Trends in Sciences

Antibacterial and Antifungal Cotton Fabrics Functionalized with Plant Extracts for Sustainable Textile Applications

Tuan Anh Nguyen — 2026-04-01

This study reports the development of multifunctional cotton fabrics finished with bioactive extract from Terminalia catappa leaves, with a focus on sustained release kinetics as a novel contribution. A Box-Behnken design was employed to optimize extract concentration (1 - 5 %w/v), bath pH (4 - 8), and treatment time (10 - 60 min). Under the optimized finishing condition (5.0 %w/v extract, pH 6.0, 60 min), the treated cotton exhibited antibacterial efficiency of 96.1% against E. coli, antifungal inhibition of 94.1% against Candida albicans, and washing durability of 90.2%. Phytochemical profiling via GC-MS confirmed the presence of dominant flavonoids (quercetin 2.29 ± 0.10 mg/g DW; kaempferol 1.96 ± 0.09 mg/g DW), phenolic acids (gallic acid 2.85 ± 0.12 mg/g DW; ellagic acid 2.05 ± 0.09 mg/g DW), and triterpenoids (β-sitosterol 5.39 ± 0.21 mg/g DW). Release studies monitored by UV-Vis spectroscopy demonstrated cumulative polyphenol release of 73% (pH 5), 84% (pH 7), and 93% (pH 9) after 96 h. Higuchi fitting (R² = 0.981 - 0.992; k_H = 4.82 - 6.38 %·h^−1/2) and Korsmeyer-Peppas modeling (n = 0.82 - 0.91) confirmed anomalous transport involving both Fickian diffusion and polymer matrix relaxation. SEM images showed uniform nanoscale deposition on fibers, supporting the controlled release mechanism. These findings demonstrate that T. catappa extract provides a green and effective strategy for sustainable cotton finishing, with the novelty of integrating release kinetics as a critical parameter for durability and functionality.

HIGHLIGHTS

Polyphenol-rich Terminalia catappa extract functionalized cotton
1% antibacterial and 94.1% antifungal efficiency achieved
Sustained release (73%-93%) over 96 h following Higuchi kinetics
Strong immobilization with minimal leaching (< 2%)
Potential low-cost, eco-friendly antimicrobial textile for screening use

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Antimalarial Activity of Endophytic Fungi from Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) Leaves: Heme Polymerization Inhibition, Metabolite Profiling, and Molecular Docking Analysis

Muh Ade Artasasta — 2026-03-20

Malaria remains a major global health challenge and requiring the continuous discovery of new and effective antimalarial agent to combat drug resistance. The production of natural antimalaria drugs often requires large amount of plant biomass that raising seriuos concern about plany consevation and resource sustainability. Endophytic fungi, which biosynthesize the same metabolites as their host plant, represent an alternative source of bioactive compounds with therapeutic potential, including antimalarial activity. This study aimed to isolate and characterize endophytic fungi from breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) leaves, evaluate their antimalarial activity, identify their major metabolites, and analyze their molecular interactions with Plasmodium falciparum heme detoxification proteins. Endophytic fungi were isolated using the surface sterilization method and cultured on PDA medium, and then on rice medium. The ethyl acetate extracts of the selected isolates were evaluated for antimalarial activity against P. falciparum using the heme polymerization inhibition assay. The most active extract derived from JDSUM4 isolate (IC₅₀ = 0.46 ± 0.15 µg/mL), was molecularly identified as Aspergillus flavus. The extract was subsequently analyzed using LC-MS/MS, which revealed ten major secondary metabolites. These compounds were selected based on Lipinski’s Rule of Five and subsequently subjected to molecular docking against heme peroxidase and histidine-rich protein 2 (HRP-2). Docking analysis showed that all compounds possessed favorable binding affinities, ranging from −4.0 to −6.3 kcal/mol for heme peroxidase and −4.2 to −8.1 kcal/mol for HRP-2. Among them, emodin, fluvastatin, and mycophenolic acid exhibited the strong affinity toward both targets, comparable to artemisinin as a positive control. Collectively, these findings indicate that metabolites from A. altilis leaf endophytic fungi, particularly those produced by isolate JDSUM4, hold promise as novel sources of natural antimalarial compounds targeting multiple heme detoxification pathways.

HIGHLIGHTS

Endophytic fungi from Artocarpus altilis were explored as a sustainable alternative source of antimalarial compounds.
Seven isolates were screened, with Aspergillus flavus JDSUM4 showing the most potent activity (IC₅₀= 0.46 ± 0.15 µg/mL).
LC-MS/MS profiling revealed diverse metabolites, including anthraquinones, diterpenoids, and fatty acids with potential synergistic effects.
Molecular docking analysis identified emodin, fluvastatine, and mycophenolic acid as the secondary metabolites that show strongest interaction to heme detoxification related protein.
This study demonstrates a eco-friendly approach for discovering antimalarial agent from fungal endophytes.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Morphological and Morphometric Characteristics of Crustaceans (Decapoda) in the East Coast of Aceh Province, Indonesia

Irfannur Irfannur — 2026-03-05

The east coast of Aceh Province, including Pidie, North Aceh, and Aceh Tamiang Regencies, is a producer of Decapod (Crustacea), a marine capture fishery commodity. Decapod fishing activities are suspected to be excessive on the east coast of Aceh Province. Therefore, this study aims to map resources, identify morphology, and morphometrics of Decapods in these waters, as an initial step toward supporting sustainable management. This study was conducted from June to September 2025. Sampling was carried out in the waters of North Aceh Regency (Site 1), Pidie Regency (Site 2), and Aceh Tamiang Regency (Site 3). The collected samples were then taken to the Mathematics and Natural Sciences Laboratory of Almuslim University for further analysis. The analysis carried out included morphological and morphometric identification. There are 8 Decapods species caught in the waters of the east coast of Aceh Province, including Charybdis feriata, Portunus sanguinolentus, Portunus pelagicus, Penaeus monodon, Metapenaeus monoceros, Penaeus merguiensis, Panulirus homarus, and Panulirus ornatus. In the North Aceh Regency, the species caught were Portunus sanguinolentus, Penaeus monodon, Metapenaeus monoceros, and Panulirus ornatus. In the Pidie Regency, the species caught were Portunus sanguinolentus, Charybdis feriata, Penaeus merguiensis, and Panulirus homarus. Furthermore, in the Aceh Tamiang Regency, the species caught were Portunus pelagicus, Penaeus monodon, Metapenaeus monoceros, and Penaeus merguiensis. This study addresses this gap by providing a comprehensive morphometric baseline and taxonomic identification of 8 commercially vital species. The results reveal notable morphological variability in Panulirus homarus and high habitat specificity for Charybdis feriata, highlighting the influence of local ecological conditions on population structure. These findings offer a novel contribution to regional fisheries management, serving as a critical reference for establishing sustainable exploitation limits in the Malacca Strait ecosystem.

HIGHLIGHTS

Identification of eight commercially vital decapod species across the East Coast of Aceh.
Species distribution analysis across North Aceh, Pidie, and Aceh Tamiang coastal regions.
Establishment of comprehensive morphometric data for sustainable Malacca Strait fisheries management.
Observation of significant morphological variations in Panulirus homarus across different sampling sites.
Highlighting high habitat specificity for Charybdis feriata influenced by local ecological conditions.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

The Influence of Para-Substituent on the Molecular Properties and Biological Activities of Aroylhydrazone Derivatives: DFT Analysis and Anti-Cervical Cancer Evaluation Through In Silico and In Vitro Studies

Imanuel Gauru — 2026-03-15

The synthesis of four aroylhydrazone-derived compounds was successfully conducted via the condensation reaction between benzoyl hydrazine and four different aromatic aldehydes. The resulting comppunds were identified as 4-Methoxybenzylidene ben-zo hydrazide (L1), 4-hidroksi-benzaldehid benzoyl hydrazone (L2), 4-methylbenzylidene benzohydrazide (L3) and 4-nitrobenziliden - 2 - benzoyl hydrazine (L4). Their spectroscopi cal and physicochemical characteristics were analyzed through UV-Vis, IR, ¹H NMR, and ¹³C NMR instruments. Structural optimization was subsequently performed using density functional theory (DFT), followed by theoretical evaluations of UV-Vis and IR spectral modeling, reactivity and stability, and several quantum chemical descriptors. It was revealed that the theoretical results agreed with the experimental yields. The results of DFT analysis showed that L1 (ΔE_GAP = 4.58 eV) and L3 (ΔE_GAP = 4.42 eV) have high molecular stability and reactivity. These parameters indicate L1 and L3 as candidates for anticancer compounds. Besides, the antioxidant and cytotoxicity of the prepared compounds were observed to elucidate their specific mechanisms. L1 and L3 showed moderate anticancer activity with IC₅₀ values of 82.12 and 42.64 µg/mL, respectively. In addition, insilico analysis, indicated strong binding affinities for L1 and L4, with docking binding energies of −9.37 and −10.57 kcal/mol. The Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion, and Toxicity (ADMET) predictions and pharmacokinetic parameters of the samples further supported their favorable oral bioavailability.

HIGHLIGHTS

Four para-substituted aroylhydrazones (L1 - L4) have been successfully synthesized via condensation reactions.
DFT analysis showed that L1 (ΔE_GAP = 4.58 eV) and L3 (ΔE_GAP = 4.42 eV) have high molecular stability and reactivity.
4-Methoxybenzylidene benzo hydrazide (L1) and 4-methylbenzylidene benzoh ydrazide (L3) had moderate cytotoxicity toward HeLa cells.
4-Nitrobenzylidene-benzoyl hydrazine (L4) exhibited strong CDK2 inhibition (ΔE = −10.57 kcal/mol).
All compounds met Lipinski rules with low predicted toxicity.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Optimization of Operational Parameters in Nickel–Cobalt Electrowinning from Mixed Sulfate Electrolytes

Subandrio Subandrio — 2026-03-10

Nickel and cobalt are strategic metals that play an important role in the development of electric vehicle batteries and high-performance metal alloys. Indonesia, as one of the countries with the largest laterite nickel reserves in the world, faces challenges in the efficient, selective, and environmentally friendly extraction process. Conventional separation methods such as solvent extraction have drawbacks, including high cost and the chemical waste generated. Therefore, the electrowinning method becomes a promising alternative because it can produce high-purity metals with lower energy consumption. This research aims to optimize the process of electrowinning mixed nickel and cobalt from sulfate solution by varying electrode distance, applied potential, and metal ion concentration ratio to improve deposition efficiency and selectivity of the resulting metals. The process was conducted using a batch electrolysis cell with nickel-cobalt sulfate electrolyte and boric acid buffer. The research results indicate that increasing the potential and decreasing the electrode distance significantly increase the mass of the metal deposit, whereas the Ni-Co concentration ratio affects reduction selectivity due to differences in ion mobility and overpotential for each metal. XRD analysis shows that the crystal phase formed is dominated by nickel with a face-centered cubic (FCC) structure and cobalt with a hexagonal close-packed (HCP) structure. Increasing the potential leads to a decrease in crystallinity due to the high nucleation rate. FESEM observation results show that the particle morphology is non-uniform with a flower-like aggregate shape, while EDX analysis indicates that the deposit composition is dominated by nickel at 86.9% and cobalt at 13.1% with uniform element distribution. These results indicate that optimal electrowinning conditions are capable of producing homogeneous nickel and cobalt metal deposits with high efficiency.

HIGHLIGHTS

Electrowinning optimized for Ni-Co sulfate system with varied potential, electrode distance, and concentration ratio of Ni:Co in the electrolyte.
Higher potential and nickel concentrations with shorter electrode distance increased metal deposition efficiency.
The longer electrode distance enhances the separation of nickel and cobalt in the deposit, increasing the selectivity for nickel.
XRD patterns confirmed FCC nickel phase and HCP cobalt phase
FESEM and EDX analysis revealed flower-like aggregates dominated by nickel element.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Influence of Extraction Temperature on Physicochemical Characteristics of Indigenous Java Coffee Bean Extract

Agatha Harta Muliani — 2026-03-15

This study investigated the influence of extraction temperature on the physicochemical characteristics of Arabica and Robusta coffee bean extracts from Indonesia using Soxhlet extraction with 50% ethanol as a solvent. Light-roasted coffee beans were extracted at three different temperatures: 58 ± 2 °C, 68 ± 2 °C, and 76 ± 2 °C. The results showed that extraction yield increased over time; however, at higher temperatures, yield declined after 6 h, likely due to compound degradation or solvent saturation. Kinetic modelling effectively described the extraction process, with the extraction rate for Arabica increasing from 0.398 to 0.480 %/h (R² = 0.953 to 0.981), while Robusta was more temperature-sensitive, rising from 0.394 to 0.686 %/h (R² = 0.921 to 0.971). As the extraction temperature increased, Robusta extracts exhibited higher refractive index and specific gravity than Arabica. Additionally, significant colour changes were observed in both coffee types (p < 0.05) based on L*, a*, b*, and Hue angle values, with Arabica extracts appearing darker than Robusta. Higher temperatures also resulted in increased total fat content, rising from 0.64 to 3.05 %wb in Arabica and from 0.62 to 1.86 %wb in Robusta. In contrast, phenolic content decreased with increasing temperature, from 0.10 to 0.09 g GA/g in Arabica and from 0.17 to 0.13 g GA/g in Robusta. The optimal extraction temperature for maximizing yield and physicochemical properties may vary depending on the coffee type (Arabica or Robusta).

HIGHLIGHTS

Soxhlet extraction using ethanol was validated as a green alternative to hexane for indigenous Java coffee.
Increasing temperature significantly improved extraction rates, especially for Robusta.
High temperatures maximized oil yield but degraded heat-sensitive phenolic compounds.
Refractive index and specific gravity increased with temperature, reflecting higher solute concentration.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Development and Validation of A C57BL/6 Mouse Model of Androgenetic Alopecia Through Testosterone Propionate Induction

Adniana Nareswari — 2026-03-15

Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is the most prevalent form of progressive hair loss, primarily influenced by genetic and androgenic factors, particularly dihydrotestosterone. Existing therapeutic options show limited efficacy, emphasizing the need for reliable and representative animal models. This study established a testosterone propionate (TP)-induced C57BL/6 mouse model of AGA and evaluated the associated clinical, histopathological, and molecular alterations within the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Twenty-one male C57BL/6 mice were randomized into seven groups (n = 3 per group): One control and six groups receiving subcutaneous testosterone propionate at 0.5, 1.0, or 1.5 mg/day for 7 or 14 days consecutive days. Hair regrowth, dermal thickness, follicle density, and β-catenin expression were analyzed using standardized morphometric and immunohistochemical analyses. Data with normal distribution were assessed using one-way ANOVA, while non-parametric data were evaluated with the Kruskal-Wallis test, followed by LSD or Dunn’s post hoc analysis. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Low-dose, short-term treatment (0.5 mg/day for 7 days) produced only mild dermal thinning and partial follicular reduction, whereas higher doses and prolonged exposure induced progressive inhibition of hair regrowth. The regimen of 1.5 mg/day for 14 days resulted in complete growth arrest, pronounced dermal thinning, follicular depletion, and marked β-catenin suppression (p < 0.001, 0.028, and 0.017, respectively). Post hoc analysis confirmed significant reductions in dermal thickness (groups receiving 1.0 - 1.5 mg/day for 7 - 14 days), follicle density (1.5 mg/day for 7 days and 1.0 - 1.5 mg/day for 14 days), and β-catenin expression <1.5 mg/day for 7 and 14 days>. Despite the small sample size, this study demonstrates that subcutaneous TP administration at 1.5 mg/day for 14 days successfully induces androgenetic alopecia in C57BL/6. This model provides a robust, reproducible, and physiologically relevant platform for mechanistic exploration and preclinical testing of therapeutic agents tergeting Wnt/β-catenin signaling.

HIGHLIGHTS

A reproducible testosterone propionate–induced androgenetic alopecia model was established in C57BL/6 mice.
High-dose and prolonged androgen exposure caused dose- and duration-dependent hair growth inhibition.
Dermal thinning, follicular miniaturization, and β-catenin suppression mirrored human AGA pathology.
This model provides a robust platform for mechanistic studies and preclinical therapeutic evaluation.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Germinated Cempo Ireng Black Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Demonstrates Functional Anti-Obesity Effects in High-Fat Diet-Induced Rats

Mina Parhatus Salamah — 2026-03-15

Obesity is a long-term metabolic disorder caused by an imbalance between energy consumption and energy expenditure, leading to excessive fat accumulation. This condition is closely associated with metabolic disorders, thus requiring effective strategies for prevention and management. One such approach is the consumption of functional foods, such as whole grains like black rice, whose functional value can be enhanced through germination. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of administering germinated black rice (GBR) to rats with a high-fat diet (HFD), compared with non-germinated black rice (NGBR) and white rice (WR). The results showed that GBR significantly suppressed body weight gain, liver mass, and adipose tissue mass, approaching levels observed in the control group. GBR also improved lipid profiles by reducing total cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL, while increasing HDL and cecal cholesterol excretion. The most significant reduction in blood glucose levels was observed in the GBR group (Δ −49 mg/dL), accompanied by a decrease in hepatic malondialdehyde levels, indicating a reduction in oxidative stress. Additionally, GBR increased the concentrations of acetate, propionate, and butyrate, which contribute to metabolic improvement. Histopathological analysis revealed smaller adipocyte size and reduced hepatic steatosis in the GBR group. Gene expression analysis revealed significant downregulation of Hmgcr, suggesting an inhibition of hepatic cholesterol biosynthesis. These results indicate that germinated black rice exerts stronger anti-obesity effects than NGBR and WR, supporting its potential as a functional food for obesity prevention.

HIGHLIGHTS

Germinated black rice Cempo Ireng variety was evaluated for its anti-obesity potential in HFD rats.
A rodent obesity model was used to assess metabolic and gene-expression changes.
Germinated black rice Cempo Ireng variety significantly reduced adiposity and improved lipid profiles.
Improved lipid metabolism was linked to downregulation of Hmgcr and Fasn
Findings support germinated black rice Cempo Ireng variety as a functional ingredient for obesity control.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Protective Effects of Salacca zalacca Peel Extract on Oxidative and Inflammatory Liver Injury Biomarkers in CCl4-Induced Rats

Danis Pertiwi — 2026-03-10

Salacca zalacca peel extract (SPE) contains phenolic and flavonoid compounds with reported antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, but in vivo evidence from liver injury models remains limited. This study evaluated the effects of SPE on biomarkers in CCl₄-induced liver injury in Wistar rats by measuring serum alanine aminotransferase (SGPT), TNF-α, and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Thirty rats were divided into 5 groups: Healthy controls, 2% CCl₄-treated controls (C-), 3.6 mg/kg NAC-treated controls (C+), and CCl₄-induced rats treated with low (400 mg/kg BW/day) and high (600 mg/kg BW/day) doses of SPE for 14 days. SPE was administered orally following CCl₄ induction. SGPT levels were measured by spectrophotometry, and TNF-α and SOD levels were analyzed using ELISA. Compared to CCl₄ controls, SPE groups showed significantly reduced SGPT and TNF-α levels and elevated SOD activity (p < 0.005), indicating improved markers of hepatocellular injury, inflammation, and antioxidant status. The high-dose SPE group exhibited the greatest effect. In conclusion, SPE administration demonstrated antioxidant and anti-inflammatory benefits by lowering SGPT and TNF-α while increasing SOD levels.

HIGHLIGHTS

Ethanolic Salacca zalacca peel extract protects against CCl₄-induced liver injury in Wistar rats.
The extract reduces SGPT and TNF-α levels and improves antioxidant enzyme activity.
High phenolic and flavonoid contents contribute to antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.
Liver protection is associated with improved oxidative stress and inflammatory status.
Salacca zalacca peel shows potential as a natural hepatoprotective agent from agricultural waste.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Toothpaste Containing Green-synthesized Silver Nanoparticle using Moringa oleifera Leaf Extract and Ulvan: Formulation, Characterization, Antifungal Activity and Stability Test

Nuur Aanisah — 2026-03-20

This study addresses the need to enhance the antifungal activity of toothpaste formulations while ensuring the use of safe and biocompatible synthesis approaches. Therefore, this study aimed to develop silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) via a green approach to improve antifungal performance in toothpaste formulations, using Moringa oleifera leaf extract as a safe bioreductor and ulvan as a stabilizing agent. Moringa oleifera leaves were extracted by maceration using 96% ethanol, while ulvan was isolated from Ulva lactuca through acid extraction and enzymatic treatment. AgNPs were synthesized at varying extract concentrations (0.3% - 0.7%), labeled as E1 - E5, and characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy, particle size analysis, zeta potential measurement, FTIR, and PXRD. The AgNP formation was confirmed by a color change to reddish-brown and a distinct SPR band, with λmax shifting with increasing extract concentration. Particle size ranged from 438 - 699 nm, indicating aggregation, while zeta potential values (−4.9 to −12.6 mV) suggested moderate colloidal stability. FTIR analysis of alginate beads containing AgNPs revealed characteristic O–H, COO⁻, and C–O–C bands, confirming metal-carboxylate interactions, whereas PXRD showed crystalline Ag peaks. Toothpaste formulations (F1 - F5) incorporating the beads were evaluated for physical properties, antifungal activity, and stability. All formulas exhibited acceptable organoleptic characteristics, homogeneous texture, and the physical properties meeting SNI standards. Antifungal testing demonstrated inhibition zones of 19 - 22 mm, with higher AgNP concentrations yielding stronger activity. Stability testing over 14 days indicated no significant changes in color, odor, homogeneity, pH, foaming, or spreadability, with slight decreases in viscosity. In conclusion, F3 showed the most favorable balance of physical stability, AgNP incorporation (6.01 ± 0.08 mg/L), and antifungal performance. These findings demonstrate that green-synthesized AgNPs encapsulated in alginate beads have strong potential for incorporation into safe and effective antifungal toothpaste formulations.

HIGHLIGHTS

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were successfully synthesized via an eco-friendly green synthesis method using Moringa oleifera leaf extract as a bioreductant and ulvan as a natural stabilizing agent.
Characterization (UV–Vis, FTIR, PXRD, particle size, zeta potential) confirmed AgNP formation, metal–carboxylate interactions, and crystalline FCC silver structure, validating the success of the synthesis and encapsulation process.
AgNP-loaded alginate beads demonstrated strong antifungal activity (19 - 22 mm inhibition zones) against Candida albicans ATCC 10231 and the toothpaste formulation exhibited excellent physicochemical performance and 14-day stability, meeting SNI standards for viscosity, pH, spreadability, foamability, and overall organoleptic quality.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Comparative Study on Anti-Inflammatory Activity and Phytochemical Constituents of Essential Oil, Steamed and Non-Steamed Extracts of Zingiber Ottensii Valeton

Patcharaporn Muanrit — 2026-03-15

The rhizome of Zingiber ottensii Valeton (ZT) has traditionally been used to treat wounds and various digestive disorders, including flatulence, stomachache, and peptic ulcers, as well as to alleviate inflammatory conditions. However, the impact of the steaming process - commonly employed in Thai folk medicine to prepare ZT rhizomes - on their anti-inflammatory activity and chemical constituents has not yet been scientifically investigated. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the anti-inflammatory activities, analyze the chemical composition, and quantify bioactive constituents of essential oil, including steamed and non-steamed extracts. In vitro anti-inflammatory activities were assessed by measuring NO inhibition using Griess reagent in RAW 264.7 cells, as well as IL-6, TNF-α and PGE₂ production using an ELISA test kit. Chemical composition was analyzed using GC/MS, and bioactive constituents in the extracts were quantified by HPLC. Among all ZT extracts, the essential oil (ZTEO) exhibited the strongest inhibitory effect on NO and IL-6 production. In comparison, the non-steamed hexane (ZTNH) and ethanol (ZTNE) extracts were significantly more effective than the steamed hexane (ZTSH) and ethanol (ZTSE) extracts in suppressing these inflammatory mediators. Zerumbone also demonstrated remarkable efficacy in inhibiting NO and IL-6, being at least 57-fold more potent than diclofenac. GC-MS analysis revealed notable differences in the chemical profiles of steamed and non-steamed ZT extracts and essential oil. Zerumbone and α-humulene were identified as the major sesquiterpenes in all tested samples, while terpinen-4-ol was absent in both the steamed hexane and ethanol extracts. The HPLC results further confirmed a significant decrease in zerumbone content in the steamed extracts compared to their non-steamed counterparts. Overall, the steaming process appeared to reduce both the anti-inflammatory activity and zerumbone content of Zingiber ottensii rhizomes, suggesting that non-steamed rhizomes are preferable for preserving their bioactive compounds and therapeutic potential.

HIGHLIGHTS

The essential oil, hexane and ethanol extracts of Zingiber ottensii Valeton (ZT) rhizome exhibited potent anti-inflammatory properties, primarily through the inhibition of key pro-inflammatory mediators, NO and IL-6.
The non-steamed ZT extracts were significantly more effective than the steamed extracts in suppressing NO and IL-6 inflammatory mediators.
Zerumbone and α-humulene were found to be the main monocyclic sesquiterpene constituents in ZT essential oil, as well as in hexane and ethanol extracts.
Zerumbone demonstrated remarkable efficacy in inhibiting both NO and IL-6 productions, being at least 57-fold more potent than diclofenac.
Steaming was found to reduce both the biological activity and zerumbone content of ZT extracts compared to their non-steamed counterpart.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Green Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Using Fruit Peel Waste Extract of Nypa fruticans Via Microwave-Assisted as Antioxidant and Antibacterial Agents

Reza Destri Anggi — 2026-03-15

Nanostructured particles exhibit broad applicability in nanotechnology-related fields, with their properties strongly influenced by the synthesis method and material source. This study reports an eco-friendly, microwave-assisted approach for synthesizing zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) using Nypa fruticans fruit peel extract (FPNP). The quantification of the total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid content (TFC) of FPNP was determined using a calorimetric assay. Whereas, the biosynthesis of ZnO NPs-FPNP was characterized with several instrumental methods, including UV-Vis spectrophotometer, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), particle size and zeta potential analyzer (PSA and ZPA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), x-ray diffraction (XRD), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Therefore, the antioxidant and antibacterial activities of ZnO NPs-FPNP were observed to evaluate the biological activity of nanoparticles. Furthermore, the FPNP contains TPC and TFC were 20.53 ± 1.20 mg GAE/g and 15.80 ± 1.46 mg QE/g, respectively. Meanwhile, the ZnO NPs-FPNP was acquired as an amorphous yellowish-white powder, devoid of any discernible odour, and was comprehensively characterised. The visible spectra revealed a significant peak at 370 nm, correlating to a band gap energy of 3.04 eV, thus confirming the synthesis of the nanoparticles. FTIR spectra indicated that the peak at 497 cm⁻¹ corresponds to the stretching vibration of Zn-O, which is the characteristic peak for the formation of ZnO NPs-FPNP. The particle size of ZnO NPs-FPNP, as determined by particle size analysis, is 234 ± 59.5 nm, with a polydispersity index of 0.516. The zeta potential of ZnO NPs-FPNP was measured at ‒25.7 ± 1.50 mV, signifying the stability of the ZnO NPs-FPNP. The SEM image displayed an uneven morphology, with primary particle sizes at the nanometre scale that tend to combine into micrometre clusters. TEM investigation revealed that ZnO NPs-FPNP predominantly exhibited a rod-like morphology, with lengths varying from approximately 50 to 150 nm and diameters between 20 and 40 nm. The ZnO NPs-FPNP were confirmed to comprise three elements: zinc, oxygen, and carbon. The XRD pattern confirmed that the ZnO NPs-FPNP have a wurtzite crystal structure, demonstrating significant stability at temperatures above 400 °C. This study exhibited that the no significant difference in the antioxidant activity to inhibit radical DPPH and ABTS between ascorbic acid and ZnO NPs-FPNP at the highest concentration. Then, the ZnO NPs-FPNP have demonstrated bactericidal effect against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Nonetheless, ZnO NPs-FPNP have potential applications in pharmaceuticals, cosmeceuticals, and agriculture.

HIGHLIGHTS

Green synthesis using fruticans waste
Microwave-assisted ZnO NP formation
Stable rod-shaped wurtzite ZnO NPs
Antioxidant activity comparable to vitamin C
Strong bactericidal activity against pathogens

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Catalytic Conversion of Pyrolysis Oil into Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuel via Deoxygenation Using Solid Pyrolysis Products of Buton Rock Asphalt

Vicario Baroroh — 2026-03-15

Asphalt Pyrolysis Oil (APO) obtained from Buton rock asphalt pyrolysis contains high oxygenate compounds, which cause the oil to be acidic and unstable; thus, it requires upgrading to improve its quality. Oxygenate compounds can be reduced by catalytic deoxygenation. This study utilized Buton rock asphalt solid residue (CRA), which is rich in CaCO₃, impregnated with Fe, Ni, and Zn metals as a deoxygenation catalyst (Fe/CRA, Ni/CRA, and Zn/CRA). GC-MS analysis revealed that the initial APO was predominantly composed of oxygenates and heavy fractions (C₁₈ and above) (45.91%). After deoxygenation using Ni/CRA, the C₁₁-C₁₈ fraction increased to 77.40% and the fraction greater than C₁₈ decreased to 16.32%. The Ni/CRA catalyst also showed the best performance with the highest liquid yield (69.11%) and the lowest coke (1.42%). These results indicate that Fe/CRA, Ni/CRA, and Zn/CRA have the potential to improve the quality of APO liquid fuel.

HIGHLIGHTS

Char residue asphalt (CRA) impregnated with Ni, Fe, and Zn deoxygenation catalysts for asphalt pyrolysis oil (APO).
Ni/CRA capable of increasing the C₁₁–C₁₈ fraction up to 77% and the fraction greater than C₁₈ decreased to 16.32% after deoxygenation reaction.
The Ni/CRA catalyst showed the highest liquid yield (69.11%) with the lowest coke (1.42%).
The Ni-CRA catalyst promoted the hydrogenation and hydrogenolysis of oxygenate compounds (acids, ketones, esters), so it was effective in reducing oxygenate content.
Fe/CRA and Zn/CRA also showed an upgrading effect, although with lower activity than Ni/CRA.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Neurobiological and Clinical Effects of Vitamin D in Psychiatric Symptoms: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review

Rina Hastuti Lubis — 2026-03-20

Beyond its traditional function in maintaining calcium and phosphate homeostasis, vitamin D is now widely understood as a neuroactive steroid with regulatory effects on neural transmission, inflammatory modulation, and synaptic adaptability commonly referred to as neuroplasticity. Insufficient vitamin D status has been linked to disturbances in neuroimmune regulation as well as dysregulation of key neurotransmitter systems including dopaminergic, serotonergic, and glutamatergic pathways. This meta-analysis integrates findings from neurobiological research and clinical trials to examine the impact of vitamin D supplementation on a range of psychiatric manifestations, encompassing depressive symptoms, anxiety, psychotic features, and substance-related psychiatric disturbances. A total of 16 randomized controlled trials published between 2016 and 2025 were included, with data synthesized using a random-effects model and standardized assessment instruments such as the BDI, HAM-D, PHQ-9, BAI, STAI-S, and PANSS. The aggregated results indicate that vitamin D supplementation is associated with a small to moderate reduction in overall psychiatric symptom severity, as reflected by a standardized mean difference of −0.33 with a 95% confidence interval ranging from −0.54 to −0.12 and a statistically significant p value of 0.002. More consistent improvements were observed in mild-to-moderate depressive symptoms (SMD = −0.40; 95% CI −0.68 to −0.13; p = 0.004). Among individuals with substance use disorders, vitamin D significantly lowered depressive symptom scores (MD = −3.60; 95% CI −5.19 to −2.00; p < 0.0001), whereas its effects on anxiety symptoms were not significant (SMD = −0.74; 95% CI −1.71 to 0.23; p = 0.14). In psychotic disorders, vitamin D produced no significant improvements across PANSS domains (p > 0.05). vitamin D appears to modulate excitatory-inhibitory neurotransmission, oxidative stress regulation, inflammatory signaling, and monoaminergic pathways, supporting its role as an adjuvant rather than a primary therapeutic agent. Although beneficial in specific clinical contexts, vitamin D shows limited efficacy in severe psychiatric conditions characterized by longstanding neurocircuit abnormalities. Future large-scale RCTs are needed to determine optimal dosing strategies and clinical subgroups most likely to benefit.

HIGHLIGHTS

This study highlights that vitamin D supplementation is associated with reductions in psychiatric symptoms, especially depressive symptoms. Evidence supports its role as an adjunctive intervention rather than a primary treatment in psychiatric care.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Lipid Profile Improvement of Moringa oleifera Leaf Powder from Different Leaf Stalk Colors: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies

Lina Novi Ariani — 2026-03-20

Moringa oleifera (MO) has long been known for traditional diseases preventions and treatments. This tree has wide genetic variabilities such as the distinctive leaf stalk colors. Moringa oleifera leaf powder (MOLP) is potentially used for a functional food ingredient. The high prevalence of hypercholesterolemia requires a search for ingredients for cholesterol-lowering food products. This study aimed to evaluate the ability of MOLP from different leaf stalk colors (red, white, green) in improving lipid profile in vivo. The mechanism of improvement was evaluated by in vitro HMG-CoA and pancreatic lipase inhibitory activities of MOLP extract and in vivo fecal concentration. The results showed that the highest HMG-CoA reductase inhibitory activity was obtained from the MOLP extract with white leaf stalk, followed by red and green ones. The highest inhibition was found in the aqueous extract of MOLP from red leaf stalk with an inhibitory activity of 81.06%, almost comparable to statin of 85.20%. The sequence of the HMG -CoA reductase activity from the highest was the water extract of MOLP from red leaf stalk (81.06%), followed by ethyl acetate extract of MOLP from green leaf stalk (97.30%), water extract of MOLP from white leaf stalk (75.72%). The highest lipase inhibition activity was exhibited by MOLP with red leaf stalk followed by white and green ones. MOLP with different leaf stalk colors reduced LDL-c. TG, and TC, but increased HDL-c significantly, that MOLP from the red laef stalk was the best, followed by white and green ones. The number of identified phytochemicals from ethanol extracts was influenced by leaf stalk color. Flavonoids were the predominant phytochemicals for all MOLP extracts from different leaf stalk colors. MOLP increased fecal cholesterol concentration indicating inhibition of cholesterol absorption. MOLP has more advantages than MO leaf extract in modulating lipid profile due to its composition.

HIGHLIGHTS

Moringa oleifera leaf powder (MOLP) from different leaf stalk colors was evaluated for its lipid improvement properties.
The extracts of MOLP from different leaf stalk colors exhibited different inhibitory activities to HMG-CoA reductase and pancreatic lipase.
A slightly different phytochemical profile was found in the extracts of MOLP from different leaf stalk colors
In vivo studies showed that red leaf stalk MOLP was more effective in reducing cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL-c levels than white and green ones.
MOLP has more advantages than MO leaf extract in modulating lipid profile due to its composition.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Chlorogenic Acid Enhanced Testosterone-Mediated Libido Through Improved Glycemic Control and Redox Homeostasis in Diabetic Male Rats

Eko Naning Sofyanita — 2026-03-25

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) induces chronic metabolic disruption characterized by sustained hyperglycemia, oxidative–antioxidant imbalance, and impaired steroidogenesis, resulting in progressive deterioration of male reproductive and sexual function. Chlorogenic acid (CGA) is a polyphenolic compound with metabolic and antioxidant activities, and has shown potential benefits in mitigating diabetes associated reproductive dysfunction. This study evaluated the effects of CGA on glycemic control, oxidative stress, testosterone levels, and libido parameters in male Wistar rats with T2DM. Thirty rats were divided into six groups (n = 5 per group): healthy controls, diabetic controls, diabetic + metformin, and diabetic treated with CGA at 6.25, 12.5, and 25 mg/kg BW. Glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and testosterone were measured on day 32. Sexual behavior was recorded over three consecutive days. CGA demonstrated a dose-dependent improvement across all biological parameters. The highest CGA dose is 25 mg/kg BW and can reduce HbA1c levels, decrease MDA, and increase SOD, testosterone levels and libido activity close to those of normal controls. Correlation analyses revealed strong relationships between glicemic control, oxidative, hormonal, and libido variables. In conclusion, CGA enhances glycemic control and redox balance, restores testosterone, and improves libido-related behavior in diabetic rats, with broader restorative effects compared to metformin. CGA represents a promising adjunctive strategy for addressing diabetes-related reproductive dysfunction

HIGHLIGHTS

Type 2 diabetes mellitus reduces glycemic control, increases oxidative stress, and disrupts hormonal balance and libido activity in male rats.
Administration of chlorogenic acid (CGA) improves HbA1c, oxidative–antioxidant status, and testosterone levels in a dose-dependent manner.
Improvements in metabolic and oxidative parameters are closely related to the recovery of libido activity, particularly the frequency of introduction and climbing.
Libido activity reflects the integration of metabolic, oxidative, and hormonal improvements following CGA administration in diabetic rats.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

UHPLC Analysis of Phenolic Compounds from Phanera strychnifolia Leaf Extracts, and Their Alpha-glucosidase and Alpha-Amylase Inhibitory Activities Supported by Molecular Docking

Sumet Kongkiatpaiboon — 2026-03-25

Phanera strychnifolia is a traditional medicinal plant showing remarkable antihyperglycemic activity. To develop as a phytopharmaceutical product for Diabetes, an in-depth investigation of the α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory activities of the main constituents was conducted. The developed UHPLC method was validated for qualitative and quantitative analyses of the major constituents gallic acid (1), trilobatin (2), yanangdaengin (3), and phloretin (4). The performed stress tests provide information about storage conditions and about the stabilities of these compounds under various conditions. The optimized extraction with ethanol/water (1:1, v/v) gave the highest yield of gallic acid (1), and the dihydrochalcones trilobatin (2), yanangdaengin (3), and phloretin (4). Yanangdaengin (3) exhibited potent α-glucosidase inhibitory activity (IC₅₀ of 10.42 µM), which was about 30 times higher active than the commercial drug acarbose (IC₅₀ of 329.09 µM). This result was also confirmed by computerized molecular docking. Our work confirms the suitability of hydrophilic leaf extracts from P. strychnifolia as a potential herbal medicine for the treatment of postprandial hyperglycemia and provides valuable information for the phytopharmaceutical development of this plant.

HIGHLIGHTS

Alpha-glucosidase and alpha-amylase inhibitory activities from Phanera strychnifolia leaf extracts were studied. The bioactive compounds were confirmed with molecular docking.
Yanangdaengin (3) exhibited potent α-glucosidase inhibitory activity (IC₅₀ of 10.42 µM), which was about 30 times more active than the commercial drug acarbose (IC₅₀ of 329.09 µM).
The UHPLC method for qualitative and quantitative analyses of gallic acid (1), trilobatin (2), yanangdaengin (3), and phloretin (4), the major constituents in Phanera strychnifolia leaf extract was developed and validated.
A suitable extraction method of this plant was developed and optimized. Extraction with ethanol/water (1:1, v/v) gave the highest yield of gallic acid (1), and the dihydrochalcones trilobatin (2), yanangdaengin (3), and phloretin (4).

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Drying Kinetics and Quality Assessment of Thai Rice Noodles Using Hot-Air and 2-Stage Drying Methods

Paradorn Nuthong — 2026-03-10

This study investigated the drying kinetics and quality attributes of Thai rice noodles subjected to hot air and 2-stage thin layer drying methods. Hot-air drying experiments were conducted at 40, 50, and 60 °C The 2-stage drying involved an initial infrared drying phase at 200, 400, and 600 W for 120, 90, and 30 min, respectively, followed by hot-air drying at temperatures of 40, 50 and 60 °C. Key quality parameters assessed included color metrics, rehydration ratio, surface morphology, and texture. Results showed that the moisture content during hot-air drying decreased exponentially, with the drying rates varying from 0.0119 to 0.0236 and drying times from 120 to 240 min. The effective diffusion coefficient ranged from 1.3378×10⁻¹¹ to 2.5796×10^–11 m²/s and, drying behavior was well described by Page’s drying model. In contrast, the two-stage drying exhibited a linear moisture decrease during the infrared phase and an exponential decrease during the subsequent hot-air drying. The drying rates ranged from 0.0096 to 0.0376 with drying times ranged between 75 and 300 min. Effective diffusion coefficients for the first and second stages ranged from 4.1045×10^–12 to 2.6461×10^–11 to 1.5668×10^–11 to 4.3220×10^–11 m²/s, respectively, with drying kinetics accurately predicted by Singh et al. drying model. Quality analysis revealed that prolonged drying time reduced brightness but increased redness and yellowness. Both drying techniques produced dried noodles exhibiting quality characteristics comparable to commercial products, along with a notably higher rehydration ratio.

HIGHLIGHTS

The drying of Thai rice noodles was investigated using hot air and 2-stage thin layer drying methods.
During hot-air drying, the moisture content dropped exponentially, and Page’s drying model accurately captured the drying behavior.
Singh et al. drying model correctly anticipated the drying kinetics, which showed a linear moisture drop during the infrared phase and an exponential decrease during the subsequent hot-air drying.
Longer drying times increased redness and yellowness while decreasing brightness, according to quality analysis. Both drying methods yielded dried noodles with a noticeably greater rehydration ratio and quality attributes on par with commercial items.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

High Saturated-Magnetization-Realization Induced by Zinc Substitution in Cobalt Ferrite Nanoparticles Synthesized via Sol-Gel Method

Nurdiyantoro Putra Prasetya — 2026-03-20

Cobalt ferrite (CoFe₂O₄) is a promising spinel ferrite material due to its high chemical stability, moderate saturation magnetization, and significant coercivity, making it attractive for various technological applications such as magnetic data storage, sensors, and photocatalysis. Tailoring its properties via cationic substitution enables precise tuning of both structural and magnetic characteristics. In this study, zinc-substituted cobalt ferrite nanoparticles with Zn²⁺ concentrations of x = 0, 0.2 and 0.4 were synthesized via the sol-gel method and thermally annealed at 450 °C for 6 h. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns confirmed a single-phase face-centered cubic spinel structure (space group Fd-3m), corroborated by Rietveld refinement. FTIR spectra revealed characteristic vibrational bands at tetrahedral (v₁) and octahedral (v₂) sites, confirming spinel formation. Magnetic measurements showed a significant reduction in coercivity from 1,130 Oe (x = 0) to 247 Oe (x = 0.4), attributed to a domain transition from single- to multi-domain structure. Meanwhile, saturation magnetization increased from 75.77 to 104.74 emu/g, linked to the redistribution of non-magnetic Zn²⁺ ions to tetrahedral sites, replacing magnetic Co²⁺, and the migration of Fe³⁺ to octahedral positions. Additionally, the emergence of spin reverse-orientation of Fe³⁺ at tetrahedral sublattice contributed to the enhancement in magnetization. These interpretations were further supported by magnetic structure simulations using the BasIreps program, confirming the presence of spin-down ordering in trivalent cation of tetrahedral site. This study provides insights into Zn’s role in modulating the magneto-structural behavior of cobalt ferrite for advanced magnetic materials.

HIGHLIGHTS

Zn substitution effectively tailors structural and magnetic properties.
Magnetization (Ms) increases while coercivity (Hc) decreases with higher Zn content.
BasIreps confirms spin reverse-orientation correlated with rising saturation magnetization.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Chemical Composition and Anti-Skin Cancer Potential of Eucalyptus tereticornis Essential Oils from Vietnam: An In Vitro and In Silico Study

Tran Hoang Ngau — 2026-03-10

This study aimed to explore the therapeutic potential of Eucalyptus tereticornis essential oil in skin cancer treatment, with E. camaldulensis serving as a well-documented reference, both species collected in Vietnam. A multidisciplinary approach was employed to investigate chemical composition, cytotoxicity, anti-metastatic effects, and molecular mechanisms. The chemical constituents of the oils were characterized using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Cytotoxic effects were evaluated on murine melanoma B16F10 cells using the MTT assay. Anti-metastatic potential was investigated through cell migration (wound healing assay) and adhesion assays. To elucidate possible molecular mechanisms, molecular docking simulations were performed against key melanoma-related protein targets, including BRAF, NRAS, AKT3, FAK, and HDAC, and gene expression survival analysis stratified melanoma patient outcomes. GO and KEGG enrichment analyses were used to interpret functional roles. In cytotoxicity assays, E. tereticornis displayed a higher IC₅₀ (152.9 µg/mL) compared to E. camaldulensis (182 µg/mL), suggesting higher anticancer efficacy. Moreover, E. tereticornis significantly inhibited B16F10 cell migration and adhesion, indicating potential anti-metastatic activity. GC-MS identified 46 compounds across both species. The dominant constituents in E. tereticornis were β-pinene, caryophyllene oxide, and a-pinene, while β-eudesmol, γ-terpinene, and o-cymene were major in E. camaldulensis. Docking results showed the strongest binding affinity to BRAF with the bicyclo[4.1.0]heptane, 7-bicyclo[4.1.0]hept-7-ylidene derivative (−8.5 kcal/mol). Survival analysis revealed significant prognostic associations for alloaromadendrene and caryophyllene-(I1) in melanoma patients (p < 0.05). Eucalyptus essential oils, particularly from E. tereticornis, exhibit promising antioxidant and anticancer activities, suggesting potential in melanoma therapy.

HIGHLIGHTS

Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Eucalyptus tereticornis were evaluated for their antioxidant and anticancer potential against skin cancer.
Eucalyptus tereticornis exhibited stronger cytotoxic and anti-metastatic effects compared to Eucalyptus camaldulensis.
β-eudesmol, γ-terpinene, and o-cymene predominated in Eucalyptus camaldulensis, whereas β-pinene, caryophyllene oxide, and α-pinene were dominant in Eucalyptus tereticornis.
Major phytoconstituents demonstrated strong binding affinity toward BRAF kinase in molecular docking analysis.
These findings suggest a potential mechanistic basis for the anticancer activity of the studied Eucalyptus

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Preparation of Fe-doped Silicalite-1 Using Geothermal Sludge as a Potential Adsorbent for Methylene Blue Removal

Ade Irma Rozafia — 2026-03-20

Geothermal sludge contains a high concentration of silica (85% - 93%) that is typically waste in geothermal plant, offering a promising alternative silica precursor for synthesizing of silicalite-1. In this study, geothermal sludge was acid-leached to remove impurities and enrich reactive silica, then used for hydrothermal preparation of Fe-doped silicalite-1 with Fe addition of 0.002 - 0.014 mol. Low Fe loading preserved the MFI framework with only a slight reduction in relative crystallinity (Fe@S-2 = 95.81%), whereas excessive Fe loading largely suppressed MFI formation (Fe@S-14 = 1.77%) and produced a partially amorphous material. The as-prepared Fe@S-5 exhibited a spherical morphology with an average particle size of 2.89 µm and the external surface area increased with Fe loading, reaching 174.2 m²g⁻¹ for Fe@S-14. In methylene blue adsorption, Fe@S-14 showed the highest uptake of 46 mg g⁻¹ compared with S-1 of 7.9 mg g⁻¹. The adsorption kinetics followed the pseudo-second order model and equilibrium data were reasonably described by the Langmuir isotherm within the investigated concentration range. Overall, this work demonstrates a sustainable route to utilize geothermal sludge into functional adsorbents for dye-containing wastewater treatment with clear potential for industrial implementation.

HIGHLIGHTS

Geothermal sludge used as a silica source
HCl leaching increased SiO₂purity to 93 wt%
Higher Fe loading enhanced methylene blue adsorption performance
The adsorption followed pseudo-second order kinetics and Langmuir isotherm model

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Effect of Acute Toxicity of 2,4-D Dimethylammonium on Rice Field Crab (Esanthelphusa dugasti): Toxicity Testing, Hemocyte Abnormality, Neurotoxicity, and Alteration of Tissue

Chutima Thanomsit — 2026-03-15

This study investigated the acute and sub-lethal toxicity of 2,4-D dimethylammonium on the rice field crab (Esanthelphusa dugasti), an ecologically important crustacean in Southeast Asian rice-field ecosystems. Crabs were exposed to 0 - 3 mg/L of 2,4-D dimethylammonium for up to 96 h, and toxicity was assessed using mortality, hematological parameters, cholinesterase activity, protein expression, histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT). Mortality increased in a concentration- and time-dependent manner, with the median lethal concentration (LC₅₀) values decreasing from 4.67 mg/L at 24 h to 2.98 mg/L at 96 h. Significant reductions in total hemocyte counts and marked hemocyte deformities were observed at multiple exposure levels (p < 0.05). Neurotoxicity was evidenced by progressive inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), with AChE activity declining from 149.45 ± 0.95 nmol/min/mg protein in controls to 119.66 ± 2.02 nmol/min/mg protein at 3 mg/L after 96 h, accompanied by reduced AChE expression. Histopathological analysis revealed concentration-dependent damage in gill and hepatopancreas tissues, including vacuolation, lumen distension, lamellar collapse, and hemocyte infiltration (p < 0.0001). Notably, OCT enabled non-destructive, depth-resolved visualization of internal tissue disruption, corroborating histological findings and providing three-dimensional insight into organ-level pathology. Unlike previous studies on 2,4-D dimethylammonium toxicity in crabs that relied on conventional endpoints, this study demonstrates the novel application of OCT as a complementary imaging tool linking molecular neurotoxicity with structural tissue damage. These findings highlight the ecological risk of 2,4-D dimethylammonium to rice-field crabs and support the use of OCT in advanced aquatic ecotoxicological assessment.

HIGHLIGHTS

2,4-D dimethylammonium causes dose- and time-dependent mortality in the rice field crab (Esanthelphusa dugasti).
AChE and BChE activities significantly decrease with increasing herbicide concentration and exposure duration.
Hemocyte counts and morphology are altered, indicating the immunotoxic effects of. 2,4-D dimethylammonium exposure.
Histological and immunohistochemical (IHC) analyses reveal progressive damage in the gill and hepatopancreas tissues.
Non-destructive OCT imaging effectively detects organ-level damage, which is consistent with the biochemical and histological findings.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Phytochemical Constituents and In Vitro Antioxidant and Anticancer Activities of Hornstedtia conoidea Ridl. (Zingiberaceae) from the Simeulue Islands

Zumaidar Zumaidar — 2026-03-25

Hornstedtia conoidea (Zingiberaceae) is a traditional medicinal plant in the Simeulue Islands. Previous studies on the Hornstedtia genus have reported various pharmacological activities, including antioxidant, toxicity, antimicrobial, and glucosidase inhibitory effects; however, its anticancer activity, particularly against breast and cervical cancer, has not yet been scientifically validated. This study aimed to examine the antioxidant and anticancer activities of H. conoidea leaf extracts. The extraction process used solvents with different polarities (methanol, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane). Phytochemical screening and measurements of total phenolic and flavonoid contents were conducted for each extract. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, and antiproliferative activity against breast (MCF7) and cervical (HeLa) cancer cells was assessed using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The results showed that the methanol leaf extract of H. conoidea contained alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, steroids, and terpenoids, with the highest total phenolic (314.69 ± 0.65 mg/g) and flavonoid (43.62 ± 1.20 mg/g) contents among the tested extracts. This extract also exhibited the strongest antioxidant activity, with an IC₅₀ of 14.21± 0.100 µg/mL against DPPH. In addition, the methanol extract demonstrated higher antiproliferative activity against cancer cells compared to the other extracts, with IC₅₀ values of 287.09 ± 3.33 µg/mL for MCF7 cells and 384.78 ± 4.21µg/mL for HeLa cells; however, this activity is classified as weak. The methanolic and ethyl acetate leaf extracts of H. conoidea exhibited strong antioxidant activity, indicating their potential for further development as natural antioxidant agents. In contrast, the in vitro antiproliferative effects against breast and cervical cancer cells remain limited and require further investigation.

HIGHLIGHTS

Hornstedtia conoidea leaf extract from Mount Sibao, Simeulue Island, Aceh, Indonesia contained alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, terpenoids, and steroids.
Methanol was the optimal solvent for extracting phenol and flavonoid compounds from Hornstedtia conoidea leaf in this study.
Hornstedtia conoidea leaf methanolic extract exhibited very strong antioxidant activity, indicating its potential for further development as a novel therapeutic agent.
Hornstedtia conoidea leaf extract exhibited weak inhibitory effects on the proliferation of breast and cervical cancer cells in vitro.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Surface Modification of Banana Pseudo-Stem Cellulose Using Fenton Oxidation: Adsorption Kinetics, Isotherms, and Optimization

Quynh Anh Nguyen Thi — 2026-03-20

Surface-modified cellulose derived from banana pseudo-stem (BMC), as an abundant, cost-effective, and environmentally-friendly adsorbent, was used to remove methylene blue dye (MB) from water. At first, the banana pseudo-stem underwent several physicochemical treatments to isolate cellulose and followed by Fenton oxidation to introduce desired functional groups onto its surface. The adsorbent was characterized by SEM, TEM, EDS, FTIR, and XRD for understanding its characteristics. Next, the effect of adsorption time, pH, initial concentration, and temperature for MB adsorption was investigated in batch experiments. The MB adsorption kinetic and equilibrium data were consistently explained by pseudo-second-order and Langmuir models, respectively, with a calculated maximum adsorption capacity of 56.6 mg/g. Thermodynamic studies indicated that the adsorption is an exothermic and spontaneous process. In an optimization study, response surface methodology based on the Box-Behnken method was applied and revealed that under the optimal condition (contact time of 151 min, pH of 6.9, and initial concentration of 22.6 mg/L), the maximum removal efficiency was 99.7%. This study suggests a promising strategy to prepare an economical and biodegradable adsorbent from agricultural residue for efficient purification of wastewater.

HIGHLIGHTS

Waste banana pseudo-stem-derived cellulose as an efficient adsorbent for methylene blue removal
MB adsorption followed pseudo-second-order kinetics and Langmuir isotherms: chemical sorption
Box-Behnken response surface methodology optimized contact time, pH, and initial concentration
Optimal conditions reached at 151 min, pH 6.9, and 22.6 mg/L for maximum MB removal

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Multi-Scale Structural Analysis and Hierarchical Discrimination of Natural Chitin from Diverse Biological Sources

Numphon Thaiwong — 2026-03-15

Chitin, one of the most abundant sustainable biopolymers in nature, exhibits source-dependent structural variations that significantly influence its functional properties and applications. This study presents a multi-scale morphological analysis combined with hierarchical multivariate discrimination to comprehensively characterize chitin extracted from 5 diverse biological sources: marine mollusks (cockle, mussel), marine crustacean (shrimp), and terrestrial insects (cricket, silkworm pupa). Chitin was extracted through sequential deproteinization, neutralization, and demineralization processes. Scanning electron microscopy at 25,000× magnification revealed distinct morphological characteristics across all sources. Marine mollusk chitin exhibited highly organized fibrous (cockle) and compact plate-like (mussel) structures, while shrimp demonstrated extensive porous networks. Multi-scale analysis (5,000× - 25,000×) of insect chitin revealed a remarkable hierarchical organization with a consistent sheet-like (cricket) and wrinkled (silkworm pupa) morphologies maintained across all magnification levels, distinguishing them from marine sources. Extraction yields varied significantly (4.09% - 15.07%), with marine sources (shrimp, cockle, mussel) achieving the highest yields, correlating with their high-density structures. Degree of acetylation ranged from 68.20 ± 1.00% (cricket) to 83.39 ± 1.26% (shrimp) to 89.15 ± 1.52% (silkworm pupa), while true protein content ranged from 4.50 ± 0.34% (shrimp) to 8.19 ± 0.31% (cockle). Synchrotron Radiation-coupled Fourier-transform infrared (SR-FTIR) spectroscopy combined with hierarchical multivariate analysis (PCA) successfully discriminated all sources. Comprehensive PCA (73% variance) separated marine mollusks from other sources, but shrimp, cricket, and silkworm pupa remained overlapping. Focused PCA performed specifically on these 3 non-marine sources (71% variance) successfully resolved their subtle spectral differences. These findings establish structure-property relationships across multiple scales, providing practical guidance for selecting chitin sources for biomaterial applications. The multi-scale approach reveals that hierarchical organization in insect chitin influences extraction efficiency and molecular properties.

HIGHLIGHTS

Integrated multi-scale characterization (SEM, synchrotron-FTIR, PCA) provides comprehensive assessment of source-dependent chitin hierarchical organization beyond single-method approaches
Distinct hierarchical features in insect chitin compared to marine sources, affecting extraction efficiency and molecular composition
Non-destructive chitin source identification and property prediction using synchrotron-FTIR with PCA discrimination
Targeted selection of chitin for specific biomaterial and bioengineering applications based on source-dependent structural features
Comprehensive multi-scale comparison of chitin from diverse biological sources as baseline data for chitin standardization

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Analytical Validation of A 101 Germline miR-SNP Ion AmpliSeq Panel for Breast Cancer-Related Genetic Studies

Thuy Thi Chung Duong — 2026-03-10

Massively parallel sequencing (MPS) technology enables simultaneous genotyping of many SNPs across multiple samples with high depth and accuracy. Such technology has become increasingly valuable for studies investigating genetic variants, including miRNA-related SNPs (miR-SNPs), that may contribute to cancer susceptibility. In this study, we designed a customized Ion AmpliSeq panel targeting 101 candidate breast cancer-associated miR-SNPs and evaluated its sequencing performance and analytical reliability on the Ion S5 XL system. Sequencing metrics, including depth of coverage (DoC), locus coverage balance (LCB), frequency of major allele reads (F_MAR), and locus strand balance (LSB), were assessed across all loci. Across 50 DNA samples, the sequencing achieved a mean of 85,194 (95% CI: 79,904 - 101,503), with 91.44% (95% CI: 90.68 - 94.45) on-target reads, an average depth of 515.1× (95% CI: 488.9 - 592.9), and uniformity of 88.77% (95% CI: 88.76 - 89.64), indicating high-quality and consistent performance across libraries. Among 101 miR-SNPs, 97 loci yielded valid genotypes, while four loci resulted in no-calls due to low coverage. Genotypes obtained from the customized miR-SNP panel were fully concordant with those verified by Sanger sequencing. The panel demonstrated stable performance and high reproducibility, with consistent variant calling across replicate runs. Furthermore, reliable and complete genotyping profiles were obtained from as little as 1 ng of input DNA. Collectively, these results indicate that the customized miR-SNP MPS panel provides robust analytical performance and high accuracy, supporting its applicability for large-scale genetic and breast cancer association studies.

HIGHLIGHTS

A 101 germline miR-SNP panel was designed using the Ion AmpliSeq platform.
The panel targets polymorphisms in miRNA-encoding regions associated with breast cancer.
Analytical validation demonstrated high coverage uniformity and calling accuracy.
The panel achieved consistent performance across serial DNA dilutions and replicates.
This validated assay supports large-scale studies of germline miR-SNPs in breast cancer risk.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Biodegradation Potential of Glyphosate by Rhizobacteria Isolated from Tithonia diversifolia: Characterization, Glyphosate Degrading, and Molecular Identification

Agustian Agustian — 2026-03-10

Glyphosate is a widely used broad-spectrum systemic herbicide that effectively controls weeds by inhibiting the synthesis of specific amino acids for the formation of plant proteins. Improper and repeated use can lead to the accumulation of residue in the soil, which may remain strongly absorbed over an extended period. Investigations into the biodegradation of glyphosate in soil under various environmental conditions are crucial for bioremediation efforts. Recently, a further step has been taken considering the use of rhizobacteria for the removal of glyphosate herbicide. Our research aimed to isolate naturally occurring rhizobacteria from Tithonia diversifolia (as a source of green manure) and assess the critical ecological factors influencing their growth and glyphosate degradation. Screening began by cultivating a one gram of T. diversifolia rhizosphere soil sample in Nutrient Broth (NB) media containing 15 mg mL⁻¹ glyphosate for a week. The six isolates initially obtained were further subcultured in Nutrient agar (NA) containing nutrient agar and 15 mg mL⁻¹ glyphosate. The morphological and physiological properties, phosphate solubilization, and IAA production were used in isolate characterization, in addition to glyphosate biodegradation. Only two isolates, TBr1 and TBr12, have shown the capacity to survive and biodegrade glyphosate. Both isolates exhibit optimal pH levels above 6.0 and optimal activity at 30 °C, demonstrating the fastest growth rates and abilities to break down glyphosate by 67% and 76%, respectively, within 7 days. Tested in a medium minus carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus sources, both isolates showed the ability to hydrolyze glyphosate through CN and CP bonds. However, they had different CP lyase efficacy in metabolizing glyphosate. Based on 16S rDNA gene sequence analysis, TBr1 was identified as Burkholderia cepacia strain TBr1, and TBr12 as the Bacillus velezensis strain TBr12. Therefore, the ability of both isolates to degrade glyphosate, produce IAA, and dissolve phosphates makes them promising candidates for removing these emerging contaminants from the environment.

HIGHLIGHTS

Glyphosate inhibits EPSP synthase, potentially damaging the microbiome and soil ecosystems.
The research focus is on the isolation and characterization of glyphosate-degrading rhizobacteria from Tithonia diversifolia.
The strains Burkholderia cepacia TBr1 and Bacillus velezensis TBr1 hydrolyze glyphosate by 67% and 76%, respectively, within one week at a concentration of 15 mg mL^-1.
Both strains have the potential to serve as bioremediation agents for glyphosate contamination.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Fermentation Associated Changes in Phenolic Profile, Antioxidant Capacity, and In Vitro Apoptotic Activity of Soursop Leaf Kombucha Against T47D Breast Cancer Cells

Elok Zubaidah — 2026-03-25

Kombucha fermentation of soursop leaves is associated with changes in functional properties through post-fermentation physicochemical and metabolite profile modifications. This study was evaluated for its effects on physicochemical properties, qualitative LC-MS metabolite profiles, antioxidant capacity, and in vitro anticancer activity against T47D breast cancer cells. Fermentation was carried out for 12 days using leaf concentrations of 0.6% - 2.0%, followed by measurements of pH, total microbial counts, total phenolic and flavonoid contents, antioxidant activity, and LC-MS metabolite profiling. Cytotoxicity and apoptosis induction were assessed using CCK-8 assays, morphological observations, fluorescence imaging (DAPI, Annexin V-FITC/PI), and flow cytometry. At a 1.4% leaf concentration, endpoint comparison between day 0 and day 12 showed an increase in total viable counts from 6.77 to 7.65 log CFU/mL and a marked increase in total phenolic content from 198.13 to 322.03 mg GAE/mL, accompanied by the greatest reduction in antioxidant IC₅₀ values (from 252.29 to 99.73 ppm). Qualitative LC-MS profiling revealed differences in detected compounds between fermented and unfermented samples, including the presence of aglycone flavonoids in fermented kombucha. Acidic soursop kombucha demonstrated the strongest cytotoxicity toward T47D cells (IC₅₀ = 2.35 mg/mL), followed by neutralized kombucha (IC₅₀ = 3.87 mg/mL) and soursop leaf drink (IC₅₀ = 7.37 mg/mL). Flow cytometry indicated a marked shift toward apoptotic populations in fermented samples, with combined early and late apoptosis reaching 83.56% in acidic kombucha treated cells. Kombucha fermentation under acidic conditions was associated with enhanced antioxidant capacity and in vitro anticancer related activity of soursop leaves.

HIGHLIGHTS

Kombucha fermentation significantly changed physicochemical properties and metabolite profiles.
Optimal leaf concentrations (1.4%) were identified using Zeleny’s method based on pre–post fermentation improvements in total phenolics and antioxidant IC₅₀.
Qualitative LC-MS showed broader metabolite profiles after fermentation with improved bioactivity.
Soursop leaf kombucha showed the strongest cytotoxicity toward T47D breast cancer cells (IC₅₀ = 2.35 mg/ml).
Fermented samples induced higher early and late apoptosis, supporting their chemopreventive potential.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Effect of Gold-Modified Titanium Dioxide Thin Films on Electrical Resistance, Optical Transmittance, and Wetting Properties

Phinkaew Maisungnoen — 2026-03-10

Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) thin films were synthesized via the sparking process at different durations and modified with gold (Au) by DC magnetron sputtering to study the effects of microstructure, plasmonic interactions, and interfacial charge transport. Pristine TiO₂ films showed a transition from fine, uniform nanograins (1 h) to agglomerated structures (3 - 5 h), reducing transparency and increasing defect density, while thicker films exhibited improved electrical continuity. The 1 h TiO₂film offered the optimal balance of high transparency (~90%), uniform morphology, and long-term hydrophilicity. Au deposition significantly influenced film properties: Increasing sputtering current (10 - 50 mA) enhanced Au loading, transforming discontinuous nanoparticles into a percolated network at 30 mA, and causing agglomeration at 50 mA. This morphology controlled plasmonic absorption, sub-band-gap optical behavior, and conductivity. Au modification reduced sheet resistance from 37 MΩ/sq to 5.8 Ω/sq (30 mA) and enabled visible-light absorption via localized surface plasmon resonance and metal-induced gap states. Au-coated films maintained water contact angles <30° over 60 days, attributed to stabilized surface hydroxylation and suppression of hydrocarbon adsorption. Sputtering at 30 mA produced the optimal Au-TiO₂ architecture, balancing transparency, conductivity, plasmonic activity, and durable wettability, offering a promising approach for low-cost transparent coatings, optoelectronic devices, and self-cleaning surfaces.

HIGHLIGHTS

TiO₂ thin films were successfully fabricated using a sparking process and modified with Au by sputtering.
Au deposition significantly reduced sheet resistance from MΩ to Ω range due to improved electrical percolation.
Plasmonic interaction from Au nanoparticles enhanced visible-light absorption and optical behavior.
The optimized Au-TiO₂ thin films maintained stable hydrophilicity (<30° contact angle) for 60 days.
The developed Au-TiO₂ thin films show strong potential for transparent coatings, optoelectronics, and self-cleaning surfaces.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Integration of Response Surface Methodology and FTIR-Multivariate Profiling for Optimizing Green Extraction of Antioxidants from Indonesian Mangrove Sonneratia alba

Mahmiah Mahmiah — 2026-03-20

The various bioactive secondary metabolites found in mangrove ecosystems, which are ecologically important, have potential medical uses. Additionally, there is currently little information available regarding how to best and most environmentally friendly extract bioactive metabolites from mangrove species. As previous studies on some mangrove species have reported the presence of antioxidants, this study determines the effectiveness of 2 environmentally friendly extraction methods, microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), in releasing antioxidant compounds from Sonneratia alba stem bark that collected from Maumere beach in East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to optimize both green extraction techniques, with power and extraction time selected as the key parameters for MAE and temperature and extraction time for UAE. The obtained extracts were subsequently characterized using attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy. The extracts were evaluated for extraction yield, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant activity (assessed using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl [DPPH] and 2,2′-azino-bis [ABTS] assays). The UAE method produced higher phenolic (321.55 mg GAE/g) and flavonoid (11.48 mg QE/g) contents, an extraction yield of 11.45%, and antioxidant activity (IC₅₀ = 22.41 µg/mL) at 40 °C for 30 min. In contrast, the MAE method yielded lower TPC (292.95 mg GAE/g) and TFC (10.37 mg QE/g) levels, but achieved a higher extraction yield (25.97%) and a shorter extraction time of 1 min at 700 W microwave power, as verified by FTIR spectroscopy, which identified aromatic, carbonyl, and hydroxyl functional groups characteristic of phenolic and alkaloids compounds. The results indicated that the UAE is more suitable for the recovery of bioactive compounds rich in antioxidants, while MAE offers higher extraction yields and shorter extraction times. These findings are beneficial for advancing the optimization of green extraction processes for the recovery of natural antioxidants from S. alba.

HIGHLIGHTS

The work shows, for the first time, that ultrasound-assisted (UAE) and microwave-assisted (MAE) green extraction methods have been optimized to obtain phytochemicals from Sonneratia alba stem bark, a mangrove species found on the Maumere coast of Indonesia.
The optimal extraction parameters were determined with the Response Surface Methodology (RSM). UAE at 40 °C for 30 min produced the highest total phenolic (321.55 mg GAE/g) and flavonoid (11.48 mg QE/g) contents, as well as strong antioxidant activity (IC₅₀ = 22.41 µg/mL).
Microwave-assisted extraction generated a higher extraction yield (25.97%) in 1 min at 700 W, showing its efficiency and solvent economy.
ATR-FTIR spectral fingerprinting revealed phenolic, flavonoid, and alkaloid functional groups in UAE and MAE extracts, indicating metabolite richness and compositional variations.
Comparative multivariate and spectral analyses highlight UAE as a more sustainable and bioactivity-preserving approach, providing new insights into eco-friendly mangrove-derived antioxidant recovery for potential pharmaceutical and nutraceutical uses.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Herbal Multi-Target Strategy Against Ovarian Cancer: In Silico Evaluation of Elephantopus scaber Phytoconstituents Targeting PI3K, BCL-2, and VEGFR-2

Yuyun Ika Christina — 2026-03-20

Ovarian cancer continues to be one of the deadliest gynecologic cancers, mainly due to delayed diagnosis and treatment resistance. For the treatment of ovarian cancer, a multi-target therapeutic approach that targets key signaling pathways, including PI3K-mediated cell survival, BCL-2-regulated apoptosis, and VEGFR-2-driven angiogenesis, is considered promising. Therefore, using an in silico approach targeting VEGFR-2, BCL-2, and PI3K, this work sought to explore the anticancer potential of phytochemical compounds from the Elephantopus scaber L. extract. After identifying bioactive chemicals from E. scaber by LC-HRMS analysis, AutoDock Vina was used to perform molecular docking against VEGFR-2, BCL-2, and PI3K. SwissADME was used to predict drug-likeness and pharmacokinetic properties, and pkCSM was used to investigate toxicity profiles. Several compounds from the E. scaber extract exhibited substantial binding affinities for the selected targets, as determined by molecular docking. Genistin (−10.1 kcal/mol), apigenin-7-O-glucuronide (−9.9 kcal/mol), and luteolin (−9.6 kcal/mol) demonstrated stronger interactions with VEGFR-2 than the reference inhibitor nintedanib (−7.0 kcal/mol). Additionally, apigenin-7-O-glucuronide had a greater affinity for binding BCL-2 (−7.5 kcal/mol) than obatoclax (−6.8 kcal/mol). While slightly weaker than alpelisib (−10.5 kcal/mol), apigenin-7-O-glucuronide (−9.7 kcal/mol), genistin (−9.3 kcal/mol), and scutellarin (−9.2 kcal/mol) showed the most advantageous contacts in PI3K docking. Most selected compounds fulfilled drug-likeness criteria and displayed low predicted toxicity. The findings highlight E. scaber as a promising source of multi-target anticancer phytochemicals, with apigenin-7-O-glucuronide and genistin emerging as the most potent candidates for further experimental validation.

HIGHLIGHTS

Apigenin-7-O-glucuronide and genistin showed stronger binding affinities than reference inhibitors toward VEGFR-2 and BCL-2
Key phytoconstituents demonstrated stable interactions with PI3K, supporting their role in inhibiting survival signaling pathways
Drug-likeness, pharmacokinetic, and toxicity predictions indicated favorable safety and bioavailability profiles for selected compounds.
scaber can be considered as a promising source of multi-target herbal candidates for ovarian cancer therapy.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Salinity-Dependent Modulation of Antioxidant Defense, Apoptosis Enzymes, and Molecular Complexes Interaction in Tilapia Exposed to Polystyrene Nanoplastics

Muhammad Nuh Fathsyah Siregar — 2026-03-20

Nanoplastics (NPs) are emerging contaminants due to their persistence, bioaccumulation, and small particle size. These pollutants are derived from the breakdown of larger plastic debris and frequently enter aquatic environments through runoff from unmanaged landfills and illegal dumping sites. Based on the habitat, fish could be found in some ecosystem actually, such as in fresh water, breakish water, and marine water. Moreover, NPs can affect the physiology and biochemistry of fish, potentially altering oxidative balance and triggering apoptosis. The information about the effects of NP exposure on fish in different salinity level was still limited, therefore this study aimed to examine the effects of polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-NPs) on antioxidant activity and apoptosis-inducing enzymes in tilapia’s strain Jatimbulan (Oreochromis niloticus) under varying salinity levels. Tilapia were divided into control groups (without NPs) and treatment groups exposed to PS-NPs (2 µL/kg) at salinities of 0, 2.5, 5, 10, and 15 ppt for 25 days. Antioxidant enzymes (catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD)) and apoptosis-related enzymes (caspase-3 and caspase-9) were quantified using ELISA test. Molecular docking was conducted using the styrene monomer (CID: 7501) as the ligand, and CAT, SOD, caspase-3, and caspase-9 as target receptors. Docking analysis and validation revealed that exposure of PS-NPs significantly reduced antioxidant levels and increased activity of apoptosis-related enzymes, particularly in fish reared at higher salinities. The results showed that exposure to PS-NPs on 0 ppt significantly reduced concentration of antioxidant enzymes and increased apoptosis-related enzymes levels. On different salinity level, it showed that salinity modulates NP toxicity by influencing antioxidant enzymes and apoptosis-related enzymes. Moreover, the molecular docking experiment revealed that CAT (−5.3 kcal/mol) and caspase-9 (−4.6 kcal/mol) proteins were found to be most affected by the presence of PS-NPs in cells, as evidenced by highest binding affinity compared to other test proteins. Molecular docking indicates direct interactions of styrene monomers with catalase and caspase-9, suggesting disruption of oxidative stress regulation and apoptosis pathways. In conclusion, this study highlighted the risk of NP pollution in different salinity level, representative of some aquatic ecosystems, persuading to be care and find mitigation solution to reduce the impact of NP pollution, such as remediation.

HIGHLIGHTS

Exposure to PS-NPs significantly reduced CAT and SOD concentration.
Caspase-3 and -9 levels increased on fish exposured PS-NPs, particularly at higher salinities.
Docking analysis and validation revealed that exposure of PS-NPs significantly reduced antioxidant levels and increased activity of apoptosis-related enzymes, particularly in fish reared at higher salinities.
Docking analysis and validation revealed that exposure of PS-NPs significantly reduced antioxidant levels and increased activity of apoptosis-related enzymes, particularly in fish reared at higher salinities.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Review on Coumarins from the Genus Calophyllum: Molecular Interactions Against HIV Targets and Insights from Computational and Experimental Studies

Nur Nabilah Mohd Zaini — 2026-04-05

The Calophyllum genus is a diverse group of tropical trees known for producing a wide variety of bioactive compounds, including xanthones, coumarins, triterpenoids, and flavonoids. Coumarins possess several pharmacological activities such as anti-HIV, anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, and anti-coagulation effects. Calanolide A, Calanolide B, and several Inophyllum derivatives are among the compounds that exhibit a significant inhibition of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) that is beyond the action of some HIV-1 RT inhibitors in market drugs. This research conducted the docking of HIV-1 RT and integrase (IN) to assess its antiviral coumarins derived from Calophyllum species. Coumarins are benzopyrones characterized by a conjugated aromatic system that is crucial for anchoring at the RT- NNRTI binding pocket and the IN catalytic core. Hydroxyl, methoxy, and acetoxy groups increase their binding affinity for enzymes and specificity. The molecular docking scores support these findings, where Inophyllum E, Soulattrolone, and other compounds show significantly better binding with RT and IN than the controls Efavirenz and Raltegravir. The impressive effectiveness can be attributed to their structural variety, hydrophobic interactions, and optimally placed functional groups, which allow for considerable and stable complexing within the active sites. Consequently, the Calophyllum coumarins are deemed valuable for the future development of novel antiviral drugs.

HIGHLIGHTS

Calophyllum species are rich sources of bioactive coumarins with notable pharmacological potential, particularly antiviral properties against HIV targets.
Molecular docking demonstrated strong interactions of Calophyllum-derived coumarins with HIV-1 reverse transcriptase and integrase active sites.
Key compounds such as Inophyllum E and Soulattrolide exhibited higher binding affinity than standard drugs Efavirenz and Raltegravir.
Structural features including hydroxyl, methoxy, and acetoxy substituents enhance enzyme binding and stability within catalytic pockets.
Calophyllum coumarins represent promising lead molecules for the development of next-generation anti-HIV therapeutics.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Deep Learning for Ripeness Grading of Oil Palm Fresh Fruit Bunches: A Comprehensive Review of Convolutional Neural Network Approaches

Wahyu Nurkholis Hadi Syahputra — 2026-03-30

Palm oil is a strategic agricultural crop in Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand, contributing significantly to national economies and requiring continuous improvements in harvesting efficiency and mill operations. The growing demand for higher efficiency and consistent quality in palm oil mills has accelerated the adoption of advanced technologies, particularly artificial intelligence (AI), which is increasingly applied across agricultural sectors, including oil palm production. This review aims to examine the development of convolutional neural network (CNN)-based approaches for ripeness grading of oil palm fresh fruit bunches (FFB) using CNN techniques. It provides an overview of research trends and technical progress in this field, showing that Malaysia leads scientific publications related to palm oil ripeness detection, followed by Indonesia. Most existing studies employ 1-stage object detectors, especially YOLO-based architectures, due to their real-time capability and relatively high performance. However, these methods are often trained and evaluated using datasets limited to specific environments, plantation conditions, or fruit varieties, which constrains generalization and large-scale deployment. Key research gaps are identified, including limited dataset diversity, high computational requirements, insufficient integration with Internet of Things (IoT)–based plantation and mill management systems, and the lack of real-time estimation of quality indicators such as free fatty acid (FFA) content and kernel-related attributes. Future research directions highlight the need for multimodal sensing, multi-camera systems, and multi-task learning frameworks that integrate ripeness grading with oil extraction rate (OER) estimation to support more effective operational decision-making in palm oil production systems.

HIGHLIGHTS

Research on CNN in palm oil has increased since 2017 with the adoption of DL.
Malaysia leads publications in palm oil ripeness research, followed by Indonesia and Thailand.
One-stage detectors, particularly YOLO-based models, are most commonly used for real-time grading.
Most CNN-based systems rely on external visual features for ripeness classification.
Multimodal approaches for real-time biochemical assessment remain limited.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Temporal Immune Trajectory and Candidate Biomarkers in Sepsis Associated with Community-Acquired Pneumonia: A Systematic Review

Suparto Suparto — 2026-04-10

Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) with sepsis remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although numerous immune biomarkers have been proposed, integrated evidence describing how immune responses evolve in CAP-associated sepsis is limited, particularly from blood transcriptomic studies. This systematic review aimed to synthesize evidence on temporal immune trajectories and identify candidate transcriptomic biomarkers associated with outcomes in CAP-associated sepsis. A systematic search of medRxiv, PubMed, and CENTRAL was conducted for studies reporting serial blood transcriptomic or immune biomarker data in adult patients with CAP-associated sepsis. Studies with clearly defined timepoints and clinical outcomes were included. Risk of bias was assessed using an adapted Newcastle-Ottawa Scale with transcriptomic-specific criteria. Due to heterogeneity in study design and timing definitions, findings were integrated using structured narrative synthesis. Six studies met the inclusion criteria. Early sepsis was characterized by consistent upregulation of innate inflammatory pathways, including neutrophil activation, interferon-related genes, and cytokine signaling, largely independent of pathogen type. Survivors demonstrated recovery of antigen presentation and adaptive immune pathways at later time points, whereas non-survivors exhibited persistent inflammatory signatures, impaired lymphocyte-associated transcription, immune checkpoint activation, and endothelial dysfunction. Recurrent candidate biomarkers included inflammatory gene signatures, immune endotype classifications, and transcriptomic indicators of adaptive immune suppression. CAP-associated sepsis follows dynamic immune trajectories rather than a single inflammatory state. Temporal transcriptomic patterns may help identify patients at risk of immune failure and guide immunomodulatory strategies. However, heterogeneity in timing definitions, small sample sizes, and limited validation underscore the need for prospective studies before clinical implementation.

HIGHLIGHTS

This systematic review analyzed defined temporal immune trajectories in CAP-associated sepsis using blood transcriptomic studies.
Early hyperinflammation was pathogen-independent and not predictive of mortality.
Failure of antigen presentation and Th1 immunity characterized poor outcomes.
Immune checkpoint activation and endothelial dysfunction defined immunoparalysis in non-survivors.
Candidate transcriptomic biomarkers reflect immune competence and exhaustion.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT