragastrically). Each treatment group in the experimental model was given EECc 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg orally. In this context, GpH and GV, FA and TA, as well as UI, were measured to assess gastric function. Measurements of inflammatory cytokines levels, as well as histopathological examination of tissue, were carried out to determine the effects of organ damage. Anti-H. pylori activity was tested in vitro and in vivo to assess the inhibition of H. pylori growth. The results showed that EECc improved gastric function, reduced the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, increased PGE2, inhibited the growth of H. pylori in vitro and in vivo, and improved tissue architecture by reducing the severity of GM injury, leukocyte infiltration, and bleeding. Moreover, EECc had antiulcerogenic effects in EtOH-, ketorolac-, and H. pylori-induced GU rat models.

HIGHLIGHTS

Castanopsis costata is a traditional medicine to treat fever, various digestive disorders, and analgesic.
The ethanolic extract of Castanopsis costata exhibited anti-ulcerogenic activity against experimental gastric ulcer in rats (ethanol-induced, ketorolac-induced, and pylori-induced gastric ulcer).
The study also demonstrated that ethanolic extract of Castanopsis costata exhibits significant anti- pylori activity in vitro and in vivo.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Moisture Sorption Isotherms and Drying Kinetics of Lepironia articulata: Effects of Hot Air Drying on Mechanical Properties and Structural Changes

Pitchasak Chankuson — 2026-05-10

This study systematically investigates the moisture sorption behavior, drying kinetics, and coupled structural-mechanical responses of Lepironia articulata (LA) fiber under controlled hot-air drying conditions (40 - 80 °C). Equilibrium moisture content (EMC) was determined at water activity levels ranging from 0.1 to 0.9 and modeled using several empirical equations. Among these, the Modified Guggenheim-Anderson-de Boer (GAB) model provided the best fit across all temperatures, exhibiting the highest coefficient of determination (R²) and lowest root mean square error (RMSE), indicating its suitability for describing sorption behavior in lignocellulosic fibers. Drying kinetics were analyzed using nine thin-layer drying models, where the Modified Page model consistently demonstrated superior predictive accuracy. The drying process was dominated by the falling-rate period, confirming that internal moisture diffusion governs mass transfer. Increasing drying temperature significantly accelerated moisture removal, reducing the drying time required to reach a moisture ratio of 0.10 from approximately 540 min at 40 °C to 140 min at 80 °C. Mechanical testing revealed a non-linear dependence of tensile strength on temperature, with an initial reduction at 40 - 50 °C, followed by recovery at 60 - 70 °C, and a maximum value at 80 °C, while elongation at break remained relatively stable. FTIR analysis indicated progressive dehydration, reduction of hydroxyl groups, and degradation of hemicellulose, accompanied by increased cellulose ordering. SEM observations confirmed corresponding morphological changes, including fiber densification at moderate temperatures and micro-crack formation and cell wall collapse at higher temperatures. The apparent contradiction between increased tensile strength and structural damage at elevated temperatures is explained by crystallinity-driven stiffening and improved microfibril alignment, which dominate bulk mechanical behavior despite localized defects. Overall, drying at 60 °C was identified as the optimal condition, providing a balance between efficient moisture removal, mechanical performance, and structural integrity. These findings provide a comprehensive framework for optimizing drying processes and enhancing the utilization of natural lignocellulosic fibers in sustainable material applications.

HIGHLIGHTS

Modified GAB model accurately predicts EMC of Lepironia articulata fiber across a_w 0.1 - 0.9.
The modified Page model best describes drying kinetics dominated by internal moisture diffusion.
Drying temperature significantly affects structure-property relationships, with tensile strength peaking at 80 °C due to increased cellulose crystallinity.
The optimal drying condition is 60 °C, balancing moisture removal efficiency, mechanical performance, and structural integrity.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Hibiscus sabdariffa Extract-Based, Green-Synthesized Ag-PANI Nanocomposite for Antibacterial, Antioxidant, and Anticancer Activities

Rusul Ali Al-Masaoodi — 2026-05-05

Multifunctional nanocomposites with anticancer, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities are increasingly needed to address cancer progression, oxidative stress, and microbial resistance using biocompatible and eco-friendly materials. In this study, a green-synthesized Ag-PANI nanocomposite was successfully prepared using Hibiscus sabdariffa extract and evaluated for its physicochemical characteristics and biological performance. Structural and morphological analyses confirmed the successful formation of the nanocomposite and the incorporation of Ag nanoparticles within the PANI matrix. The Ag-PANI nanocomposite exhibited improved colloidal behavior, with a reduced hydrodynamic size distribution of about 500 - 600 nm and a positive zeta potential of approximately +22 mV, indicating enhanced dispersion stability compared with pure Ag nanoparticles and pristine PANI. In vitro cytotoxicity against breast cancer cells revealed a clear concentration-dependent reduction in cell viability, with an estimated IC₅₀ in the intermediate concentration range. The nanocomposite also showed notable antioxidant activity, with effective radical scavenging performance in DPPH, H₂O₂, hydroxyl, and superoxide assays. In addition, it demonstrated strong antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, with maximum inhibition zones of 24.0 ± 0.91 and 21.0 ± 0.73 mm, respectively, at 1250 µg/mL. These findings indicate that the green-synthesized Ag-PANI nanocomposite is a stable and promising multifunctional platform for anticancer, antioxidant, and antibacterial biomedical applications.

HIGHLIGHTS

A biocompatible Ag-PANI nanocomposite was successfully fabricated via a green synthesis route using Hibiscus sabdariffa tea extract.
The Ag-PANI nanocomposite exhibited significant concentration-dependent cytotoxicity against human breast cancer cells with an estimated IC₅₀ in the intermediate range.
The nanocomposite demonstrated notable radical-scavenging antioxidant activity and effective antibacterial performance against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus
Synergistic interaction between silver nanoparticles and polyaniline matrix enhances biological performance, supporting its potential as a multifunctional anticancer nanoplatform.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Histopathology of the Coffee Berry Borer Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari) Infected by the Entomopathogenic Fungi Beauveria bassiana

Sinlapachai Senarat — 2026-04-30

The coffee berry borer (Hypothenemus hampei) is one of the most destructive pests of coffee worldwide, causing severe economic losses. The entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana has been widely used as a biological control agent; however, detailed histopathological responses of H. hampei to fungal infection remain poorly understood. This study investigated the morpho-histopathological alterations and apoptosis in adult H. hampei following exposure to B. bassiana. Beetles were immersed in a spore suspension (1×10⁹ conidia/mL) and sampled at multiple time points up to 144 h post-exposure. Histological analyses were performed using hematoxylin-eosin, PAS, Masson’s trichrome, and Grocott’s methenamine silver staining. Apoptotic cells were detected using TUNEL assay, and tissue damage was evaluated using the histological alteration index (HAI). Fungal hyphae were detected in the integument and adipose tissue as early as 12 h post-exposure. From 24 to 144 h, progressive fungal proliferation, cuticle thinning, muscle degeneration, adipose tissue degeneration, and gut epithelial erosion were observed. Quantitative analysis revealed a significant increase in fungal area and a marked reduction in cuticle thickness (p < 0.001). Apoptotic cell density increased in a time-dependent manner, with strong immunoreactivity observed after 60 h. These findings demonstrate that B. bassiana rapidly penetrates and disrupts host tissues, leading to extensive structural damage and apoptosis. Understanding the infection dynamics of B. bassiana provides important insights for optimizing biological control strategies and enhancing sustainable pest management in coffee agroecosystems.

HIGHLIGHTS

First detailed morpho-histopathological analysis ofBeauveria bassiana infection in Hypothenemus hampei.
Rapid fungal penetration of the cuticle and adipose tissue were observed within 12 h post-exposure.
Significant reduction in cuticle thickness and expansion of fungal area from 48 - 144 h.
Time-dependent increase in histological alteration index (HAI) and apoptotic cell density.
Findings clarify infection dynamics supporting the biological control development.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

miR-15b-5p in Cancers: Expression Patterns and Regulatory Pathways

Kharisma Arethusa Maesaroh — 2026-05-20

miR-15b-5p is a multifunctional microRNA (miRNA) that is highly context-dependent in cancer, acting as either an oncomiR or a tumor suppressor miRNA (TSM) depending on tumor type, molecular characteristics, and microenvironment. This review synthesizes existing evidence to outline pathway and network integration underlying the context-dependent biological roles of miR-15b-5p across different cancers. Integrated multi-omics cancer profiling demonstrates significant upregulation across several solid tumor types, including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), colorectal cancer (CRC), prostate cancer (PCa), melanoma, and early-stage breast cancer. Conversely, downregulation has been observed in some malignancies, such as Hodgkin’s lymphoma, renal cell carcinoma, and KRAS-mutant CRC. This indicates the dual roles of miR-15b-5p. Upstream, miR-15b-5p is regulated by multiple lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA axes, which affect key targets such as CHRM3, PPM1D, CCND1, CDC42, CA2, and CCNE2, which are involved in oncogenic pathways such as PI3K/Akt, NF-κB, p53, MAPK/ERK, Wnt/β-catenin, TGF-β, and VEGF signaling. In our analysis, the PI3K/Akt network and its interaction with p53 and mTOR appear to be prominently affected signaling pathways, although other regulators such as PAQR3, AXIN2, and ACVR2A may contribute to broader tumor-specific phenotypes. By systematically integrating evidence across diverse malignancies and distinguishing experimentally validated targets from predicted interactions, this study provides a consolidated and mechanistically grounded framework positioning miR-15b-5p as a context-dependent therapeutic, prognostic, and diagnostic candidate. While current evidence remains largely preclinical, our synthesis clarifies inconsistencies in the literature and establishes a structured foundation for future clinical validation.

HIGHLIGHTS

Dual roles of miR-15b-5p as an oncomiR and tumor suppressor miR in cancer pathogenesis has been described in many studies.
miR-15b-5p is regulated by multiple lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA axes, which affect key target genes.
Several key cancer related signaling pathways are regulated by miR-15b-5p, including PI3K/Akt, NF-κB, p53, MAPK/ERK, Wnt/β-catenin, TGF-β, and VEGF signaling.
mir15b-5p' has potential as a therapeutic target, prognostic, and diagnostic biomarker in human cancers.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT