Trends in Sciences

MgFe-LDH and MgFe-LDH-Derived Mixed Oxides as Effective Amoxicillin Adsorbents: A Comparison Study

2026-02-09T08:52:52+07:00

Antibiotic contamination, particularly from amoxicillin, poses serious ecological and health risks due to its persistence in aquatic systems. This study hypothesized that MgFe-layered double hydroxide (MgFe-LDH) synthesized from salt-industry by-product (bittern) and its calcined derivative (MgFe-CLDH) can act as sustainable and efficient adsorbents for amoxicillin removal. MgFe-LDH was prepared via co-precipitation and partially calcined at 450 °C to form MgFe-CLDH. Both materials were characterized by XRD, SEM, FTIR, and BET analyses, and their adsorption behaviors were evaluated under varying pH, contact time, initial concentration, and co-existing ions. MgFe-LDH and MgFe-CLDH exhibited maximum adsorption capacities of 82.79 and 86.94 mg/g, respectively. Kinetic studies showed that MgFe-LDH followed a pseudo-second-order model (chemisorption), whereas MgFe-CLDH followed a pseudo-first-order model (physisorption). Freundlich isotherm fitting indicated multilayer adsorption on heterogeneous surfaces. Regeneration tests confirmed stable reusability, with optimal performance observed after the second adsorption cycle. These findings validate the hypothesis and demonstrate that MgFe-based LDH adsorbents derived from industrial by-products offer a cost-effective route for antibiotic wastewater remediation.

HIGHLIGHTS

Sustainable MgFe-LDH synthesized from salt industry by-product (bittern).
Calcined MgFe-CLDH showed enhanced adsorption via memory effect.
High adsorption capacities: 82.79 mg/g (LDH) and 86.94 mg/g (CLDH).
Distinct kinetics: LDH fits pseudo-second-order, CLDH fits pseudo-first-order.
Freundlich isotherm confirmed multilayer adsorption with good reusability.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Melatonin Attenuates Triple Whammy-Induced Acute Kidney Injury: In Vivo, In Vitro, and In Silico Findings

2025-11-21T08:46:56+07:00

This study assessed the nephroprotective potential of melatonin in a triple whammy-induced acute kidney injury (AKI) model using in vivo, in vitro, and in silico approaches. Thirty male rats were randomly assigned to 6 groups: Normal control, negative control, N-acetylcysteine (NAC) as a positive control, and 3 melatonin-treated groups (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 mg/kg). Treatments were administered orally for 5 days, followed by AKI induction via the triple whammy regimen for 2 days. Renal function was evaluated using serum and urine biomarkers, and kidney tissues were examined histologically. In vitro antioxidant assays and molecular docking studies were performed to assess melatonin and NAC interactions with NF-κB and caspase-3. The triple whammy regimen significantly increased renal injury markers and caused structural kidney damage. High-dose melatonin (1.5 mg/kg) significantly improved serum creatinine, urea, and urinary protein levels (p < 0.05) and preserved glomerular and tubular architecture. In vitro, melatonin demonstrated strong antioxidant activity (IC₅₀ = 3.19 µg/mL), comparable to NAC (IC₅₀ = 3.10 µg/mL). Molecular docking revealed moderate to strong binding affinities of melatonin to caspase-3 (−6.0 kcal/mol) and NF-κB (−7.5 kcal/mol). In conclusion, melatonin confers nephroprotection in triple whammy-induced AKI potentially through antioxidant effects and interaction with apoptotic and inflammatory protein targets. Further studies are warranted to evaluate the translational potential of these findings in clinical settings.

HIGHLIGHTS

This is the first study showing melatonin’s nephroprotective effect against triple whammy-induced acute kidney injury (AKI) using integrated in vivo, in vitro, and in silico
High-dose melatonin markedly improved renal function, preserved kidney histology, and showed potent activity comparable to N-Acetylcysteine (NAC)
Molecular docking revealed melatonin had stronger binding affinities to caspase-3 and NF-κB than NAC, supporting its potential as a promising therapeutic candidate for drug-induced AKI.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Antihypertensive Effects of Compound A-42 via Regulation of Calcium-Dependent Ion Transport Systems

2025-12-21T10:55:20+07:00

Hypertension is a complex cardiovascular disorder associated with impaired calcium (Ca²⁺) regulation in vascular smooth muscle and cardiac tissues. The present study investigated the antihypertensive potential of a new bioactive compound, A-42, through a combined in silico and in vivo approach. Molecular docking analysis demonstrated that A-42 interacts with several calcium-regulating proteins, including L-type and R-type Ca²⁺ channels, SERCA, RyR2, Ca²⁺-ATPase, Na⁺/Ca²⁺ exchanger (NCX), and renin. The compound exhibited notable binding affinities, with binding energies ranging from –5.3 to –6.2 kcal/mol. The strongest affinities were observed for the L-type Ca²⁺ channel (–6.2 kcal/mol), SERCA (–6.0 kcal/mol), and NCX (–6.0 kcal/mol). Key amino acid interactions included hydrogen bonds and π–alkyl or π–anion interactions with residues such as ARG A:593, PHE A:587, LEU F:269, LYS A:158, THR A:230, and ASP A:829, indicating a stable ligand–protein complex formation and potential calcium-channel-modulating activity. The in vivo studies, performed using the tail-cuff method, confirmed the hypotensive effects of A-42 in rats. Intravenous administration at doses of 10, 20, and 30 mg/kg led to a dose-dependent reduction in systolic and diastolic blood pressure. The 20 mg/kg dose produced the most pronounced and stable antihypertensive effect, significantly lowering blood pressure (p-value < 0.05) and preventing the sharp rise in pressure induced by adrenaline in the hypertensive model. In the adrenaline-induced hypertension model, the systolic and diastolic pressures in A-42–treated rats decreased from 138.3 ± 13.6 / 102.8 ± 10.1 mmHg to 103.8 ± 11.2 / 73.5 ± 8.7 mmHg, respectively, within the first hour of administration. The combined in silico and in vivo results indicate that compound A-42 acts as a multi-target modulator of calcium homeostasis, affecting both membrane and intracellular Ca²⁺ transport systems. These interactions likely contribute to its antihypertensive mechanism by reducing intracellular Ca²⁺ influx, enhancing Ca²⁺ sequestration, and restoring vascular tone.

HIGHLIGHTS

A-42 exhibits potent antihypertensive activity through multi-target calcium regulation.
Molecular docking revealed strong binding of A-42 to L-type Ca²⁺ channels, SERCA, and NCX (–6.0 to –6.2 kcal/mol).
Key hydrogen bonding and π-interactions indicate stable A-42–protein complex formation.
In vivo studies confirmed dose-dependent blood pressure reduction in hypertensive rats.
A-42 restores vascular tone by modulating both membrane and intracellular Ca²⁺ transport systems.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

The Combination of Enzymatic and Acid Hydrolysis to Produce Nanocrystalline Cellulose from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches

2026-01-07T09:51:59+07:00

Harsh acid hydrolysis is a conventional method for producing nanocrystalline cellulose (CNC), but a more environmentally friendly alternative should be developed. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the performance of the combined hydrolysis method in the CNC isolation process to improve yield, crystallinity index, and particle size. The conditions of the combined hydrolysis process were examined, specifically the concentration of endoglucanase enzyme (Endo-1,4-β-glucanase (EC. 3.2.1.4)) and the duration of enzymatic hydrolysis. Endoglucanase enzyme concentration was 20 - 100 µL, and hydrolysis time was 12 - 60 h. The results showed that the combined hydrolysis method using enzyme and acid significantly affected the increase in crystalline yield, crystallinity index, and reduced the average crystal size. This process started with cellulose hydrolysis using endoglucanase enzyme with a concentration of 40 µL for 24 h, followed by sulfuric-acid hydrolysis at a concentration of 20% at 40 °C for 30 min. The method produced the highest crystalline yield of 99.10%, crystallinity index 78.13%, average crystal size 20.94 nm, and average particle size of 64.01 nm. FTIR analysis showed that the combined hydrolysis process does not affect the crystalline structure of cellulose, while SEM studies showed a more open and fibrillated appearance because of efficient removal of amorphous areas. Overall, combined enzymatic-chemical hydrolysis produced CNC with high crystallinity, high yield, and smaller particle size, indicating its potential as a biopolymer for food packaging applications.

HIGHLIGHTS

The combined hydrolysis method improves the crystalline yield (99.10%) and crystallinity index (78.13%) of CNC.
The combined hydrolysis method can reduce the use of sulfuric acid.
The combined hydrolysis method produces CNC with good characteristics, namely a smaller average crystal size (64.01 nm) and a higher WI value (72.67%).
The zeta potential of CNC has a value of –20.39, showing good dispersion in water.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Phytochemical Composition, Acute Toxicity, and Antidiarrheal Effects of Hydroethanolic Extract of Thymus saturejoides Coss. from Demnate (Central High Atlas, Morocco)

2026-01-19T09:02:05+07:00

The medicinal plant Thymus saturejoides Coss, is traditionally used by the people of the Moroccan High Atlas for a wide range of therapeutic indications, and is particularly recognized for its gastroprotective effects. However, despite its widespread use in traditional pharmacopoeia, in vivo investigations dedicated to evaluating its gastroprotective activities remain limited. This research aimed to examine the protective potency of the hydroethanolic extract of this species against diarrhea. The hydroethanolic extract of the plant’s aerial parts was analyzed by HPLC. Swiss mice were used as a castor oil-induced diarrhea model to assess antidiarrheal effects. Markers of intestinal oxidative stress were evaluated photometrically. Hydroethanolic extracts of T. saturejoides demonstrated a significant anti-diarrheal efficacy in mice, with dose-dependent inhibition of symptoms (39.39% and 58.77% at 50 and 100 mg/kg respectively). These effects were manifested by a decrease in intestinal motility and an improvement in the anti-diarrheal index. In addition, the extract exerted a protective action against oxidative damage by reducing lipid peroxidation (MDA) and recovering catalase and peroxidase activities. Histological analyses confirmed a dose-dependent protective effect, with almost complete restoration of intestinal architecture at 100 mg/kg. Results underline the pharmacological potential of T. saturejoides in the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders, combining antidiarrheal, antioxidant and mucosa-protective properties.

HIGHLIGHTS

HETS was rich in polyphenols, mainly dominated by rutin, p-coumaric, and vanillic acids.
HETS possessed significant anti-diarrheal activity, supported by antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and mucosal protective effects.
The study validated its traditional use and paves the way for future research to isolate the active ingredients and clarify the molecular mechanisms.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Unveiling the Anti-Inflammatory Potential of Urena lobata: Insights into Nitric Oxide Suppression and Protein Targets

2025-12-30T07:50:11+07:00

Urena lobata is recognized for its traditional medicinal use, particularly in addressing inflammation-related ailments. This study examined the anti-inflammatory properties of U. lobata extract and its fractions, focusing on their ability to suppress nitric oxide (NO) synthesis, a key mediator of inflammation. In vitro experiments using LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages showed that the crude extract of U. lobata had an IC₅₀ of 58.05 ± 5.87 µg/mL, while the ethyl acetate fraction showed greater suppression of NO formation with an IC₅₀ of 31.40 ± 10.56 µg/mL. On the other hand, the n-butanol fraction and the water-soluble fraction did not have a significant effect on inhibition. Toxicity tests also showed that the n-hexane fraction was good at reducing NO formation (IC₅₀ of 49.73 ± 9.49 µg/mL), but was toxic to cells at higher concentrations (> 200 µg/mL). The ethyl acetate fraction also inhibited the formation of important pro-inflammatory mediators, such as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), interleukin (IL)-12, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). Protein target analysis revealed 40 proteins associated with the inflammatory cascade as potential targets for active chemicals in U. lobata. Molecular docking studies identified quercetin, apigenin, and luteolin as key bioactive compounds with strong binding affinity for inflammation-related proteins such as AKR1B1, NOX4, and CDK5, which subsequently influence NO suppression during inflammation, suggesting a multi-target mechanism of action. These results emphasize the therapeutic potential of U. lobata and its bioactive chemicals as candidates for natural anti-inflammatory drug formulations, while also underscoring the need to evaluate potential cytotoxicity in future studies.

HIGHLIGHTS

Urena lobata extract and its ethyl acetate fraction significantly inhibited nitric oxide (NO) production in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages.
Compared with other fractions, the ethyl acetate fraction exhibited superior anti-inflammatory activity (IC₅₀: 31.40 ± 10.56 µg/mL).
The ethyl acetate fraction successfully downregulated key pro-inflammatory mediators, including TNF-α, IL-12, and iNOS.
Using molecular docking, quercetin, apigenin, and luteolin were identified as key bioactive compounds targeting inflammation-related proteins (AKR1B1, NOX4, and CDK5).
The multitarget mechanism underlying the anti-inflammatory effects of lobata was demonstrated by the prediction of 40 inflammation-related protein targets.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Circadian Rhythm Disruption Modulates Plasma Melatonin, Aortic Senescence, and Blood Pressure Homeostasis in Rats

2025-12-30T12:56:13+07:00

Exposure to light at night disrupts circadian homeostasis and suppresses endogenous melatonin production. Melatonin is crucial for blood pressure regulation and exhibits potent antioxidant properties. Sustained oxidative stress in the aorta contributes to endothelial dysfunction and premature aging. This study investigated the effect of nighttime light exposure on plasma melatonin levels, blood pressure, and molecular markers of vascular stress and senescence in rats. Sprague–Dawley rats were assigned to five groups: Control, Dim light (DL), DL with melatonin (DL + Mel), continuous light exposure (CLE), and CLE plus Melatonin (CLE + Mel). Melatonin (10 mg/kg) was administered orally. ELISA quantified plasma melatonin concentrations, and aortic tissue was analyzed to measure glutathione (GSH) content, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-Gal) activity, and melatonin receptor type 1 (MT1) gene expression. Nighttime light exposure was associated with a marked reduction in circulating melatonin and an elevation in blood pressure. Melatonin supplementation partially restored melatonin levels and attenuated both systolic and diastolic hypertension. In the aorta, DL and CLE exhibited increased ICAM-1 and IL-6 expression, enhanced SA-β-Gal activity, upregulated MT1 expression, and depleted GSH levels. These molecular alterations were mitigated by melatonin treatment. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that nighttime light exposure induces circadian disruption that drives hypertension, endothelial dysfunction, and premature vascular senescence, whereas melatonin supplementation confers significant protective effects.

HIGHLIGHTS

Sprague-Dawley Rats were subjected to dim and continuous light at night, and treated with melatonin compared to the untreated group.
Exposure to light at night reduced melatonin levels and increased blood pressure in rats.
Oxidative stress, inflammation, and senescence markers increased in the aorta.
Melatonin treatment restored melatonin levels and lowered blood pressure.
Melatonin reduced ICAM-1, IL-6, SA β-Gal activity, and preserved GSH content.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Enhancement of Paclitaxel Efficacy by Tectona grandis Leaves Extract: Synergistic Antiproliferative and Antimigratory Actions in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells

2026-01-12T08:09:28+07:00

Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) lacks ER, PR, and HER2 expression, leading to poor prognosis. Tectona grandis contains bioactive compounds with anticancer properties. This study investigated antiproliferative and antimigratory effect of T. grandis leaves extract (TGLE) and paclitaxel. This study involved computational study to determine the binding affinity of Mucin-1 and TGLE and in vitro study to examine the antiproliferative and antimigratory effect of TGLE and paclitaxel as well as the Mucin 1 (MUC1) and Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9) expression in MDA-MB-231 cells. This study identified quercetin in TGLE as the strongest compound to bind with MUC1. In vitro study confirmed the inhibitory effect of TGLE and paclitaxel on MUC1 expression and cell proliferation. Furthermore, TGLE and paclitaxel exhibited a significant reduction in MMP-9 expression and cell migration. These findings suggest that TGLE and paclitaxel has promising antiproliferative and antimigratory properties against TNBC through its inhibition on MUC1 and MMP-9.

HIGHLIGHTS

Paclitaxel causes severe side effect s, highlighting need for combination therapies
The combination of Paclitaxel and T grandis Extract (TGE) reduced MMP9 expression.
The combination of Paclitaxel and T grandis Extract (TGE) reduced MUC1 expression.
The combination of Paclitaxel and T grandis Extract (TGE) inhibited MDA-MB-231 cell migration.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Marine Collagen–Chitosan Composite from Fishery By-Products for Wound Dressing: Characterization and Antibacterial Activity

2026-03-09T14:21:09+07:00

Fishery by-products represent a sustainable source of marine biomaterials with significant potential for wound dressing applications. This study investigates a marine collagen–chitosan composite derived from Spanish mackerel skin and blue swimming crab shells as a candidate wound dressing material, with a focus on structural characterization and antibacterial activity. Acid-soluble collagen (ASC) was extracted through alkaline pretreatment followed by acetic acid hydrolysis, yielding 3.125%, and the freeze-dried product exhibited a porous white morphology with well-preserved amide bands. SEM–EDX analysis revealed a distinct transformation from the dense dermal matrix of raw skin to a layered ASC structure dominated by carbon and oxygen elements, indicating improved collagen purity. Chitosan obtained from blue swimming crab shells achieved a 19.3% yield, moderate viscosity (65.3 mPa·s), and a high degree of deacetylation (92.57%). FTIR and EDX characterization confirmed the successful removal of acetyl groups and a substantial reduction in mineral elements. Antibacterial assays demonstrated that pure chitosan exhibited inhibitory activity against Escherichia coli (18.23 ± 0.20 mm) and Staphylococcus aureus (15.80 ± 1.65 mm), while collagen–chitosan composites retained activity against E. coli but showed reduced effectiveness against S. aureus. These results demonstrate the feasibility of utilizing locally derived marine collagen and chitosan as a composite biomaterial, with antibacterial performance influenced by chitosan proportion and requiring further formulation optimization.

HIGHLIGHTS

Marine by-products were valorized into collagen and chitosan, providing a sustainable source for biomaterial development.
The extracted chitosan exhibited a high degree of deacetylation (92.57%), enhancing its functional and antimicrobial potential.
A porous fibrillar collagen structure with preserved functional groups was observed, supporting its suitability for wound dressing applications.
Pure chitosan exhibited effective antibacterial activity, particularly against coli.
Collagen–chitosan composites showed reduced antibacterial performance, highlighting the need for formulation optimization.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Characterization of Pectin Extracted from Various Tropical Fruit Peels using the Steam Explosion Method

2026-01-05T08:52:38+07:00

This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of the steam explosion technique for extracting pectin from various tropical fruit peels and to characterize the resulting physicochemical and structural properties to determine their potential as local bioresources. Pectins were extracted from the peels of five tropical fruits: Lime, dragon fruit, Kaewkamin mango, Dueankao mango, and pomelo using a steam explosion method. The extracted pectins were comprehensively characterized for their chemical composition (moisture, ash, methoxyl content, and degree of esterification), functional groups (FTIR), thermal behavior (DSC, TGA), and crystallinity (XRD), and compared with commercial pectin reference. Significant differences in physicochemical properties were observed among the fruit species. Dueankao mango yielded HM pectin, while the other four fruits produced LM pectin. While the steam explosion method successfully isolated pectin with distinct structural patterns and thermal stability, the ash content in all samples (3.25% - 5.52%) exceeded the IPPA standards, indicating a need for further purification. These findings suggest that although tropical fruit peels are promising sustainable sources for pectin, extraction parameters and purification steps must be optimized to meet industrial specifications.

HIGHLIGHTS

Steam explosion efficiently extracted pectins from tropical fruit peels.
Pectin properties varied clearly by fruit source and chemical composition.
Dueankao mango yielded HM pectin while other fruits produced LM types.
Multi-technique analyses revealed distinct structure-property patterns.
Fruit peels show strong potential as sustainable pectin bioresources.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Genotype-dependent In Vitro Floral Induction and Reversion in Moroccan Cannabis sativa L. Varieties under Zeatin, Gibberellic Acid, and Thidiazuron Treatments

2026-01-09T09:23:15+07:00

Micropropagation of Cannabis sativa L. offers an efficient way to produce uniform plants while enabling precise control of vegetative growth and flowering in vitro, where induction and reversion are shaped by genotype and plant growth regulators. Two Moroccan Cannabis sativa varieties Beldia and Khardala were cultured in vitro on MS/2 medium supplemented with macronutrients to assess the effects of ZEN, GA₃, and TDZ (0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 mg L⁻¹) on vegetative growth, floral induction, and floral reversion. Significant genotype-dependent responses were observed. Vegetative growth was optimized in Beldia under ZEN and GA₃, reaching 9.17 nodes, whereas Khardala responded best to low TDZ concentrations with 7.21 nodes. Floral induction under GA₃ reached 50% in Beldia and 42% in Khardala, indicating a genotype-specific sensitivity to growth regulators. In contrast, floral reversion was most pronounced in Khardala, with 75% reversion associated. Rooting was maximized with 1 mg L⁻¹ IBA, achieving 95.8% rooting in Beldia and 87.5% in Khardala, while survival rate after acclimatization exceeded 94%. Phytohormone type and concentration were shown to strongly influence genotype-specific growth and flowering in Cannabis sativa, providing a practical basis for developing in vitro propagation and floral induction protocols for Moroccan varieties.

HIGHLIGHTS

First report of in vitro floral induction and reversion in Moroccan Cannabis sativa
Clear genotype-dependent hormonal responses were identified between Beldia and Khardala.
Zeatin, gibberellic acid, and thidiazuron exert distinct and dose-dependent effects on flowering behavior.
Optimal hormone concentrations were identified within the tested range to enhance vegetative growth and reproductive transition.
An efficient rooting and acclimatization protocol ensured high post-culture survival of plantlets.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Unlocking Antioxidant, Antibacterial and Anti-Inflammatory Peptides of Spirulina Platensis Through Bromelain Hydrolysis

2026-01-26T14:11:38+07:00

Spirulina platensis (Arthrospira platensis) is a protein-rich microalga widely recognized for its nutritional value; however, the bioactivity of its native proteins is limited. This study aimed to investigate whether bromelain-assisted enzymatic hydrolysis could enhance the antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory activities of S. platensis proteins. Proteins were extracted by freeze–thawing and sonication, followed by bromelain-mediated hydrolysis at pH 7 and 65 °C for 4 h. The resulting hydrolysates were characterized in terms of yield, degree of hydrolysis, molecular weight distribution, amino acid composition, and functional groups using standard analytical techniques. Bioactivities were assessed through ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), disk diffusion antibacterial assays against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, protein denaturation inhibition, and lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide production in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. The hydrolysis process yielded low-molecular-weight peptides (≤15 kDa) with an increased degree of hydrolysis and protein content compared to the crude extract. The protein hydrolysates exhibited measurable ferric reducing activity in the FRAP assay; however, their antioxidant reducing power was lower than that of the crude protein extract and therefore considered moderate rather than enhanced. In contrast, the hydrolysates demonstrated enhanced antibacterial activity compared with the non-hydrolyzed protein. In anti-inflammatory assays, the hydrolysates significantly inhibited protein denaturation and suppressed nitric oxide production in a concentration-dependent manner while maintaining high cell viability. These findings indicate that bromelain-assisted hydrolysis effectively enhances the bio-functional properties of S. platensis proteins. Thus, S. platensis protein hydrolysates show potential as natural sources of multifunctional bioactive compounds for food and biomedical applications.

HIGHLIGHTS

Bromelain-mediated hydrolysis effectively converted Spirulina platensis proteins into low–molecular weight peptides (≈6 - 7 kDa), protein yield (67.5%) and degree of hydrolysis (60.515 ± 1.058%).
Structural (FTIR, SDS-PAGE) and compositional analyses confirmed extensive protein conformational changes and enrichment of bioactivity-related hydrophobic and polar amino acids after hydrolysis.
Bromelain-derived protein hydrolysates exhibited enhanced antibacterial activity against coli and S. aureus, with lower MIC and MBC values compared to crude protein.
The hydrolysates have anti-inflammatory activity, strongly inhibiting BSA denaturation and suppressing nitric oxide production in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages (IC₅₀ = 10 µg/mL) without cytotoxic effects.
An integrated in vitro evaluation demonstrated the multifunctional antibacterial and anti-inflammatory potential of bromelain-hydrolyzed platensis proteins, supporting their application as sustainable bioactive agents.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Effect of ZnO/gamma Chitosan Nanocomposites for Antifungal Activity on Phytophthora palmivora, a Disease-causing Fungus Using Para Rubber Trees

2026-01-16T13:55:16+07:00

In this study focused on the antifungal activity of Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) and ZnO/gamma chitosan nanocomposites (ZnO/g-Chi NCs) against Phytophthora palmivora, a disease-causing fungus that affects para rubber trees. The phase purity, crystallite size, morphology, chemical composition, and optical absorption properties of the synthesized materials were examined using various techniques. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed characteristic diffraction peaks corresponding to the crystal planes of the hexagonal wurtzite structure of ZnO NPs, which have the particle size of 31 nm. Moreover, they have confirmed the composite of both ZnO NPs and g-chitosan. The FTIR spectroscopy was recorded the successful interaction between ZnO NPs (31 nm) and γ-chitosan (γ-Chi), which chitosan exposed to gamma radiation at sterilizing dosages of 40 kGy. The SEM and TEM images observed clusters of rod-shaped particulates for the ZnO/g-chitosan NCs; according to the EDS profile, they confirmed the synthesis of ZnO/g-chitosan NCs which found that nitrogen composition in the structure. UV-vis absorption spectra revealed a shift in the optical absorption toward lower wavelengths for the ZnO/g-Chi NCs (355 nm) than for the ZnO NPs (365 nm). Upon assessing the antifungal activity, the results showed that ZnO/g-Chi NCs were effective against P. palmivora, with an inhibition percentage of 90%. The SEM images showed that the damage to the fungal cell membrane caused by ZnO/g-Chi NCs treatment significantly altered the outer shape of P. palmivora. These findings indicated that g-chitosan and ZnO NPs may complement each other, exhibiting synergistic effects.

HIGHLIGHTS

The study examined ZnO/gamma-chitosan nanocomposites (ZnO/γ-Chi NCs) antifungal efficacy against Phytophthora palmivora, a disease that affects para rubber trees.
The characterization of ZnO/γ-Chi NCs was crystalline structure and rod-shaped clusters.
The ZnO/γ-Chi NCs demonstrated a 90% inhibition of palmivora, and the SEM imaging showed significant damage to fungal cell membranes, altering their exterior morphology.
The complementary properties of γ-chitosan and ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) suggest promising synergistic potential for antifungal applications.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Improved Nitrate Adsorption by Thai Perlite: A Comprehensive Study of Equilibrium, Kinetics, Thermodynamics, and Mechanisms for Sustainable Water Treatment Aligned with SDGs

2026-01-12T10:08:51+07:00

Nitrate contamination in agricultural groundwater poses significant environmental and health risks. Developing low-cost, locally available adsorbents is crucial for sustainable water treatment. Raw perlite (RP) and acid-modified perlite (MP) were investigated as adsorbents for nitrate removal in batch systems. Both perlites were characterized via nitrogen adsorption-desorption, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. Adsorption performance was evaluated under varying pH, contact time, and initial nitrate concentration conditions. Equilibrium data were analyzed using the Langmuir, Freundlich, and Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm models, while kinetic and thermodynamic parameters were assessed to elucidate the adsorption mechanism. HCl modification enhanced the structural and surface properties of perlite. Optimal adsorption occurred at pH 6 with an equilibrium time of 60 min. The Langmuir model best described the equilibrium data, with maximum adsorption capacities of 39.22 mg/g for RP and 54.94 mg/g for MP at 30 °C. Kinetic analysis indicated a pseudo-second-order model fit, and thermodynamic evaluation confirmed that the adsorption process was endothermic and spontaneous. Mechanistic insights revealed that physical adsorption predominated, driven mainly by electrostatic interaction, hydrogen bonding, electrostatic displacement, cation bridging, pore filling, and ion exchange. Regeneration tests demonstrated good reusability of both adsorbents for up to 5 cycles. HCl-modified perlite exhibits superior adsorption capacity and reusability compared to raw perlite. These findings highlight its potential as an efficient and sustainable adsorbent for nitrate removal from groundwater. Furthermore, this research significantly contributes to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), specifically SDG 6 (Target 6.3) by enhancing water quality and SDG 12 (Targets 12.4 & 12.5) through the valorization of local mineral resources and the promotion of circular economy principles.

HIGHLIGHTS

Chemically modified perlite volcanic rock with HCl enhanced nitrate removal efficiency.
FTIR, XRD, BET, SEM, and XRF analyses were conducted to characterize the adsorbents.
Adsorption followed the Langmuir isotherm and the pseudo-second-order kinetic model.
The predominant adsorption mechanisms were electrostatic interaction, hydrogen bonding, electrostatic displacement, cation bridging, pore filling, and ion exchange.
Effective nitrate removal was demonstrated in real water samples.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Empagliflozin Attenuates Cardiac Fibrosis via Suppression of TLR2/NF-κB Signaling in a Rat Model of Metabolic Syndrome

2026-02-05T08:28:56+07:00

The global prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) is rising at an alarming rate. A critical complication of MetS is cardiac fibrosis eventually leading to cardiac dysfunction and death. Therefore, mitigating cardiac fibrosis is essential. Although empagliflozin (EMP) has demonstrated potent cardioprotective and antihyperglycemic properties, it is not yet the primary treatment for MetS. This highlights a critical need to explore EMP’s molecular benefits in MetS populations. This study investigated whether empagliflozin (EMP) attenuates cardiac fibrosis through suppression of TLR2/NF-κB signaling in a rat model of metabolic syndrome (MetS). Sprague–Dawley rats were assigned to a normal diet group and to a high-fat, high-sucrose (HFHS) diet followed by streptozotocin injection to induce MetS. MetS animals were further divided into untreated MetS, MetS treated with EMP 1 mg/kgBW, and MetS treated with EMP 30 mg/kgBW for nine weeks. Cardiac histopathology was evaluated using Hematoxylin–Eosin and Masson’s Trichrome staining, with fibrosis quantified as collagen volume fraction (CVF). mRNA expression of TLR2 and NF-κB was assessed by RT-PCR. Immunofluorescence was performed to evaluate α-SMA expression and nuclear translocation of the NF-κB p65 subunit, a functional indicator of pathway activation. EMP treatment improved metabolic parameters, including fasting blood glucose, triglyceride, and high-density lipoprotein levels. MetS significantly increased TLR2 and NF-κB expression, enhanced nuclear localization of NF-κB p65, elevated α-SMA expression, and promoted interstitial collagen deposition. EMP treatment attenuated these changes, as demonstrated by reduced CVF, downregulation of TLR2 and NF-κB mRNA expression - P less-than 0.05, diminished p65 nuclear translocation, and decreased α-SMA expression - P less-than 0.05. Casp1 expression was not significantly altered. In conclusion, empagliflozin attenuates cardiac fibrotic remodeling in a rat model of metabolic syndrome via suppression of TLR2/NF-κB signaling, as supported by reduced p65 nuclear translocation and decreased myofibroblast activation.

HIGHLIGHTS

High-fat, high-sucrose diet develops metabolic syndrome characteristics in rats.
Empagliflozin 1 mg/kg BW for 9 weeks improve FBG, TG, and HDL.
Empagliflozin protect cardiac fibrosis by inhibiting TLR2/NFκB, CASP1, and α-SMA.
Empagliflozin dose 1 mg/kg BW exhibited better effects than 30 mg/kg BW.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Chemical Profiling, Antioxidant, and Antibacterial Activities of Ethanolic Extract of Melaleuca cajuputi Flower and Its Mode of Action

2026-02-16T09:23:55+07:00

Despite well-documented antimicrobial properties of Melaleuca cajuputi extracts, particularly from leaves and essential oils, the antibacterial potential of flower extracts against multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens, such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), remains largely underexplored. This study characterized the phytochemical composition, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities of ethanol extracts from M. cajuputi flowers. Dried flowers of M. cajuputi were extracted with ethanol, followed by phytochemical analysis using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS). Antioxidant activity was determined using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging assay. Antibacterial activity of the crude extract was assessed using the agar well diffusion method. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) were determined by microdilution, including time-kill assays. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was employed to investigate the effects of the extract on the morphology of MRSA cells. Phytochemical profiling established that the extract was abundant in phenolics, flavonoids, and tannins. Notable antioxidant capacity was observed, with IC₅₀ values of 11.28 ± 0.30 μg/mL (DPPH) and 61.90 ± 14.84 μg/mL (ABTS). Evaluation against 5 significant bacterial pathogens, including MRSA, revealed broad-spectrum inhibitory effects. The lowest recorded MIC and MBC values were 0.33 and 5.31 mg/mL, respectively, with ranges spanning 0.33 - 125 mg/mL (MIC) and 5.31 - 250 mg/mL (MBC). Time-kill studies indicated concentration- and time-dependent bactericidal mode of action against most strains. At the same time, MRSA was primarily inhibited in a bacteriostatic manner. SEM revealed dose-dependent morphological damage to MRSA cells, including membrane disruption and shrinkage, indicating compromised cell envelope integrity. These findings indicate that M. cajuputi flower extract is a promising candidate for natural antibacterial and antioxidant applications, meriting further investigation for its role in controlling MDR bacterial infections.

HIGHLIGHTS

Ethanolic extract of cajuputi flowers contains high phenolics, flavonoids, and tannins.
The extract shows strong antioxidant and broad‑spectrum antibacterial activities.
cajuputi flower extract inhibits both Gram‑positive and Gram‑negative bacteria.
The extract acts via bactericidal and bacteriostatic modes of action.
The extract damages MRSA cell morphology and membrane integrity.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Impact of Internal and External Factors on Terpenoid Profiles in Cannabis sativa Leaves: Metabolomic Approach

2025-11-27T08:40:15+07:00

Leaf maturity levels, cultivation plans, and growing seasons affected monoterpene and sesquiterpene production in Cannabis sativa leaves. Twenty-two terpenoid compounds were investigated from fresh leaves using headspace GC-MS. Among them, the major monoterpenes were α-pinene, β-myrcene, limonene, and β-ocimene, and the major sesquiterpenes were β-(E)-caryophyllene, (Z,E)-α-farnesene, β-bisabolene, (E)-α-bisabolene, aromadendrene, α-humulene, and α-bisabolol. All compounds showed significant correlations. However, all 3 factors influenced variation in 9 compounds, excluding α-pinene and β-pinene. β-(E)-caryophyllene, α-humulene, and β-ocimene were affected more by growing season than by cultivation plan or leaf maturity and were particularly abundant during the cool-dry season. Cultivation method (evaporative greenhouse, net greenhouse, or outdoor) significantly affected key terpenoids, including β-myrcene and limonene. Leaf maturity level significantly affected the production of aromadendrene and α-humulene. Machine learning algorithms were used to predict terpenoid levels based on internal and external factors. Model performance was evaluated using RMSE, R², and correlation. The decision tree (DT) achieved the lowest prediction error for β-(E)-caryophyllene and was therefore the best model for this compound, whereas AdaBoost (ADA) performed best for α-humulene and 4 other major compounds.

HIGHLIGHTS

Cannabis sativa Hang Krarok exhibits a distinct terpenoid profile compared with other varieties.
Terpenoid variation in leaves is driven by leaf maturity, cultivation practices, and growing season.
Machine learning improves prediction of mono- and sesquiterpenoid profiles in sativa leaves.
The model supports farm management strategies to optimize secondary metabolite production for industrial applications.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Cinnamaldehyde-Chitosan Nanoparticles Protect Fibroblasts from High-Glucose-Induced Apoptosis via PI3K/AKT Pathway Activation

2025-12-09T09:09:37+07:00

Hyperglycemia disrupts wound healing in diabetes partly by promoting fibroblast apoptosis. This study aimed to evaluate whether cinnamaldehyde-chitosan nanoparticles (CCNPs) can inhibit high-glucose-induced fibroblasts apoptosis, and to determine whether this effect involves modulation of the PI3K/AKT pathway. CCNPs were synthesized using a modified ionic-gelation method and characterized by Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Murine embryonic fibroblasts cell line (NIH-3T3) were allocated to 6 groups: 2 control groups - normal glucose (NG, 5.5 mM glucose) and high glucose (HG, 30 mM glucose) - and 4 treatment groups that were pretreated with metformin (50 µM) or CCNPs (12.5, 25 and 50 µM) prior to 24 h of HG exposure. After 24 h of treatment, PI3K and phosphorylated-AKT levels in the cell lysates were quantified using ELISA, and fibroblasts apoptosis was assessed and quantified by Annexin V-PI flow cytometry. Synthesized CCNPs exhibited spherical morphology with an average diameter of 214.8 ± 54.0 nm, a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.419, and a ζ-potential of +66.2 mV. High glucose exposure significantly increased the proportion of late apoptotic cells and reduced PI3K and p-AKT expression, compared with NG group (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, CCNPs at all tested concentrations significantly reduced late apoptotic cell percentages in a concentration-dependent manner, whereas only CCNPs at 50 µM significantly restored both PI3K and p-AKT levels. These findings suggest that CCNPs mitigate high-glucose-induced fibroblast apoptosis and is likely associated with the activation of PI3K/AKT pathway. This study provides preliminary in vitro evidence supporting a potential fibroblast-protective role of CCNPs under hyperglycemic conditions. Limitations of this study include the short-term in-vitro design and the absence of a direct comparison between CCNPs versus cinnamaldehyde only. Future studies should incorporate longer exposure durations, pathway-specific inhibitor, and in-vivo validation.

HIGHLIGHTS

Cinnamaldehyde-chitosan nanoparticles (CCNPs) with average particel size of 214.8 ± 54.0 nm and a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.419 were succesfully synthesized by ionic gelation method to improve the stability of cinnamaldehyde.
CCNPs significantly protected NIH-3T3 fibroblasts from high-glucose-induced apoptosis and
CCNPs upregulated the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, contributing to the reduction of apoptosis.
This study provides novel evidence supporting the therapeutic potential of CCNPs for preventing fibroblast dysfunction in the context of diabetes mellitus.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Optimizing Transfersome Delivery of Single-Aged Garlic Extract: A Comparative Study of Characterization, Phytochemical Content, and Antibacterial Potency

2025-12-23T08:49:37+07:00

Skin infections remain a significant global health concern, particularly with the increasing prevalence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens. Single-aged garlic (SAG), a fermented form of Allium sativum, possesses enhanced antioxidant and antibacterial properties due to its enriched phenolic and flavonoid content. This study aimed to optimize and characterize the transfersome-based delivery system of SAG extract (T-SAG), and to evaluate its physicochemical properties, phytochemical content, antioxidant activity, and antibacterial potency. SAG was produced through controlled thermal incubation followed by microwave-assisted extraction, and subsequently formulated into transfersomes using the thin-film hydration method with phosphatidylcholine and sodium deoxycholate as an edge activator. The formulation was characterized in terms of particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency, morphology, chemical compatibility, and storage stability. The optimized transfersome formulation exhibited nanosized vesicles (81.03 ± 0.47 nm) with a low PDI (0.14 ± 0.008), a zeta potential of −17.93 ± 0.31 mV, and high encapsulation efficiency (77.04 ± 6.62%). Transmission electron microscopy revealed well-defined spherical vesicles with uniform size distribution, while scanning electron microscopy confirmed smooth surface morphology and structural integrity. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy indicated no significant chemical interactions between SAG and lipid components, confirming successful encapsulation. Stability studies conducted over 28 days at 4 °C demonstrated minimal changes in particle size and zeta potential. Phytochemical analysis showed total phenolic and flavonoid contents of 62.19 ± 1.07 mg GAE/g and 63.15 ± 0.38 mg QE/g, respectively, accompanied by strong antioxidant activity (77.74 ± 2.88% DPPH inhibition). Antibacterial activity, evaluated using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, demonstrated notable inhibitory effects, particularly against E. coli (8.19 ± 1.34 mm), with chloramphenicol used as a positive control. These findings indicate that transfersome-based delivery enhances the stability and bioactivity of SAG extract, supporting its potential application as a natural topical antimicrobial formulation.

HIGHLIGHTS

Optimized SAG transfersomes yielded uniform nanoscale vesicles.
High encapsulation efficiency supported effective SAG loading.
SAG phytochemicals enhanced antioxidant and antibacterial performance.
Vesicle physicochemical stability was maintained over 28 days at 4 °C.
SAG transfersomes exhibited significant inhibitory activity against coli.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Combined Effects of Sacha Inchi Protein Hydrolysate and Reduced-Dose Captopril on Duodenal and Cecal Morphology in L-NAME-Induced Hypertensive Rats

2025-12-29T10:02:39+07:00

Hypertension disrupts intestinal homeostasis through structural remodeling and immune activation, contributing to gastrointestinal pathology. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition confers measurable but incomplete tissue protection, suggesting that adjunctive approaches may further preserve intestinal integrity. This exploratory experimental study examined the intestinal effects of captopril alone or in combination with Sacha inchi protein hydrolysate, a plant-derived protein powder obtained from Plukenetia volubilis, in L-NAME-induced hypertensive rats (n = 4 - 5 per group). Animals were allocated to control, L-NAME, L-NAME plus captopril (5 mg/kg), or L-NAME plus low-dose captopril (2.5 mg/kg) combined with Sacha inchi protein hydrolysate (500 mg/kg). Histological analyses of the duodenum and cecum showed that L-NAME treatment induced pronounced mucosal thinning, muscular hypertrophy, reduced collagen deposition, vascular dilation, and increased inflammatory cell infiltration. Full-dose captopril partially attenuated these alterations but did not fully restore intestinal architecture. In contrast, the combination treatment significantly increased mucosal thickness in both intestinal regions (p < 0.001), enhanced collagen deposition (p < 0.05), and improved vascular architecture (p < 0.05), while inflammatory indices showed a consistent trend toward reduction. For several parameters, the combined regimen achieved outcomes comparable to or exceeding those observed with full-dose captopril. Collectively, these findings indicate that Sacha inchi protein hydrolysate may augment the intestinal protective effects of captopril under hypertensive conditions. Although preliminary and limited by sample size, the results provide supportive evidence for further investigation of plant-derived bioactive proteins as adjunctive strategies to mitigate hypertension-associated gastrointestinal remodeling.

HIGHLIGHTS

Hypertension induces marked structural and immune disruption in the intestine.
Captopril provides only partial protection against L-NAME–induced intestinal damage.
Sacha inchi protein hydrolysate enhances the restorative effects of reduced-dose captopril.
Combination therapy restores mucosal thickness, collagen, and vascular architecture.
Findings support dose-sparing therapeutic strategies for hypertension-related gut pathology.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Optimization of DSPE-Based Graphene Oxide from Empty Fruit Bunches Using Response Surface Methodology for Determining Ciprofloxacin Antibiotic Residue

2025-12-22T15:50:25+07:00

Water contamination by antibiotic residues, especially ciprofloxacin (CIP), poses a significant environmental issue due to its role in antimicrobial resistance and adverse impacts on aquatic ecosystems. This study investigated the synthesis of graphene oxide (GO) from empty fruit bunches (EFB) and assessed its efficacy as an adsorbent in the Dispersive Solid Phase Extraction (DSPE) method for the quantification of CIP. The synthesized graphene oxide (GO) underwent thorough characterization through FTIR, XRD, SEM-EDX, and UV-Vis spectrophotometry, validating the presence of oxygen-containing functional groups and structural characteristics associated with GO. The optimization of the GO-based DSPE process using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) determined the optimal extraction conditions at pH 3, an adsorbent mass of 22.5 mg, and a contact time of 35 min, resulting in a predicted CIP adsorption efficiency of 90.592%. ANOVA results confirmed the statistical significance of the quadratic model (p < 0.0001), with a high coefficient of determination (R² = 0.9856) and a non-significant lack-of-fit (p > 0.05), indicating strong model reliability. Experimental validation yielded an adsorption efficiency of 90.129%, closely matching the predicted value with a minimal error of 0.005%, demonstrating excellent agreement between the model and experimental results. The method showed excellent linearity (R² = 0.9989 - 0.9999), with an LOD of 0.0874 mg/L and LOQ of 0.2914 mg/L. Precision was satisfactory, with %RSD ranging from 0.71% to 2.89%. The findings demonstrate that EFB-derived GO serves as an effective and sustainable adsorbent, showing considerable potential for analytical applications, wastewater treatment, and broader environmental remediation.

HIGHLIGHTS

GO successfully synthesized from EFB and verified through FTIR, XRD, SEM-EDX, and UV-Vis.
RSM-BBD optimized CIP adsorption using GO-based DSPE.
Optimal conditions achieved 90.592% adsorption (pH 3, 22.5 mg GO, 35 min).
Validation showed strong model accuracy with 90.129% adsorption and 0.005% error.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Diversity of Bioactive Compounds from Sphagnum junghuhnianum and Their Antimicrobial Potential: An In-Vitro and In-Silico Assessment

2026-01-04T19:40:57+07:00

Sphagnum junghuhnianum is a moss species that has attracted attention as a potential natural source of antimicrobial agents. This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of the methanolic extract of S. junghuhnianum and to explore its chemical profile using LC-HRMS combined with in silico approaches. Antimicrobial activity was assessed using disk diffusion assays against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as pathogenic fungi. The extract exhibited notable antibacterial activity in preliminary screening, particularly against Streptococcus pyogenes (42.01 ± 0.33 mm) and Staphylococcus aureus (34.62 ± 2.21 mm), while no antifungal activity was observed under the tested conditions. LC-HRMS profiling revealed 514 putatively identified metabolites, of which 35 compounds were selected for further biological activity prediction and molecular docking analysis. PASS prediction suggested that several compounds may possess antimicrobial relevance. Molecular docking against Penicillin-Binding Protein 1 (PBP1) indicated that ursolic acid showed the most favorable binding affinity (−9.8 kcal/mol) compared to the reference ligand, suggesting a possible antibacterial mode of action. Overall, this study provides preliminary evidence supporting the antibacterial potential of S. junghuhnianum and highlights its relevance for future investigations involving quantitative bioassays and compound validation.

HIGHLIGHTS

The methanolic extract of Sphagnum junghuhnianumexhibited notable antibacterial activity in preliminary disk diffusion assays, particularly against Streptococcus pyogenes and Staphylococcus aureus.
LC-HRMS profiling revealed 514 putatively identified metabolites, several of which were predicted to possess antimicrobial relevance.
Molecular docking analysis suggested that ursolic acid may interact favorably with PBP1, indicating a potential antibacterial mode of action that requires further experimental validation.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Reusable and Robust Pd Catalysts Immobilized on Amino-Functionalized Magnetite Nanocomposites for Efficient Reduction Reactions

2026-02-10T10:03:58+07:00

Magnetite nanoparticles (MNPs) coated with carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC) and amino-rich polymers were synthesized for the immobilization of Pd and employed as reusable catalysts for the reduction of 4-nitrophenol (4NP). The CMC coating enhanced the water dispersibility of the catalysts, while the amino-rich polymer provided abundant amino functional groups that served as strong ligands for Pd nanoparticle coordination. The catalysts were thoroughly characterized using photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES), confirming the successful formation of MNPs coated with CMC-grafted amino-rich polymer as a support for Pd nanoparticles. ICP-OES analysis revealed Pd loadings between 3.82 and 6.84 wt%, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) further verified the presence of Pd on the catalyst surface. PCS results indicated that the Pd-coated MNPs carried a negative surface charge. The synthesized catalysts were easily recovered and separated from solution using an external magnet and demonstrated excellent catalytic activity in the reduction of 4NP. Among them, the first- and second-generation Pd-loaded catalysts (G₁Pd and G₂Pd) exhibited outstanding catalytic performance and could be efficiently reused for up to 11 cycles without significant loss of activity.

HIGHLIGHTS

Synthesis of carboxymethyl chitosan-coated magnetite nanoparticles for the immobilization of Pd and its use as a catalyst for the reduction of 4-nitrophenol in water were presented.
The carboxylate groups in carboxymethyl chitosan provided the coordinating sites for Pd immobilization and improved the particle dispersibility in water.
The incorporation of amino-enriched components to the particle reduced the degree of Pd aggregation on the particle surface.
The catalysts had high catalytic performance for the reduction of 4-nitrophenol in water and exhibited highly robust properties with excellent reusability for up to 11 cycles with insignificant changes in their performance.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Vitamin D Alleviates Obesity in Insulin Resistance Rat Model via Adipokine-Gut Microbiome Regulation

2026-01-04T11:54:31+07:00

Introduction: It was established that vitamin D reduced insulin resistance in prediabetic rats in a model induced by a high-fat, high-glucose diet and low-dose streptozotocin (HFDS). However, it remained unclear whether vitamin D could assist with obesity and dysbiosis in the insulin-resistant rat model induced by HFDS. Materials and Methods: Twenty-four male Wistar rats in the study were randomly divided into two groups. Six rats were fed a standard diet, while 18 were fed an HFDS diet. Once obesity and insulin resistance were established, the 18 HFDS rats were randomly assigned to three treatment groups for 12 weeks: one group received no treatment, another received 100 IU/kg BW of vitamin D3, and the third received 1000 IU/kg BW of vitamin D3. Body weight and the Lee index were assessed before and after treatment. At the end of the experiment, microbiome profiles of colon segments and epididymal fat adipose tissues were analyzed. Results and Discussion: We found that in a rat model induced by HFDS, vitamin D3 supplementation at both doses reduced body weight, the Lee index, and adipose tissue size, and increased the adiponectin/leptin ratio. The richness and relative abundance of gut microbiome richness and composition alongside improvements in obesity profiles. The main species modulated by vitamin D3 supplementation; notably Lactobacillus spp. and Allobaculum increased, whereas Blautia spp. decreased, particularly at the dose of 1000 IU/kg BW. Conclusions: Vitamin D3 supplementation was associated with improvements in obesity-related parameters, accompanied by changes in the adiponectin/leptin ratio and shifts in gut microbiome diversity and species composition.

HIGHLIGHTS

Obesity escalates the process of insulin resistance to type 2 diabetes. In our study, vitamin D3 supplementation reduced body weight in an insulin-resistant rat model induced by a high-fat, high-glucose diet and low-dose streptozotocin. The weight loss was accompanied by restored adipokine balance, an increased adiponectin/leptin ratio, decreased adipocyte size, and a shift in microbial composition including increased Lactobacillus and Allobaculum.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Passage Culture to Assemble A Ganoderma-Suppressive Microbiome from Turmeric (Curcuma Longa) Root Exudates

2026-01-13T14:56:46+07:00

Ganoderma boninense, the causative agent of basal stem rot (BSR), poses a significant threat to global oil palm cultivation. Turmeric (Curcuma longa) rhizome is recognized as a potential source of a suppressive microbiome for biocontrol applications. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of passage culture in assembling a highly suppressive microbiome from turmeric root exudates against G. boninense. The initial microbiome, collected as turmeric root exudate (T0), was used to inoculate sucrose medium, which was then supplemented with fresh turmeric rhizome (T), chitin powder (C), T plus G. boninense culture (TG), or TG plus chitin (TGC). This inoculation process constituted the 1^st passage, and the culture was continuously passaged up to 10 or 20 times by transferring the harvested culture filtrate into fresh medium. The results revealed that bacteria isolated from the 5^thpassage cultures of both the TG5 and TGC5 treatments exhibited the strongest antagonism, causing 46% and 45% inhibition of Ganoderma colony growth, respectively. Ganoderma mycelia treated with these bacteria experienced thinning and lysis of the cell wall. Furthermore, treatment with the passage bacteria induced Ganoderma cell leakage, as indicated by the increased electrical conductivity (EC) values of the inhibitory Ganoderma colonies. 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing identified Gluconacetobacter sacchari, Nguyenibacter vanlangensis, and Novosphingobium humi as the dominant species in the TG5 and TGC5 passage cultures. In conclusion, pathogen-driven assembly of a suppressive microbiome via in vitro passage culture offers a promising host-independent strategy for G. boninense biocontrol.

HIGHLIGHTS

Passage culture successfully assembles a Ganoderma-suppressive microbiome.
Pathogen-driven selection significantly enhances microbial antagonism.
Gluconacetobacter, Nguyenibacter, and Novosphingobium identified as key taxa.
Mechanism involves membrane disruption and electrolyte leakage.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Stepwise Production of Potential Biolubricant Base Stock from Sunflower Oil: Hydrolysis, Fatty Acid Separation and Esterification

2026-01-13T08:23:34+07:00

This study focuses on the synthesis of sunflower oil unsaturated fatty acids trimethylolpropane ester (SFOUFATMPE) as a potential biolubricant base stock. Sunflower oil was first hydrolyzed to obtain sunflower oil fatty acids (SFOFA) with a high yield of 96%, followed by low-temperature methanol crystallization to separate unsaturated fatty acids (SFOUFA) from saturated fatty acids (SFOSFA). The separation process produced 98.89% SFOUFA with a yield of 86.32%, while the saturated fraction (SFOSFA) was obtained with 100% purity and a yield of 13.68%. The SFOUFA fraction was then esterified with trimethylolpropane (TMP) in the presence of sulfuric acid as a catalyst to produce sunflower oil unsaturated fatty acids trimethylolpropane ester (SFOUFATMPE). The reaction was carried out with a mole ratio of 4:1 (SFOFA:TMP), 1.13% catalyst at 154 °C for 6 h. The synthesized SFOUFATMPE was characterized using FTIR, and NMR, confirming the successful formation of polyol esters. The SFOUFATMPE exhibited desirable physicochemical properties, including a high flash point (290 °C), low pour point (–18 °C), and good oxidative stability (24 min). These results demonstrate that SFOUFATMPE derived from sunflower oil is a promising and sustainable alternative to mineral oil-based lubricants.

HIGHLIGHTS

A high-purity unsaturated fatty acid fraction (98.89%) was obtained from sunflower oil via hydrolysis and methanol crystallization.
High-yield unsaturated fatty acids (86.32%) were obtained for further conversion into a biolubricant base stock.
Sunflower oil unsaturated fatty acids trimethylolpropane ester (SFOUFATMPE) was synthesized via esterification with trimethylolpropane using sulfuric acid as a catalyst.
Structural analysis using FTIR and NMR confirmed the successful formation of the polyol ester.
The produced biolubricant exhibited excellent properties, including a high flash point (290 °C), low pour point (-18 °C), and good oxidative stability, indicating its potential as a sustainable alternative to mineral oil-based lubricants.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Cytotoxicity Evaluation of Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized Using Ethanol Extract of White Galangal (Alpinia galanga) Rhizome against Liver Cancer Cell Line (Huh7it): An In Vitro and In Silico Study

2026-01-05T16:27:46+07:00

Liver cancer remains one of the leading causes of cancer deaths worldwide, with hepatocellular carcinoma being the most commonly occurring form. In an attempt to find safe and effective alternative therapies, this study assessed the anti-cancer potential of ethanol-based silver nanoparticles synthesized from Alpinia galanga rhizomes (white galangal) (AgNPs-AG). The metabolite profile of the ethanol extract, analyzed by LC-MS, identified 20 major compounds, among which 2,3-Dihydroxybenzoylserine emerged as the top anticancer candidate (Pa = 0.383) based on PASS prediction. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles was successfully achieved using the extract as a reducing and stabilizing agent.

Comprehensive characterization confirmed the formation of stable silver nanoparticles. UV-Vis spectroscopy showed a characteristic surface plasmon resonance peak at 420 nm, while FT-IR analysis revealed the presence of –OH and C=O functional groups that functioned as capping agents. Particle size analysis showed an average size of 6.35 nm with a uniform distribution, and a zeta potential of –28.6 mV indicated good colloidal stability. Further in silico molecular docking supports the anticancer potential of 2,3-Dihydroxybenzoylserine, which shows strong binding to Caspase-9 (–7.3 kcal/mol), implying intrinsic apoptosis pathway activation.

In vitro toxicity was evaluated using the Huh7it hepatocellular carcinoma cell line. Treatment with AgNPs-AG at concentrations ranging from 6.25 to 200 μg/mL for 24 and 48 h of incubation caused a decrease in cell viability, depending on the dose and time. The IC₅₀ values obtained were 71.046 μg/mL (24 h) and 63.395 μg/mL (48 h), indicating increased cytotoxicity with longer exposure. Collectively, findings highlight the encouraging potential of AgNPs-AG as a novel candidate for liver cancer therapy.

HIGHLIGHTS

Green-synthesized silver nanoparticles using Alpinia galanga ethanol extract exhibit high colloidal stability and small particle size, 6.35 nm.
LC-MS profiling identified 20 metabolites, some of which can act as bioreductants and contribute to anticancer activity.
AgNPs-AG exhibited time- and dose-dependent cellular toxicity against Huh7it hepatocellular cancer cells.
The cytotoxic effects were associated with ROS-mediated mitochondrial apoptosis and inhibition of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling.
In silico docking revealed strong binding of 2,3-Dihydroxybenzoylserine with caspase-9, EGFR, CDK4, and p53, supporting the mechanisms of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Harnessing Natural Aryl Aldehydes to Synthesize Bromochalcones as Anticancer Candidates Targeting Proliferative Pathways

2026-01-12T10:04:46+07:00

Current cancer therapies are limited by sustainability, drug resistance, and off-target effects. Bromochalcones are suitable candidates for targeted therapies, owing to their designable structure that can engage proliferative pathways. This study aimed to synthesize bromochalcones from natural aryl aldehydes and to evaluate their structural features and in vitro and in silico anticancer properties. Six bromochalcones were synthesized and identified by FTIR, GC-MS, and NMR. The in vitro MTT assay showed that all brominated chalcones were more cytotoxic toward HeLa cells than toward MCF-7, T47D, and Vero cells. Compound (E)-1-(4-bromophenyl)-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl) prop-2-en-1-one (referred to 2D), derived from vanillin, achieved the best results (IC₅₀ = 5 µg/mL; SI = 90.71), outperforming doxorubicin (IC₅₀ = 15 µg/mL). Molecular docking studies on several proliferation proteins indicate that PCNA had the highest correlation between binding affinity and the in vitro IC₅₀ trend. 2D-PCNA complex exhibited the strongest binding affinity by forming hydrogen bonds with Glu25, Met40, and His44. A 100 ns molecular dynamics simulation also shows a stable interaction with a strong binding affinity. Reactivity analysis from DFT calculations indicates that bromochalcones 2A and 2D were the 2 most potent compounds in driving interactions, including hydrogen bonding. Furthermore, ADMET predictions assessment reveals the safety and potential of these compounds as drug candidates. In conclusion, vanillin-derived bromochalcone, 2D, emerges as the lead compound, demonstrating the best in vitro anticancer activity, a favorable in silico profile, and the highest potential for development into various formulations.

HIGHLIGHTS

Six bromochalcones derived from natural aryl aldehydes were screened for their effects on breast and cancer cells in vitro and in silico.
Vanillin-derived bromochalcone 2D inhibited HeLa cell viability (IC₅₀ = 5 µg/mL, 48 h), showing ~3-fold higher potency than the reference drug doxorubicin under the same assay conditions.
Integrated docking, molecular dynamics, DFT descriptors, and ADMET predictions suggest that bromochalcone 2D has stable binding to PCNA and a favorable drug-likeness profile, supporting its prioritization for further mechanistic validation.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Multigrain Beverage Quality Evaluation: Effects of Stabilizer Type and Sieve Size on Physical, Physicochemical, Functional, Sensory, and Nutritional Properties

2026-01-04T11:52:15+07:00

The rising consumption of packaged sweetened beverages contributes to high sugar intake among Indonesians, increasing the risk of obesity and diabetes. As lifestyle awareness improves, consumers are shifting toward functional plant-based beverages, such as multigrain beverages. These drinks combine cereals and legumes, including sorghum, red beans, mung beans, black rice, and sweet corn, providing soluble fiber, phenolics, vegetable protein, and antioxidants that support metabolic health and help stabilize blood sugar. However, developing multigrain beverages remains challenging due to physical stability issues, particularly particle size, which affects product homogeneity and overall performance. Therefore, this study aims to highlight the effect of xanthan gum stabilizer concentration and sieve size on the physical, physicochemical, functional, sensory, and nutritional quality of multigrain beverages. The formula used consists of 19.75% sweet corn, 20% red beans, 25% mung beans, 10.25% black rice, and 25% sorghum. The results showed that adding 0.06% xanthan gum and using 115-mesh sieves produced the smallest, most homogeneous particle size, thereby increasing physical stability during storage. The product also achieved a sensory acceptance level of “quite favorable” due to its cereal and nut flavors. Nutritional analysis showed an air content of 90.46%, ash 0.18%, protein 2.23%, fat 0.65%, carbohydrate 6.48%, dietary fiber 1.30%, total phenolics 29.9 mg GAE/100 g, antioxidant activity 25% inhibition, and total sugar 0%. With a sugar content of 0 g/100 mL and a dietary fiber content of 10.40% RDA, this multigrain beverage has the potential to be a low-sugar RTD alternative with a “less sugar” claim and high functional value.

HIGHLIGHTS

Optimized multigrain beverage formulation using 0.06% xanthan gum and 115-mesh sieve achieved superior particle uniformity and suspension stability.
Fine particle size (≈8.88 µm; PDI < 0.3) significantly improved physical stability by minimizing sedimentation and enhancing homogeneity.
Developed beverage exhibits zero sugar content (0 g/100 mL) with appreciable dietary fiber and antioxidant activity, supporting low-glycemic functional claims.
Integrated evaluation of physical, physicochemical, functional, sensory, and nutritional properties provides a comprehensive quality assessment approach.
Product demonstrates promising potential as a plant-based, low-sugar RTD alternative, with acceptable sensory properties and enhanced functional value.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Comparative Study of the Nutritional Composition and Bioactive Characteristics of Low-Grade Fresh Cacao Fruit (Theobroma cacao L.) and Its Anatomical Parts

2026-01-19T08:36:35+07:00

Large quantities of low-grade fresh cacao fruits (Theobroma cacao L.; pod weight < 250 g) are generated as by-products during cocoa processing and remain largely underutilized, despite their potential as sources of nutrients and bioactive compounds. To address this gap, this study aimed to provide the first comprehensive comparative evaluation of the proximate composition and biological activities of distinct anatomical parts of low-grade cacao fruits, including cocoa beans, pulp, pod husk, and whole fruit. Proximate composition was determined using standard analytical methods, while ethanolic extracts of each fruit part were evaluated for total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), antioxidant capacity (DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, and metal chelating assays), as well as hypoglycemic, tyrosinase inhibitory, and antimicrobial activities. The proximate composition varied significantly among the different parts, with carbohydrates (67.12% - 90.03%) being predominant, while fat (1.38% - 20.08%), ash (3.44% - 11.40%), and protein (4.64% - 8.89%) were present in lower and variable proportions. Significant differences in biological activities were observed among fruit parts (p < 0.05). Pod husk showed the highest TPC, ABTS radical scavenging activity, FRAP, metal chelating capacity, and tyrosinase inhibition, whereas cocoa beans had the greatest TFC and DPPH radical scavenging activity (p < 0.05). Pulp and pod husk exhibited strong α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory effects, respectively. Pod husk extract showed the most pronounced tyrosinase inhibitory effect (IC₅₀ = 2.83 mg/mL) and the highest antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. These results highlight the nutritional and functional potential of low-grade cacao fruits, particularly the pod husk, as a valuable source of natural antioxidants and bioactive compounds that may be exploited in the development of functional foods, food-related products, and cosmetic formulations. However, as all biological activities were assessed exclusively under in vitro conditions, further in vivo investigations are necessary to verify their physiological efficacy, bioavailability, and safety. Overall, this study supports the sustainable valorization of cocoa by-products for potential applications in food, nutraceutical, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical sectors.

HIGHLIGHTS

The study compares nutrients and bioactivities of cacao fruit components.
Carbohydrates dominate, while other nutrients vary across fruit parts.
Pod husk shows highest phenolics; beans contain the most flavonoids.
Pod husk and beans exhibit strong antioxidant activities in all assays.
Pod husk shows potent antidiabetic, tyrosinase, and antimicrobial effects.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Methanol-Tolerant Lipase from Newly Isolated Saprochaete clavata 17B: Production, Characterization, and Application in Green Biodiesel Synthesis

2026-01-24T20:22:08+07:00

The increasing demand for sustainable energy has driven interest in enzymatic biodiesel production, where lipases offer an eco-friendly alternative to chemical catalysts. This study aimed to optimize methanol-tolerant lipase production from yeast for biodiesel synthesis. Among four yeast strains tested, Saprochaete clavata 17B exhibited the highest extracellular lipase (ECL) activity at 457 U/L. Sequential optimization using the Taguchi method followed by response surface methodology–central composite design (RSM-CCD) was performed. The optimization experiments were conducted in two experiments with two different media formulations, using vegetable and alternative oils, under shaking conditions (200 rpm, 30 ± 2 °C, 120 h). The use of vegetable and alternative oils enhanced the ECL production to 5,277 and 3,260 U/L, respectively. Concentrated ECL obtained through ammonium sulfate saturation at 60-80% (w/v) showed a 7.4-fold increase in specific activity and was stable in the presence of 10% and 30% methanol. The lipase displayed optimal activity at pH 8.0 and room temperature, and its catalytic efficiency was evaluated in the transesterification of palm oil and Jatropha curcas seed oil, yielding 98% and 63% fatty acid methyl esters (FAME), respectively, while esterification of oleic acid produced 62% FAME. In conclusion, S. clavata 17B lipase represents a promising methanol-tolerant biocatalyst for industrial biodiesel applications, offering a sustainable alternative to chemical processes.

HIGHLIGHTS

Lipase production by Saprochaete clavata 17B was significantly improved through Taguchi design and RSM-CCD optimization.
Lipase activity increased by 7.4-fold after partial purification, with optimal performance at pH 8.0 and 30 ± 2 °C.
Lipase remained stable after 3 h of incubation in the presence of 10% and 30% methanol, demonstrating methanol-tolerant properties.
High biodiesel yields were obtained, reaching 98% from palm oil, 63% from Jatropha curcas seed oil, and 62% from oleic acid, demonstrating strong industrial potential.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Immunological Consequences of Triploidy in Penaeus monodon: Evidence from Cellular and Humoral Effectors

2026-02-04T17:24:02+07:00

Triploidization has been applied in aquaculture to enhance growth performance and production stability; however, its implications for immune competence in penaeid shrimp remain poorly understood. This study compared growth performance, hemocyte dynamics, and innate immune responses between diploid (2n) and triploid (3n) Penaeus monodon across 2 independent trials. Triploid shrimp consistently exhibited 30% - 40% greater body weight than diploids, indicating enhanced somatic growth. Despite this advantage, triploid shrimp displayed reduced total hemocyte counts, with a modest decrease of approximately 9% in Trial 1 and a pronounced reduction of 41.49% in Trial 2. These changes were accompanied by marked alterations in hemocyte composition, characterized by lower proportions of hyaline cells and increased proportions of semi-granular and granular hemocytes. Concurrently, hemocyte size increased significantly in triploids across all cell types, with cell areas enlarged by approximately 1.3 - 1.9-fold, indicating compensatory cellular hypertrophy. Collectively, these cellular patterns support immune reorganization rather than proportional numerical scaling following genome duplication. At the functional level, triploid shrimp exhibited altered humoral and enzymatic immune profiles, including phenoloxidase-related activities, consistent with compensatory immune regulation. Molecular analyses further revealed trial- and tissue-dependent modulation of immune-related genes, including ppae1 and crus, suggesting context-dependent transcriptional responses rather than constitutive immune upregulation. Overall, these findings demonstrate that triploid P. monodon maintains immune competence through coordinated cellular and molecular compensation despite reduced hemocyte abundance, highlighting triploidization as a promising strategy to enhance growth performance without compromising innate immunity, thereby supporting its potential application in sustainable shrimp aquaculture.

HIGHLIGHTS

Triploid shrimp achieved superior body weight without loss of immune competence.
Reduced hemocyte abundance in triploids was compensated by increased cell size and function.
Innate immunity in triploids reflects structural and molecular compensation mechanisms.
Triploidization supports improved growth performance in sustainable shrimp aquaculture.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

SiO2 Based Composites For Lithium Ion Battery Anodes: A Review

2026-01-09T13:08:06+07:00

The application of SiO₂ as a lithium-ion battery anode material has attracted attention due to its higher theoretical capacity compared to commercial carbon, low discharge potential, and abundance in nature. However, SiO₂ has limitations that restrict its widespread use as an anode due to its low electrical conductivity and volume expansion during cycling. Modifying the properties of SiO₂ using other materials as composites is an effective strategy to overcome these limitations. In this review, the progress and role of SiO₂-based composites in improving electrochemical performance will be discussed. First, we briefly discuss the development and sources of SiO₂ material as a lithium-ion battery anode. In addition, the mechanism of lithium storage and the challenges faced in the application of SiO₂ anodes are discussed by reviewing solutions to overcome them, including modifications to the nano and porous structure of SiO₂. Furthermore, the review focuses on the application and development of SiO₂-based composites in improving the electrochemical performance of lithium-ion batteries to provide an overview of the challenges and prospects for the development of SiO₂ anodes in lithium-ion batteries.

HIGHLIGHTS

SiO₂ is an alternative material that is abundant in nature, inexpensive, and has low toxicity.
SiO₂ has poor electrical conductivity, which poses a challenge for its application as a battery anode.
The electrochemical performance of SiO₂ anodes can be improved by modifying the nano structure, particle and pore size, SiO₂ composition, and the material synthesis method.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Recent Advances in MnFe2O4/Activated Carbon Composites for Environmental and Energy Applications: A Comprehensive Review on Synthesis, Characterization, and Performance

2026-01-22T13:38:26+07:00

MnFe₂O₄/activated carbon composites have emerged as multifunctional materials that combine the catalytic and magnetic properties of manganese ferrite with the high surface area, porosity, and chemical stability of activated carbon. Structural characterizations confirm the successful formation of crystalline spinel MnFe₂O₄ phases uniformly dispersed within the carbon matrix, enhancing stability and reducing nanoparticle agglomeration. These composites exhibit outstanding adsorption and photocatalytic efficiencies, achieving high removal rates for pesticides, antibiotics, nutrients, and aromatic organics, while showing promise for microwave absorption, electrocatalysis, and energy conversion. Waste-derived activated carbon precursors, such as coconut shells, coffee husks, and durian peels, further improve sustainability and cost-effectiveness, aligning with circular economy principles. Mechanistic studies reveal synergistic pollutant removal: MnFe₂O₄ provides redox-active sites and magnetic recovery, while activated carbon offers functional groups, facilitates electron transfer, and mitigates charge recombination. Despite these advantages, challenges persist in scalability, long-term regeneration, and real-world applications in complex wastewater matrices. Future work should prioritize green, scalable synthesis, pilot-scale trials, and hybrid treatment systems to translate MnFe₂O₄/activated carbon composites into practical environmental and energy technologies.

HIGHLIGHTS

MnFe₂O₄/activated carbon composites integrate the magnetic and catalytic activity of ferrite with the high surface area and functionality of carbon materials
Structural characterizations confirmed the formation of crystalline spinel MnFe₂O₄ uniformly dispersed within the activated carbon matrices.
The composites exhibited high adsorption and photocatalytic performances
Synergistic mechanisms enhance pollutant removal through redox active sites, improved electron transfer, and suppressed charge recombination.
Challenges related to scalability, regeneration stability, and real wastewater applications highlight the directions for future research.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

The Dynamic Changes of Chlorogenic Acids and Alkaloids in Coffee Processing and Brewing: A Systematic Literature Review

2026-03-17T16:16:23+07:00

Coffee is one of the most consumed beverages worldwide, and its quality and health-related properties are strongly influenced by bioactive compounds such as chlorogenic acids (CQAs) and alkaloids (caffeine, trigonelline, theobromine). Their concentrations vary considerably depending on processing steps, including postharvest, roasting, and brewing. This systematic review, conducted following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, evaluated the stability and changes of CQAs and alkaloids in Arabica (Coffea arabica) and Robusta (Coffea canephora) across green beans, roasted beans, and brewed coffee. Articles were retrieved from multiple databases using specific keywords, and quantitative data were extracted and analyzed using Microsoft Excel and R Studio. Results showed that Arabica green beans contained 12.50 - 160.10 mg/g CQAs, which de-creased by up to 99% after roasting and brewing, while Robusta initially contained 32.10 - 185.60 mg/g with reductions of 56% - 92%. Caffeine was more stable, averaging 22.15 ± 15.22 mg/g in Arabica and 45.58 ± 22.14 mg/g in Robusta green beans, with moderate reductions through processing. Trigonelline consistently decreased by 80% - 94% in Ara-bica and 68% - 77% in Robusta, while theobromine remained at low levels with further reductions. Overall, roasting and brewing significantly degrade CQAs and trigonelline, while caffeine shows relative stability, providing insight into processing strategies that may optimize coffee’s bioactive profile.

HIGHLIGHTS

Coffee processing drives major changes in CQAs and alkaloids
Roasting intensity governs chlorogenic acid and trigonelline degradation
Arabica and Robusta show distinct bioactive compound stability patterns
Brewing methods determine final CQAs and alkaloid levels in coffee beverages

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT